Potential anticancer activity of carvone in N2a neuroblastoma cell line

Hydroxamic Acids Containing a Bicyclic Pinane Backbone as Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulators: Synergizing Agents to Overcome Cisplatin Resistance

Multidrug resistance is the dominant obstacle to effective chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms. It is well known that neoplastic cells use a wide range of adaptive mechanisms to form and maintain resistance against antitumor agents, which makes it urgent to identify promising therapies to solve this problem. Hydroxamic acids are biologically active compounds and in recent years have been actively considered to be potentially promising drugs of various pharmacological applications. In this paper, we synthesized a number of hydroxamic acids containing a p-substituted cinnamic acid core and bearing bicyclic pinane fragments, including derivatives of (-)-myrtenol, (+)-myrtenol and (-)-nopol, as a Cap-group. Among the synthesized compounds, the most promising hydroxamic acid was identified, containing a fragment of (-)-nopol in the Cap group 18c. This compound synergizes with cisplatin to increase its anticancer effect and overcomes cisplatin resistance, which may be associated with the inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 and glycolytic function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the use of hydroxamic acids with a bicyclic pinane backbone can be considered to be an effective approach to the eradication of tumor cells and overcoming drug resistance in the treatment of malignant neoplasms.

In vitro Evaluation of Selective Cytotoxic Activity of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. on Cultured Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor in children. New treatment approaches are needed because of the harmful side effects and costs of the methods used in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Medicinal and aromatic plants are important for new treatment approaches due to their minimal side effects and economic advantages. Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine the cytotoxic effect of Chaerophyllum macropodum extract on human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and fibroblast (HDFa) cell lines. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of C. macropodum. The extracts were analyzed for their phenolic content by HPLC-PDA. Major components were determined as 63.600% o-coumaric acid, 15.606% catechine hydrate, 8.713% rosmarinic acid, 4.376% clorogenic acid, and 3.972% salicylic acid. The obtained results from cytotoxicity testing revealed that C. macropodum exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on human neuroblastoma cells at all tested concentrations (p < 0.05). But it did not lead to any cytotoxic potential on human fibroblasts. As a result, the obtained data clearly revealed C. macropodum exerted a selective cytotoxic action on neuroblastoma cells for the first time.

A Narrative Review of the Antitumor Activity of Monoterpenes from Essential Oils: An Update

Monoterpenes are a group of natural products that have been widely studied due to their therapeutic potential against various pathologies. These compounds are abundant in the chemical composition of essential oils. Cancer is a term that covers more than 100 different types of malignant diseases and is among the leading causes of death in the world. Therefore, the search for new pharmacotherapeutic options applicable to cancer is urgent. In this review, studies on the antitumor activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils were selected, and botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects were discussed. The most investigated monoterpenes were carvacrol and linalool with highly significant in vitro and in vivo tumor inhibition in several types of cancers. The action mechanisms of these natural products are also presented and are wildly varied being apoptosis the most prevalent followed by cell cycle impairment, ROS production, autophagy, necroptosis, and others. The studies reported here confirm the antitumor properties of monoterpenes and their anticancer potential against various types of tumors, as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies using various types of cancer cells and tumors in animal models. The data described serve as a reference for the advancement in the mechanistic studies of these compounds and in the preparation of synthetic derivatives or analogues with a better antitumor profile.

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) in Fast-growing and Slow-Growing Broiler Chickens’ Diets and its Effect on Performance, Digestive Tract Morphology and Blood Biochemical Profile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of caraway (1%) in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens’ diet and its effect on performance parameters, blood biochemical profile, and relative organ sizes and ileum morphology in slow-growing broilers. Two separated experiments were performed. On the first day of age, the broilers were divided into 2 equal groups (Control and Caraway) with 6 replicates per treatment in both experiments. Experiment I: The total of 276 male fast-growing Ross 308 broiler chickens were used. The trial lasted from the first day to 35th day of chickens’ age. Experiment II: The total of 216 male slow-growing (Hubbard JA 57) broilers were used. The trial lasted from the first to 50th day of chickens’ age. Mean liveweight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, blood biochemical parameters, and relative organ sizes were not significantly different in these trials. The group of slow-growing broilers supplemented with 1% of caraway in the diet showed longer villi and deeper crypt in the ileum after 50 d of life. Based on our results, it can be stated that the proportion of 1% caraway in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens’ diet did not influence performance parameters, blood biochemical profile and relative organ sizes. In case of the experiment with the slow-growing broilers supplemented with caraway, a significant difference in the height of the villi and the depth of the crypts was found. Caraway can be included in the broiler chickens’ diets without negative effects, but further study of the effect on the intestinal morphology is necessary.

