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Wu J, Ding X, Pang Y, Liu Q, Lei J, Zhang H, Zhang T. Research advance of occupational exposure risks and toxic effects of semiconductor nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38837250 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconductor nanomaterials, as one of the most promising and applied classes of engineered nanomaterials, have been widely used in industries such as photovoltaics, electronic devices, and biomedicine. However, occupational exposure is unavoidable during the production, use, and disposal stages of products containing these materials, thus posing potential health risks to workers. The intricacies of the work environment present challenges in obtaining comprehensive data on such exposure. Consequently, there remains a significant gap in understanding the exposure risks and toxic effects associated with semiconductor nanomaterials. This paper provides an overview of the current classification and applications of typical semiconductor nanomaterials. It also delves into the existing state of occupational exposure, methodologies for exposure assessment, and prevailing occupational exposure limits. Furthermore, relevant epidemiological studies are examined. Subsequently, the review scrutinizes the toxicity of semiconductor nanomaterials concerning target organ toxicity, toxicity mechanisms, and influencing factors. The aim of this review is to lay the groundwork for enhancing the assessment of occupational exposure to semiconductor nanomaterials, optimizing occupational exposure limits, and promoting environmentally sustainable development practices in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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2
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Baati T, Njim L, Jaafoura S, Aouane A, Neffati F, Ben Fradj N, Kerkeni A, Hammami M, Hosni K. Assessment of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, and Biodistribution of a High Dose of Titanate Nanotubes Following Intravenous Injection in Mice: A Promising Nanosystem of Medical Interest. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21872-21883. [PMID: 34497882 PMCID: PMC8412905 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) produced by the static hydrothermal process present a promising nanosystem for nanomedicine. However, the behavior of these nanotubes in vivo is not yet clarified. In this work, for the first time, we investigated the toxicity of these materials, their pharmacokinetic profile, and their biodistribution in mice. A high dose of TiNTs (45 mg/kg) was intravenously injected in mice and monitored from 6 h to 45 days. The histological examination of organs and the analysis of liver and kidney function markers and then the inflammatory response were in agreement with a long-term innocuity of these nanomaterials. The parameters of pharmacokinetics revealed the rapid clarification of TiNTs from the bloodstream after 6 h of the intravenous injection which then mainly accumulated in the liver and spleen, and their degradation and clearance in these tissues were relatively slow (>4 weeks). Interestingly, an important property of these materials is their slow dissolution under the lysosome acid environment, rendering them biodegradable. It is noteworthy that TiNTs were directly eliminated in urine and bile ducts without obvious toxicity in mice. Altogether, all these typical in vivo tests studying the TiNT pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and biodistribution are supporting the use of these biocompatible nanomaterials in the biomedical field, especially as a nanocarrier-based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Baati
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
| | - Leila Njim
- Service
d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Sabra Jaafoura
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
- Laboratoire
ABCDF (LR12ES10), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Centre
de Microscopie Electronique, Université
Aix-Marseille, IBDML
Campus Luminy, Marseille 3007, France
| | - Fadoua Neffati
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie et de Toxicologie, CHU de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Nadia Ben Fradj
- Laboratoire
de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine
de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Abdelhamid Kerkeni
- Laboratoire
de Biophysique, Faculté de Médecine
de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
| | - Karim Hosni
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
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4
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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Ali SA, Rizk MZ, Hamed MA, Aboul-Ela EI, El-Rigal NS, Aly HF, Abdel-Hamid AHZ. Assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity via oral exposure in mice: effect of dose and particle size. Biomarkers 2019; 24:492-498. [PMID: 31099265 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1620336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A. Ali
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Z. Rizk
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Hamed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Nagy S. El-Rigal
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan F. Aly
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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6
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Andreoli C, Leter G, De Berardis B, Degan P, De Angelis I, Pacchierotti F, Crebelli R, Barone F, Zijno A. Critical issues in genotoxicity assessment of TiO2
nanoparticles by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1471-1482. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Andreoli
