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Li YZ, Wang YY, Huang L, Zhao YY, Chen LH, Zhang C. Annexin A Protein Family in Atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:406-417. [PMID: 35562096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a silent chronic vascular pathology, is the cause of the majority of cardiovascular ischaemic events. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a series of deleterious changes in cellularity, including endothelial dysfunction, transmigration of circulating inflammatory cells into the arterial wall, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, lipid accumulation in the intima, vascular local inflammatory response, atherosclerosis-related cells apoptosis and autophagy. Proteins of Annexin A (AnxA) family, the well-known Ca2+ phospholipid-binding protein, have many functions in regulating inflammation-related enzymes and cell signaling transduction, thus influencing cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. There is now accumulating evidence that some members of the AnxA family, such as AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis. This article discusses the major roles of AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, and the multifaceted mechanisms of the main biological process in which they are involved in atherosclerosis. Considering these evidences, it has been proposed that AnxA are drivers- and not merely participator- on the road to atherosclerosis, thus the progression of atherosclerosis may be prevented by targeting the expression or function of the AnxA family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yue Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Saba L, Lai L, Lucatelli P, Sanfilippo R, Montisci R, S Suri J, Faa G. Association between carotid artery plaque inflammation and brain MRI. J Neuroradiol 2018; 47:203-209. [PMID: 30439395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the association between presence of inflammatory cells in the carotid plaques surgically treated and brain MRI findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty consecutive patients were prospectively analyzed. Brain MRI was performed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner and infacts (lacuna and non-lacunar) pertinence of the anterior circulation were recorded. All patients underwent carotid endarterectomy "en bloc"; carotid plaques histological sections were prepared and immuno-cytochemical analysis was performed to characterize and quantify the presence of inflammatory cells. ROC curve analysis, Pearson Rho correlation and Mann-Whitney test were applied. RESULTS The immuno-cytochemical analysis demonstrated that plaques of symptomatic patients (stroke\TIA; n = 25) had more inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages (CD68) compared with plaques of patients without symptoms (Mann-Whitney = P < 0.001, ROC curve area = 0.901). Correlation analysis showed a statistically significant association between the number of brain non-lacunar infarcts and the entity of macrophages (P < 0.001); whereas no association with lacunar infarcts (P = 0.1934) was found. CONCLUSION Results of this preliminary study suggest that the presence and amount of inflammatory cells within carotid artery plaque is associated with cerebrovascular events and with the number of MRI brain detectable infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari, Polo di Monserrato, ss. 554 Monserrato (Cagliari) 09045, Italy.
| | - Letizia Lai
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari, Polo di Monserrato. ss. 554 Monserrato (Cagliari) 09045, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Sanfilippo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari, Polo di Monserrato, ss. 554 Monserrato (Cagliari) 09045, Italy
| | - Roberto Montisci
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari, Polo di Monserrato, ss. 554 Monserrato (Cagliari) 09045, Italy
| | - Jasjit S Suri
- Diagnostic and monitoring division AtheroPoint, Roseville, CA, USA
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari, Polo di Monserrato. ss. 554 Monserrato (Cagliari) 09045, Italy
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Cocker MS, Spence JD, Hammond R, deKemp RA, Lum C, Wells G, Bernick J, Hill A, Nagpal S, Stotts G, Alturkustani M, Adeeko A, Yerofeyeva Y, Rayner K, Peterson J, Khan AR, Naidas AC, Garrard L, Yaffe MJ, Leung E, Prato FS, Tardif JC, Beanlands RSB. [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging as a marker of carotid plaque inflammation: Comparison to immunohistology and relationship to acuity of events. Int J Cardiol 2018; 271:378-386. [PMID: 30007487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) may serve as a biomarker of plaque inflammation. This study evaluated the relationship between carotid plaque 18FDG uptake and a) intraplaque expression of macrophage and macrophage-like cellular CD68 immunohistology; b) intraplaque inflammatory burden using leukocyte-sensitive CD45 immunohistology; c) symptomatic patient presentation; d) time from last cerebrovascular event. METHODS 54 patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent 18FDG PET/CT imaging. Maximum 18FDG uptake (SUVmax) and tissue-to-blood ratio (TBRmax) was measured for carotid plaques. Quantitative immunohistological analysis of macrophage-like cell expression (CD68) and leukocyte content (CD45) was performed. RESULTS 18FDG uptake was related to CD68 macrophage expression (TBRmax: r = 0.51, p < 0.001), and total-plaque leukocyte CD45 expression (TBRmax: r = 0.632, p = 0.009, p < 0.001). 18FDG TBRmax uptake in carotid plaque associated with patient symptoms was greater than asymptomatic plaque (3.58 ± 1.01 vs. 3.13 ± 1.10, p = 0.008). 18FDG uptake differed between an acuity threshold of <90 days and >90 days (SUVmax:3.15 ± 0.87 vs. 2.52 ± 0.45, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS In this CAIN cohort, 18FDG uptake imaged with PET/CT serves a surrogate marker of intraplaque inflammatory macrophage, macrophage-like cell and leukocyte burden. 18FDG uptake is greater in plaque associated with patient symptoms and those with recent cerebrovascular events. Future studies are needed to relate 18FDG uptake and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra S Cocker
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program and the National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Robert Hammond
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Robert A deKemp
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program and the National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cheemun Lum
- Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - George Wells
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jordan Bernick
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrew Hill
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sudhir Nagpal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Grant Stotts
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Adebayo Adeeko
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yulia Yerofeyeva
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katey Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joan Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ali R Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ann C Naidas
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Linda Garrard
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program and the National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Martin J Yaffe
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Eugene Leung
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Frank S Prato
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Rob S B Beanlands
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program and the National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Pankajakshan D, Jia G, Pipinos I, Tyndall SH, Agrawal DK. Neuropeptide Y receptors in carotid plaques of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: effect of inflammatory cytokines. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:280-6. [PMID: 21352822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cytokines released by the immune cells at the site of plaque milieu induce smooth muscle cell apoptosis to promote plaque instability. But, neuropeptide Y (NPY), a pleotropic factor, may modulate the effects of cytokines in atherosclerotic plaques of patients with carotid stenosis. Our aim was to investigate the relative expression of NPY-Y1, NPY-Y2 and NPY-Y5 receptors on carotid plaque vascular smooth muscle cells (pVSMCs) of symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) patients and examine the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the expression of NPY receptors, that may attenuate plaque rupture. METHODS AND RESULTS In healthy carotid artery, there were significantly increased immunopositivity and increased mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5 receptors in thin sections and isolated VSMCs, respectively, compared to S and AS plaques. However, the NPY-Y2 expression was higher in S and AS pVSMCs than controls. Stimulation of the cells with TNF-α, IL-12 or IFN-γ (50 ng/ml) decreased mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5 and increased NPY-Y2 mRNAs in VSMCs of healthy carotid artery. The effect of the cytokines on mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y5 and NPY-Y2 in pVSMCs of S and AS patients was similar to healthy VSMCs, but with variable effect on NPY-Y1. CONCLUSION Increased expression of NPY-Y2 receptors in symptomatic pVSMCs than in healthy and asymptomatic subjects suggests a potential role of NPY-Y2 in plaque instability. This is further supported by the pronounced effect of atheroma-associated cytokines to increase NPY-Y2 mRNA transcripts in pVSMCs of patients with carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pankajakshan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Fesenkova VI, Kurchenko AI, Castellani ML, Conti P, Anogeianaki A, Caraffa A, Kalogeromitros D. Expression of Co-stimulatory molecules on langerhans cells in lesional epidermis of human atopic dermatitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:487-98. [PMID: 18075860 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701675101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are immature dendritic cells (DC) present in the skin epithelium. To understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the inflammatory reaction in atopic dermatitis (AD), the expression of the LC specific marker CD1a, a member of major histocompatibility (MHC)-like glycoproteins, and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, expressed on functionally mature dendritic cells, were counted in lesional biopsies and normal epidermis by an immunohistochemical method. CD1a specific staining was observed in both normal and AD lesion specimens. CD80 and CD86 positive cells with morphological characteristics of the LC were found in lesional AD epidermis, suggesting a high level of functional maturity of these cells and their involvement in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna I Fesenkova
- The Bogomolets National Medical University, The Immunological Laboratory of the Institute of Urology, AMS of Ukraine
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Moran EP, Agrawal DK. Increased expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in atherosclerotic plaques of symptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:11-6. [PMID: 17208224 PMCID: PMC2745193 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling and atheromatous lesion formation are determined in part by the balance between apoptosis and survival of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the chronic stages, apoptosis of VSMCs in the atherosclerotic plaques contributes to the weakening and potential rupture of the plaque causing pathologies such as acute coronary syndrome. The higher incidence of apoptosis in the plaques of symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients has been demonstrated, but the expression of survival proteins, including the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (cIAP2), x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and survivin in normal carotid arteries, and carotid endarterectomy specimens of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. The results demonstrated stronger immunopositivity to smooth muscle myosin heavy chain antigen (SM-MHC) (sm2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and p50 subunit of NF-kappabeta in the asymptomatic plaques than in symptomatic plaques. Furthermore, there was higher expression of cIAP2, XIAP, and survivin in the symptomatic than in the asymptomatic plaques and this paralleled caspase-3 expression. The increased expression of IAPs in symptomatic plaques could be due to endogenous defense mechanism to protect against the pro-apoptotic effect of the inflammatory stimuli that are released in the plaques. This could be involved in the stabilization of symptomatic atheromatous plaques and may prove a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Moran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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