Carvone and its pharmacological activities: A systematic review

Natural products from plants have gained prominence in the search for therapeutic alternatives. Monoterpenes, such as carvone, are suggested as candidates for the treatment of several diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the pharmacological activities of carvone in experimental models in vitro and in vivo. For this, the searches were carried out in May 2020 (upgraded in July 2021) in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and gathered studies on the pharmacological activities of carvone. Two independent reviewers performed the selection of articles using the Rayyan application, extracted the relevant data and assessed the methodological quality of the selected studies using Syrcle's risk of bias tool. Ninety-one articles were selected that described 10 pharmacological activities of carvone, such as antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, among others. The evaluation of the methodological quality presented an uncertain risk of bias for most studies. In light of that, carvone stands out as a viable and promising alternative in the treatment of several pathological conditions. However, carrying out studies to evaluate possible mechanisms of action and the safety of this monoterpene is recommended.

Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Carvone

Carvone is a monoterpene ketone contained in the essential oils of several aromatic and medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families. From aromatic plants, this monoterpene is secreted at different concentrations depending on the species, the parts used, and the extraction methods. Currently, pharmacological investigations showed that carvone exhibits multiple pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antineuraminidase, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. These studies were carried out in vitro and in vivo and involved a great deal of knowledge on the mechanisms of action. Indeed, the antimicrobial effects are related to the action of carvone on the cell membrane and to ultrastructural changes, while the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects involve the action on cellular and molecular targets such as inducing of apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. With its multiple mechanisms, carvone can be considered as natural compounds to develop therapeutic drugs. However, other investigations regarding its precise mechanisms of action as well as its acute and chronic toxicities are needed to validate its applications. Therefore, this review discusses the principal studies investigating the pharmacological properties of carvone, and the mechanism of action underlying some of these properties. Moreover, further investigations of major pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were also suggested.

Isolation, characterization of galactose-specific lectin from Odoiporus longicollis and its antibacterial and anticancer activities

Lectins are renowned hemagglutinins and multivalent proteins with a well known quality for sugar-binding specificity that participate significantly in invertebrate defense functions. Studies on biological activity of lectin from coleopteran insect are very scarce. In this study, lectin from the hemolymph in the grub of banana pest, Odoiporus longicollis was subjected to purification, biochemical and functional characterizations. The lectin was purified by PEG precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography using Q-Sepharose as a matrix. The purified lectin showed hemagglutination activity against rat erythrocytes, heat-labile, cation independent and insensitive to EDTA. Further, the carbohydrate affinity of this lectin was found with mannitol, adonitol, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and sorbitol. The native form of purified lectin was calculated as 360 kDa by FPLC system. Denatured gel electrophoresis of the purified lectin consisted of five distinct polypeptides with molecular weights approximately 160, 60, 52, 40 and 38 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequences obtained through peptide mass fingerprinting analysis exhibited homologies to the known conserved regions of galactose binding lectins. Further, the purified lectin exhibited bacterial inhibition with LPS from Serratia marcescens. In addition, isolated lectin also exerted bacterial agglutination, antibacterial and anti-proliferative activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus pumilus and Neuro 2a cell line, respectively.

Selected Monocyclic Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives as Effective Anticancer Therapeutic Agents

Terpenes-a diverse group of secondary metabolites-constitute the largest class of natural products abundant in almost every plant species. The properties of concrete terpenes and essential oils have been intensively studied due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Despite the popularity of these aromatic compounds, their derivatives, terpenoids, are still not comprehensively characterized despite exhibiting potent bioactive properties. This review aims to assess the anticancer properties of selected monoterpenes including carvone, carvacrol, perillyl alcohol, perillaldehyde, limonene, menthol and their derivatives while also evaluating potential applications as novel anticancer treatments. Special attention is paid to functional groups that improve the bioactivity of monoterpene molecules. This review also covers the therapeutic potential of deep eutectic solvents that contain monoterpene substances. Taken together, the literature supports the use of monoterpene derivatives in the development of new alternatives for disease treatment and prevention.