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Leter
- Laboratory Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA CR Casaccia; Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy
| | - Barbara De Berardis
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- S.C. Mutagenesis, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST (Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro), CBA Torre A2; L.go R. Benzi 10 Genoa Italy
| | - Isabella De Angelis
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Laboratory Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA CR Casaccia; Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy
| | - Riccardo Crebelli
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Flavia Barone
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Zijno
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
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7
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Surface-modified TiO2 nanoparticles with ascorbic acid: Antioxidant properties and efficiency against DNA damage in vitro. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:323-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Interaction of New-Developed TiO₂-Based Photocatalytic Nanoparticles with Pathogenic Microorganisms and Human Dermal and Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020249. [PMID: 28125053 PMCID: PMC5343786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TiO2-based photocatalysts were obtained during previous years in order to limit pollution and to ease human daily living conditions due to their special properties. However, obtaining biocompatible photocatalysts is still a key problem, and the mechanism of their toxicity recently received increased attention. Two types of TiO2 nanoparticles co-doped with 1% of iron and nitrogen (TiO2-1% Fe–N) atoms were synthesized in hydrothermal conditions at pH of 8.5 (HT1) and 5.5 (HT2), and their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effects exerted on human pulmonary and dermal fibroblasts were assessed. These particles exhibited significant microbicidal and anti-biofilm activity, suggesting their potential application for microbial decontamination of different environments. In addition, our results demonstrated the biocompatibility of TiO2-1% Fe–N nanoparticles at low doses on lung and dermal cells, which may initiate oxidative stress through dose accumulation. Although no significant changes were observed between the two tested photocatalysts, the biological response was cell type specific and time- and dose-dependent; the lung cells proved to be more sensitive to nanoparticle exposure. Taken together, these experimental data provide useful information for future photocatalytic applications in the industrial, food, pharmaceutical, and medical fields.
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10
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Ataseven N, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Keskin AÇ, Ünal F. Genotoxicity of monosodium glutamate. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Rocco L, Santonastaso M, Mottola F, Costagliola D, Suero T, Pacifico S, Stingo V. Genotoxicity assessment of TiO2 nanoparticles in the teleost Danio rerio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:223-230. [PMID: 25506637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), widely used in paints, pharmaceutical preparations and in many consumer products, have been shown to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic responses both in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies have shown the potential impact of nanoparticles on a series of aquatic organisms and their toxicity has been linked to their dissolution, surface properties and size. In vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of TiO2 NPs, but there are very limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic life. This in vivo study aimed to describe the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs in the zebrafish Danio rerio. After 2 weeks of adaptation, groups of zebrafish were exposed to TiO2 NPs (1 and 10μg/L) for 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The genotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs was assessed by the Comet assay, the Diffusion assay and RAPD-PCR technique. The use of multi-biomarkers has become an important aspect of ecotoxicology to evaluate environmental quality through a wide panel of biological responses triggered by contaminants. The highest genotoxic effect was observed at the maximum concentrations of nanoparticles (10μg/L) with all three tests at 14 and 21 days of exposure. The results suggests the presence of mechanisms that can reduce the n-TiO2 genotoxicity. Future studies are necessary to analyze the DNA repairing capacity in zebrafish cells and so verify the role of the antioxidant defence system in modulating the response to exposure to n-TiO2 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Marianna Santonastaso
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Domenico Costagliola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Suero
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stingo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
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12
