Mood and anxiety disorders and the use of services and psychotropic medication in an immigrant population: findings from the Israel National Health Survey

Use of benzodiazepine and related drugs in migrants and Finnish-born persons: a nationwide register-based study

AIMS

Benzodiazepines and related drugs (BZDR) are often used longer than generally recommended. The aim is to study patterns of use among migrant and Finnish-born users of BZDR, and to identify factors that are associated with long-term use and BZDR polytherapy.

METHODS

This register-based study includes a nationwide sample of migrants (n=8729) and their Finnish-born controls (n=11 388) who had purchased BZDR in 2011-2014, but not in 2009-2010. Information on drug purchases was obtained from the National Prescription Register and the duration of drug use was estimated using PRE2DUP method. The main outcomes were long-term use of BZDR, polytherapy and time until discontinuation of BZDR use. Sociodemographic variables and information on preceding psychiatric diagnoses were included as covariates. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were the statistical methods used.

RESULTS

Only migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa were more likely to discontinue the medication once initiated than Finnish-born users. Migrants were significantly less likely to be long-term users (adjusted odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.70-0.89) or polytherapy users (aOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97) of BZDR compared with Finnish-born participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Migrants had less long-term and concomitant use of several BZDR than Finnish-born participants. The pattern of use is more optimal among migrants, but it may also reflect poorer access to mental health treatment.

Global prevalence of anxiety and PTSD in immigrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

A systematic and meta-analysis of the prevalence of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in immigrants was conducted.

METHODS

Based on the keywords, scientific databases were systematically searched to identify articles. The search included the three databases PubMed, Google Scholar and Research Gate until June 2020. The analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and PTSD; subgroups were examined based on anxiety disorders.

RESULTS

The prevalence of agoraphobia, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia and specific phobia were 4, 25, 9, 4, 3, 5 and 8%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the findings of the present study regarding the significant prevalence of anxiety and PTSD in the immigrant population, it is necessary to pay special attention to the mental health of this population.

Association between psychological distress and mortality: the case of Israel

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have demonstrated the association between psychological distress (measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12) and risks of all-cause mortality and deaths from cardiovascular, cancer and other causes. We hypothesised that in the Israeli population permanently exposed to war/terror stressors, this relationship is absent.

METHODS

We performed an analysis of data from participants in the Israel National Health Survey conducted in 2003-2004, who died during the follow-up decade. Subjects were assigned to groups based on GHQ-12 score: 0-10 (asymptomatic), 11-14 (subclinically symptomatic), 15-19 (symptomatic) and 20-36 (highly symptomatic). Data were weighted to the total population.

RESULTS

We analysed data from 4843 individuals, median age 40.5 (IQR 28-54); 473 participants died during the follow-up. We found a significant increase in total mortality, cardiovascular and other causes of mortality (but not cancer deaths) with increase in GHQ-12 score (P for linear trend of ungrouped GHQ scores <0.0001, 0.0015 and <0.0001, respectively). The age-sex-adjusted HR for the highest GHQ-12 compared with the lowest asymptomatic category was 2.1 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.7) for all-cause deaths, 2.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.1) for cardiovascular disease deaths and 2.7 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9) for other deaths. The HR remained significant after adjustment for education, smoking, alcohol consumption and diabetes. The HR even increased after excluding participants with baseline cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

CONCLUSION

Contrary to our hypothesis, psychological distress was associated with all-cause and cardiovascular but not cancer mortality. The absence of reverse causality provides evidence for the direct deleterious effects of psychological distress on mortality outcomes.

Age at immigration to Canada and the occurrence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders

OBJECTIVE

The process of migration and resettlement has been associated with increased risk for psychiatric illness. Our study sought to examine the association between age at immigration and risk for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (SUDs) among adult immigrants in Canada.

METHOD

Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being, a cross-sectional study of psychiatric disorder conducted in 2002, was used to identify a representative sample of adult immigrants in Canada (n = 4946). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between age at immigration (0 to 5 years, 6 to 17 years, and 18 years and older) and 12-month prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, and SUDs.

RESULTS

Immigrants who arrived prior to age 6 years reported the highest risk for mood (OR 3.41; 95% CI 1.7 to 7.0) and anxiety disorders (OR 6.89; 95% CI 3.5 to 13.5), compared with those who immigrated at the age of 18 years or older, after adjusting for covariates, including duration of residence.

CONCLUSIONS

Younger age at immigration was associated with increased risk of having a current mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or SUD. These findings speak to the importance of developing and evaluating targeted prevention programs for young immigrant children and adolescents.