D-carvone induced ROS mediated apoptotic cell death in human leukemic cell lines (Molt-4)

The immature lymphoid cells with chromosomal structural and numerical abnormalities cause the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This hematologic disorder constitutes about 25% of cancer prognosis among children and adolescents. D-Carvone, a monocyclic monoterpene obtained from the essential oils extracted from plants is reported to possess the various biological activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of D-Carvone against the human leukemic Molt-4 cells. The cytotoxicity of DCarvone was analyzed by MTT assay. The level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were determined. The intracellular ROS, MMP and apoptosis were demonstrated by fluorescent staining techniques. The MTT assay revealed that the D-Carvone treatment suppressed the viability of Molt-4 cells and the IC50 was determined at 20 µM/ml. The D-Carvone treatment was increased the oxidative stress and reduced the level of antioxidants in the Molt-4 cell lines. The increased intracellular ROS, apoptotic cell death, and diminished MMP was noted in the D-Carvone treatment. In the Molt-4 cells, D-carvone induced the apoptosis in a time and dose dependent manner by the activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3. Thus, data provide insights for the clinical application of D-Carvone in the treatment of blood cancer Molt-4 cells. Our study suggests the therapeutic potential D-Carvone for the treatment of leukemia in future.

Carvone suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of immobilised rats

OBJECTIVE

The investigation of the effect of carvone (a natural monoterpene) on liver damage caused by chronic immobilisation.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, carvone, stress, and stress-carvone. To induce stress, rats were placed in a restrainer (6 h/21 day) and carvone was treated by gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg.

RESULTS

Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased in sera of immobilised rats. Chronic immobilisation also increased malondialdehyde levels and decreased reduced glutathione content, as well as increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB mRNA expression and also led to the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver parenchyma. Carvone's 21-day treatment prevented all of these changes in immobilised rats.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that carvone has effectively prevented chronic immobilisation-induced liver injury, most probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities.

Effects of supplementing hen diet with Lavandula angustifolia and/or Mentha spicata essential oils on production performance, egg quality and blood variables of laying hens

Background

Organic products of animals are getting more accepted by consumers. Using herbal additives may lead to more health animal products. In this research it is hypothesized that Lavandula angustifolia and/or Mentha spicata essential oils would be helpful to enhance production performance in laying hens.

Objectives

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha spicata essential oils on performance, egg traits and blood variables in laying hens.

Methods

144 Lohmann LSL‐Lite laying hens from 42 until 56 weeks of age were used in a completely randomized design in four treatments and six replicates (six birds per replicate). The treatments consisted of: (a) control group (basal diet), (b) basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg diet lavender essential oil (LEO), (c) basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg diet mint essential oil (MEO), and (d) basal diet supplemented with both LEO and MEO.

Results

Using LEO and/or MEO did not affect body weight changes, feed intake, egg weight, egg index, yolk index, Haugh unit, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness. Feeding LEO, individually or in combination with MEO, did not affect FCR compared with the control group (p < .05), however, feeding MEO individually increased feed conversation ratio (FCR) compared to LEO and the control group during 42–56 weeks (p < .05), as well as decreasing egg mass compared to LEO (p < .05). Feeding LEO increased egg production compared to MEO and combination of MEO and LEO (p < .05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, dietary supplemental MEO (250 mg/kg) may increase FCR, and LEO (250 mg/kg) is more effective than MEO (250 mg/kg) for egg production and egg mass purposes; besides MEO (250 mg/kg) negatively affected FCR compared with the control group. In addition, no specific beneficial effect of dietary supplemental MEO and/or LEO on the other measured variables was detected.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Compounds of Pharmaceutical Interest from Wendita calysina (Burrito)

Wendita calysina (commonly known as burrito) is an indigenous Paraguayan medical plat, whose essential oil (EO) is characterized by some pharmaceutical properties. In particular, the main component is D-carvone, with anticancer action and antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms. In this work, supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was used for the extraction of volatile compounds from this plant, selecting different operative conditions to optimize the extract yield and purity. Pressure was varied from 80 to 250 bar, and two CO2 flow rates (0.8 kg/h and 1.2 kg/h) were tested. The highest EO percentage in the extract was obtained operating at 100 bar and 40 °C, using ground Wendita calysina leaves of 250 µm. CO2 flow rate did not influence the extraction yield, indicating that an internal mass transfer resistance governs this process. The largely prevailing compound identified in the extract was D-carvone, with a mean percentage up to 90% w/w.

Activation of Caspase-3 by Terpenoids and Flavonoids in Different Types of Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Caspase-3 is accountable for the execution of apoptosis. Recently, it has gained attention as a promising target for the discovery of natural products as anticancer agents.