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Akbaba GB, Turkez H, Sönmez E, Tatar A, Yilmaz M. Genotoxicity in primary human peripheral lymphocytes after exposure to lithium titanate nanoparticles in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1423-1429. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714562624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) nanoparticles (LTT NPs; <100 nm) are widely used in battery technology, porcelain enamels, and ceramic insulating bodies. With the increased applications of LTT NPs, the concerns about their potential human toxicity effects and their environmental impact were also increased. However, toxicity data for LTT NPs relating to human health are very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether LTT NPs are able to induce genetic damage in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro when taking into consideration that DNA damage plays an important role in carcinogenesis. With this aim, the chromosome aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and micronucleus (MN) assays were used as genotoxicity end points. Human peripheral lymphocytes obtained from five healthy male volunteers were exposed to LTT NPs at final dispersed concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 μg/mL for 72 h at 37°C. The obtained results indicated that LTT NPs compound did not induce DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes as depicted by CA/cell, SCE/cell, and MN/1000 cell values in all concentrations tested. In summary, our results revealed that exposure to LTT NPs is not capable of inducing DNA lesions in human peripheral lymphocytes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray B Akbaba
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Sönmez
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Physics, K. K. Education Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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13
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Turkez H, Sönmez E, Di Stefano A, Mokhtar YI. Health risk assessments of lithium titanate nanoparticles in rat liver cell model for its safe applications in nanopharmacology and nanomedicine. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:291-302. [PMID: 25149287 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high chemical stability, lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) nanoparticles (LTT NPs) now are projected to be transferred into different nanotechnology areas like nano pharmacology and nano medicine. With the increased applications of LTT NPs for numerous purposes, the concerns about their potential human toxicity effects and their environmental impact are also increased. However, toxicity data for LTT NPs related to human health are very limited. Therefore we aimed to investigate toxicity potentials of various concentrations (0-1,000 ppm) of LTT NPs (<100 nm) in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. DNA damage was analyzed by scoring liver micronuclei rates and by determining 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that higher concentrations of dispersed LTT NPs (500 and 1,000 ppm) decreased cell viability. Also, LTT NPs increased TOS (300, 500 and 1,000 ppm) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500 and 1,000 ppm) levels in cultured hepatocytes. The results of genotoxicity tests revealed that LTT NPs did not cause significant increases of micronucleated hepatocytes and 8-OH-dG as compared to control culture. In conclusion, the obtained results showed for the first time that LTT NPs had dose dependent effects on oxidative damage and cytotoxicity but not genotoxicity in cultured primary rat hepatocytes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Sönmez
- Department of Physics, K. K. Education Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Yousef I Mokhtar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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14
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Louro H, Tavares A, Vital N, Costa PM, Alverca E, Zwart E, de Jong WH, Fessard V, Lavinha J, Silva MJ. Integrated approach to the in vivo genotoxic effects of a titanium dioxide nanomaterial using LacZ plasmid-based transgenic mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:500-9. [PMID: 24590610 DOI: 10.1002/em.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used in a diversity of products including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and inks, despite uncertainties surrounding the potential health risks that they pose to humans and the environment. Previous studies on the genotoxicity of TiO2 have reported discrepant or inconclusive findings in both in vitro and in vivo systems. This study explores the in vivo genotoxic potential of a well-characterized uncoated TiO2 NM with an average diameter of 22 nm (NM-102, from JRC repository) using several genotoxicity endpoints in the LacZ plasmid-based transgenic mouse model. Mice were exposed by intravenous injection to two daily doses of NM-102: 10 and 15 mg/kg of body weight/day. Micronuclei were analyzed in peripheral blood reticulocytes 42 hr after the last treatment. DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and gene mutations were determined in the spleens and livers of the same animals 28 days after the last treatment. Histopathological and cytological analyses were also performed in liver samples. Genotoxic effects were not detected in mice exposed to the nanosized TiO2 under the experimental conditions used, despite a moderate inflammatory response that was observed in the liver. Considering the biopersistence of TiO2 in mouse liver and the moderate inflammatory response, the possibility of a secondary genotoxic effect at higher doses and in conditions that result in a stronger inflammatory response, for example, within a longer time window, should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriqueta Louro
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Battal D, Çelik A, Güler G, Aktaş A, Yildirimcan S, Ocakoglu K, Çömelekoǧlu Ü. SiO2 Nanoparticule-induced size-dependent genotoxicity - an in vitro study using sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus and comet assay. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:196-204. [PMID: 24960636 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.928721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fine particles with a characteristic size smaller than 100 nm (i.e. nanoparticlesspread out in nowadays life. Silicon or Si, is one of the most abundant chemical elements found on the Earth. Its oxide forms, such as silicate (SiO4) and silicon dioxide, also known as silica (SiO2), are the main constituents of sand and quartz contributing to 90% of the Earth's crust. In this work, three genotoxicity systems "sister chromatid exchange, cytokinesis block micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay" were employed to provide further insight into the cytotoxic and mutagenic/genotoxic potential of SiO2 nanoparticules (particle size 6 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm) in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes as in vitro. It was observed that there is a significant decrease in Mitotic index (MI), Cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI), proliferation index (PRI) values expressed as Cell Kinetic parameters compared with negative control (p < 0.05). There is a statistically significant difference between negative control culture and culture exposed to SiO2 (6 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm) (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). It is found that SiO2 nanoparticles at different size (6, 20, 50 nm) progressively increased the SCE frequency and DNA damage on the basis the AU values compared with negative control (p < 0.05). Results showed that the genotoxic/mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of SiO2 nanoparticules is dependent to particule size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Battal
- Department of Pharmaceutic Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
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16
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Mohammadipour A, Hosseini M, Fazel A, Haghir H, Rafatpanah H, Pourganji M, Bideskan AE. The effects of exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles during lactation period on learning and memory of rat offspring. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:221-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is massively produced and widely used in living environment, seems to have a potential risk on human health. The central nervous system (CNS) is the potential susceptible target of nanoparticles, but the studies on this aspect are limited so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles during lactation period on learning and memory of offspring. Lactating Wistar rats were exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles (100 mg/kg; gavage) for 21 days. The Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests showed that the exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles could significantly impair the memory and learning in the offspring. Therefore, the application of TiO2 nanoparticles and the effects of their exposure, especially during developmental period on human brain should be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Fazel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Masoume Pourganji
- Applied Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Kumar A, Dhawan A. Genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of engineered nanoparticles: an update. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1883-1900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ghosh M, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee A. Cytotoxic, genotoxic and the hemolytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on human erythrocyte and lymphocyte cellsin vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1097-110. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manosij Ghosh
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
| | | | - Anita Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
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Biosafety Evaluation of Nanoparticles in View of Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in various forms in consumer products including, cosmetics, food packaging, textiles and also in air and water cleaning, production of electro chromic windows, or smart windows and gas sensors. Many NPs have also been evaluated for potential use in biomedical applications as efficient delivery carriers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nowadays, NPs are being developed to create fascinating nanotechnology products. To develop NPs for broad applications, potential risks to human health and the environment should be evaluated and taken into consideration. Again, to translate these nanomaterials to the clinic and industrial domains, their biosafety needs to be verified, particularly in terms of genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. To evaluate evidenced-based practices for NPs safety, we performed a systematic review of the published English-language literature. We performed a systematic keyword search of PubMed for original research articles pertaining to reports on assessment of risks due to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects by different NPs. We identified 362 original articles available for analysis. The included studies were published between 1993 and 2012. The in vivo or in vitro genotoxicity studies were performed on only 18 out of 148 kinds of NPs in industry today. Likewise, the carcinogenicity investigations were performed on only 14 out of 148 NPs. The 10 types of the NPs including some titanium, aluminium, carbon black and silver molecules were found to have both mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. The important finding was also that there is a lack of systematic assessment of the DNA damaging and carcinogenic potential of NPs in spite of their extensive use in nanotechnological applications.
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Šimundić M, Drašler B, Šuštar V, Zupanc J, Štukelj R, Makovec D, Erdogmus D, Hägerstrand H, Drobne D, Kralj-Iglič V. Effect of engineered TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles on erythrocytes, platelet-rich plasma and giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:7. [PMID: 23311901 PMCID: PMC3549938 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Massive industrial production of engineered nanoparticles poses questions about health risks to living beings. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the effects of TiO2 and ZnO agglomerated engineered nanoparticles (EPs) on erythrocytes, platelet-rich plasma and on suspensions of giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles. Results Washed erythrocytes, platelet-rich plasma and suspensions of giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles were incubated with samples of EPs. These samples were observed by different microscopic techniques. We found that TiO2 and ZnO EPs adhered to the membrane of washed human and canine erythrocytes. TiO2 and ZnO EPs induced coalescence of human erythrocytes. Addition of TiO2 and ZnO EPs to platelet-rich plasma caused activation of human platelets after 24 hours and 3 hours, respectively, while in canine erythrocytes, activation of platelets due to ZnO EPs occurred already after 1 hour. To assess the effect of EPs on a representative sample of giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles, analysis of the recorded populations was improved by applying the principles of statistical physics. TiO2 EPs did not induce any notable effect on giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles within 50 minutes of incubation, while ZnO EPs induced a decrease in the number of giant unilamelar phospholipid vesicles that was statistically significant (p < 0,001) already after 20 minutes of incubation. Conclusions These results indicate that TiO2 and ZnO EPs cause erythrocyte aggregation and could be potentially prothrombogenic, while ZnO could also cause membrane rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Šimundić
- Biomedical Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Demir E, Burgucu D, Turna F, Aksakal S, Kaya B. Determination of TiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3 nanoparticles on genotoxic responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured embyronic kidney cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:990-1002. [PMID: 24156722 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.830584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study a genotoxic evaluation of titanium dioxide (TiO2, 2.3 nm), zirconium oxide (ZrO2, 6 nm), aluminum oxide (Al2O3, 16.7 nm) nanoparticles (NP) and their ionic forms was conducted using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells by means of a modified alkaline comet assay with/without the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (Endo III) enzymes. Modifications to the comet assay by using lesion-specific endonucleases, such as Endo III and Fpg, detect DNA bases with oxidative damage. Both human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured embryonic kidney cells were incubated with TiO2, ZrO2, or Al2O3 NP at concentrations of 1, 10, or 100 μg/ml. Our results showed no significant induction in DNA damage by the comet assay with/without the Endo III and Fpg enzymes at all concentrations of ZrO2 and Al2O3. In the case of TiO2 NP only the highest concentration of 100 μg/ml significantly induced a genotoxic response. Data thus indicate that both ZrO2 and Al2O3 NP were not genotoxic in our system and in the case of TiO2 the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for genotoxicity was 100 μg/ml. Evidence indicates that these metallic NP are considered safe in light of the fact that no genotoxicity was noted with ZrO2 and Al2O3 and that the highest TiO2 concentration is not environmentally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşref Demir
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
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Memiş E, Türkez H, Incekara Ü, Banjo AD, Fasunwon BT, Toğar B. In vitro biomonitoring of the genotoxic and oxidative potentials of two commonly eaten insects in southwestern Nigeria. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:52-9. [PMID: 22609856 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712446721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the cytogenetic and oxidative effects of water soluble extracts of two commonly eaten insects, Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) and Oryctes boas (Solanales: Solanaceae), in southwestern Nigeria were evaluated on cultured human blood cells. The extracts were added to the cultures at various concentrations (0-2000 ppm). The chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests were used to find out the DNA and chromosomal damage potentials in vitro by aqueous insect extracts. To assess the oxidative effects of these insect extracts, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were also measured. Our results indicated that these extracts did not show genotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. However, the extracts caused dose-dependent alterations in both TAC and TOS levels. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the studied insects can be consumed safely, but it is necessary to consider the cellular damages that are likely to appear depending on the oxidative stress. We also suggest that this in vitro approach for oxidative and genotoxicity assessments may be useful to compare the potential health risks of edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Memiş
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Toyooka T, Amano T, Ibuki Y. Titanium dioxide particles phosphorylate histone H2AX independent of ROS production. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 742:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sycheva LP, Zhurkov VS, Iurchenko VV, Daugel-Dauge NO, Kovalenko MA, Krivtsova EK, Durnev AD. Investigation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of micro- and nanosized titanium dioxide in six organs of mice in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 726:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Türkez H, Togar B, Arabaci T. Evaluation of genotoxicity after application of Listerine(R) on human lymphocytes by micronucleus and single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:271-5. [PMID: 22033428 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711410918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Listerine (LN) is one of the most commonly used mouth rinses worldwide although very limited information is available concerning its genotoxicity. In another view, the biological safety profile of oral care products is frequently assumed on the basis of simplistic test models. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro genotoxic potential of LN using micronucleus and single cell gel electrophoresis tests as genetic endpoints. Different concentrations of LN (0-100% of ml/culture, v/v) were applied to whole human blood cultures (n = 5). The result of the present study showed that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the control group and the groups treated with LN alone in both analysed endpoints. In conclusion, our result first demonstrated the absence of genotoxicity of LN on human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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26
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Turkez H. The role of ascorbic acid on titanium dioxide-induced genetic damage assessed by the comet assay and cytogenetic tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:453-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Turkez H, Dirican E. A modulator against mercury chloride-induced genotoxic damage: Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (L.). Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:58-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711404036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury has been used in many domains of human activities for many years, although in any form mercury is reported to be toxic. On the other hand, lichens have been used in the treatment of several diseases such as tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, ulcer, dysentery and cancer. Animal investigations on some common lichen species have demonstrated their antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. However, there is very scarce data on the medical or biologic effects of specific lichen species. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the cyotogenetic effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and the role of aqueous Dermatocarpon intestiniforme lichen extracts in mercury-treated human blood cultures ( n = 3). The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) assays were performed to assess DNA damages in lymphocytes. Our results clearly revealed that the SCE and MN rates induced by HgCl2 were alleviated by the presence of D. intestiniforme. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed for the first time that the lichen D. intestiniforme provided increased resistance of DNA against HgCl2-induced genetic damage on human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebubekir Dirican
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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In vitro genotoxicity data of nanomaterials compared to carcinogenic potency of inorganic substances after inhalational exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2011; 727:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Comparison of cellular effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with different photocatalytic potential in human keratinocyte, HaCaT cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Naha PC, Bhattacharya K, Tenuta T, Dawson KA, Lynch I, Gracia A, Lyng FM, Byrne HJ. Intracellular localisation, geno- and cytotoxic response of polyN-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) nanoparticles to human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and colon cells (SW 480). Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:134-43. [PMID: 20600712 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PNIPAM nanoparticles, with and without a covalently linked fluorescent label, were prepared by a free radical polymerisation technique. The cyto- and genotoxicity of PNIPAM nanoparticles were analysed in two representative mammalian cell lines, SW480, a colon, and HaCaT, a dermal cell line. Physical characterisation in terms of particle size and zeta potential of the PNIPAM nanoparticles was carried out both in aqueous solution and in the appropriate cell culture media. Uptake and co-localisation of fluorescently labelled PNIPAM nanoparticles was monitored in both cell lines using confocal laser scanning microscope. Genotoxicity analysis using the Comet assay was performed in both cell lines to evaluate any DNA damage. It was observed that the PNIPAM nanoparticles were internalized and localised in lysosomes within 24h. No significant cytotoxic response (p<or.05) was observed in either cell line over concentration ranges from 25 to 1000mg/l for all exposure time periods. Furthermore, no significant genotoxic response (p<or.05) was observed in either cell line over concentration ranges from 12.5 to 800mg/l for all exposure time periods. The results suggest that the PNIPAM nanoparticles show excellent biocompatibility in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap C Naha
- DIT Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Mamur S, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S. Does potassium sorbate induce genotoxic or mutagenic effects in lymphocytes? Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:790-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Falck GCM, Lindberg HK, Suhonen S, Vippola M, Vanhala E, Catalán J, Savolainen K, Norppa H. Genotoxic effects of nanosized and fine TiO2. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 28:339-52. [PMID: 19755445 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The in-vitro genotoxicity of nanosized TiO(2) rutile and anatase was assessed in comparison with fine TiO(2) rutile in human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test. BEAS 2B cells were exposed to eight doses (1-100 microg/cm(2)) of titanium(IV) oxide nanosized rutile (>95%, <5% amorphous SiO(2) coating; 10 x 40 nm), nanosized anatase (99.7%; <25 nm), or fine rutile (99.9%; <5 microm) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Fine rutile reduced cell viability at lower doses than nanosized anatase, which was more cytotoxic than nanosized rutile. In the comet assay, nanosized anatase and fine rutile induced DNA damage at several doses with all treatment times. Dose-dependent effects were seen after the 48- and 72-h treatments with nanosized anatase and after the 24-, 48- (in one out of two experiments), and 72-h treatments (one experiment) with fine rutile. The lowest doses inducing DNA damage were 1 microg/cm(2) for fine rutile and 10 microg/cm( 2) for nanosized anatase. Nanosized rutile showed a significant induction in DNA damage only at 80 microg/cm(2) in the 24-h treatment and at 80 and 100 microg/ cm(2) in the 72-h treatment (with a dose-dependent effect). Only nanosized anatase could elevate the frequency of micronucleated BEAS 2B cells, producing a significant increase at 10 and 60 microg/cm( 2) after the 72-h treatment (no dose-dependency). At increasing doses of all the particles, MN analysis became difficult due to the presence of TiO(2) on the microscopic slides. In conclusion, our studies in human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells showed that uncoated nanosized anatase TiO(2) and fine rutile TiO(2) are more efficient than SiO( 2)-coated nanosized rutile TiO(2) in inducing DNA damage, whereas only nanosized anatase is able to slightly induce micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C M Falck
- New Technologies and Risks, Work Environment Development Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Brusick DJ. A perspective on testing of existing pharmaceutical excipients for genotoxic impurities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 55:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gopalan RC, Osman IF, Amani A, De Matas M, Anderson D. The effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the Comet assay with UVA photoactivation of human sperm and lymphocytes. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390802596456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Amani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Bradford, UK
- Department of Nanomedicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bhattacharya K, Davoren M, Boertz J, Schins RP, Hoffmann E, Dopp E. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA-adduct formation but not DNA-breakage in human lung cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:17. [PMID: 19545397 PMCID: PMC2711958 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2), also known as titanium (IV) oxide or anatase, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It is also one of the most commercially used form. To date, no parameter has been set for the average ambient air concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) by any regulatory agency. Previously conducted studies had established these nanoparticles to be mainly non-cyto- and -genotoxic, although they had been found to generate free radicals both acellularly (specially through photocatalytic activity) and intracellularly. The present study determines the role of TiO2-NP (anatase, slashed circle < 100 nm) using several parameters such as cyto- and genotoxicity, DNA-adduct formation and generation of free radicals following its uptake by human lung cells in vitro. For comparison, iron containing nanoparticles (hematite, Fe2O3, slashed circle < 100 nm) were used. The results of this study showed that both types of NP were located in the cytosol near the nucleus. No particles were found inside the nucleus, in mitochondria or ribosomes. Human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were more sensitive regarding cyto- and genotoxic effects caused by the NP than human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). In contrast to hematite NP, TiO2-NP did not induce DNA-breakage measured by the Comet-assay in both cell types. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured acellularly (without any photocatalytic activity) as well as intracellularly for both types of particles, however, the iron-containing NP needed special reducing conditions before pronounced radical generation. A high level of DNA adduct formation (8-OHdG) was observed in IMR-90 cells exposed to TiO2-NP, but not in cells exposed to hematite NP. Our study demonstrates different modes of action for TiO2- and Fe2O3-NP. Whereas TiO2-NP were able to generate elevated amounts of free radicals, which induced indirect genotoxicity mainly by DNA-adduct formation, Fe2O3-NP were clastogenic (induction of DNA-breakage) and required reducing conditions for radical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bhattacharya
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Nanotechnology, nanotoxicology, and neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 87:133-70. [PMID: 18926873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, which deals with features as small as a 1 billionth of a meter, began to enter into mainstream physical sciences and engineering some 20 years ago. Recent applications of nanoscience include the use of nanoscale materials in electronics, catalysis, and biomedical research. Among these applications, strong interest has been shown to biological processes such as blood coagulation control and multimodal bioimaging, which has brought about a new and exciting research field called nanobiotechnology. Biotechnology, which itself also dates back approximately 30 years, involves the manipulation of macroscopic biological systems such as cells and mice in order to understand why and how molecular level mechanisms affect specific biological functions, e.g., the role of APP (amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims (1) to introduce key concepts and materials from nanotechnology to a non-physical sciences community; (2) to introduce several state-of-the-art examples of current nanotechnology that were either constructed for use in biological systems or that can, in time, be utilized for biomedical research; (3) to provide recent excerpts in nanotoxicology and multifunctional nanoparticle systems (MFNPSs); and (4) to propose areas in neuroscience that may benefit from research at the interface of neurobiologically important systems and nanostructured materials.
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Turkez H. Effects of boric acid and borax on titanium dioxide genotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:658-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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