METHODS

We examined the efficacy of two different sets of natural products (terpenoids and flavonoids) towards caspase-3 activity adopting in silico, cell-free and cell-based activity and real-time gene expression analysis.

RESULTS

It was observed that terpenes activate caspase-3 activity in both the cell-free and cell-based systems, which was supported by the gene expression analysis, binding energy and activation constant. Flavonoids' action, however, was limited to the cell-based system and transcriptional regulation suggesting their indirect association, which enhanced the enzyme activity and up-regulated the expression of mRNA levels in the cells. Among the tested natural products, (+) carvone was observed to be the best activator of caspase-3 in K562 (34.4 μM), WRL-68 (22.3 μM), HeLa (18.7 μM), MCF-7 (39.4 μM) and MDA-MB-231 cell lines (45.1 μM).

CONCLUSION

Overall, terpenoids have a persistent activation of caspase-3 in all the investigated systems, while flavonoids circuitously affect the enzyme activity.

Investigation of the potential anticancer effects of napelline and talatisamine dirterpenes on experimental brain tumor models

Brain cancers are one of the most aggressive tumours in humans. Especially, gliomas are among the deadliest of human cancers and show high resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. On the other hand, discovery of biologically effective non-synthetic biomaterials in treatments of different diseases, especially cancer, has continued to be one of the most popular research topics today. Therefore, we aimed to investigate biochemical, cytological and molecular genetic effects of napelline and talatisamine diterpenes in human U-87 MG glioma cells by using total antioxidant status and total oxidative status, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrozolium, inner salt and lactate dehydrogenase release assay and RT2 Prolifer PCR Arrays. Our results revealed that napelline and talatisamine exhibited cytotoxic effects at high doses. Napelline and talatisamine diterpenes increased apoptosis compared to control in U-87 MG cells. While napelline induced up-regulation of 50 and down-regulation of 13 genes, talatisamine induced up-regulation of 32 and down-regulation of 18 genes in U-87 MG cells. Napelline was shown to have a higher anticancer activity than talatisamine. We think that, napelline and talatisamine might be evaluated as potential chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of glioblastoma.

Carvone protects against paclitaxel-induced retinal and optic nerve cytotoxicity: a histopathological study

Purpose: Carvone (CVN) is a natural monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plant species. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of CVN against paclitaxel (PTX)-induced retinal and optic nerve cytotoxicity in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar albino rats (250-400 g) were randomized into four equal groups comprising six animals in each. Group 1 (control group) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline solution (0.5 mL/200 g) weekly for 4 weeks. Group 2 received i.p. CVN [(S)-(+)- CVN, (5S)-5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, C₁₀H₁₄, 25 mg/kg], while Group 3 received i.p. PTX (5 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. Group 4 received i.p. CVN (25 mg/kg) 30 min after i.p. PTX (5 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, retinal and optic nerve tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Results: All retinal specimens in control and CVN groups were histopathologically normal. In PTX group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated increased retinal vascularity and rosette-like structures in the outer nuclear layer, while in PTX-CVN group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated normal retinal vascularity and absence of rosette-like structures. All optic nerve specimens in control and CVN groups were histopathologically normal. In PTX group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated severe vacuolization and decrease in the number of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while 3 eyes (3/6) demonstrated marked single cell necrosis. In PTX-CVN group, 4 eyes (4/6) demonstrated moderate vacuolization while, 2 eyes (2/6) had none. Compared with PTX group, 1 eye (1/6) in PTX-CVN group demonstrated a decrease in numbers of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes while 5 eyes (5/6) were normal. No remarkable single cell necrosis was observed in PTX-CVN group. Conclusions: Our histopathological findings demonstrated the potential protective role of CVN against PTX-induced retinal and optic nerve cytotoxicity. CVN might be a promising molecule in counteracting oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity in the field of retinal and optic nerve disorders.

Therapeutic potential of monoterpene α-thujone, the main compound of Thuja occidentalis L. essential oil, against malignant glioblastoma multiforme cells in vitro

Thuja occidentalis L. is indigenous for Northern America and commonly cultivated in Europe. Raw materials obtained from this tree are widely applied in the ethnomedicine and phytotherapy of numerous ailments, incl. scurvy, cystitis, rheumatism and cancer. Despite wide medicinal applications of Thuja occidentalis, still little is known on its therapeutic potential in tumor treatment. α-thujone is the main component of Thuja occidentalis essential oil, which has been suggested to possess anti-tumor activities. This monoterpene easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we examined its effects on the malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, with the special emphasis on the mechanisms of its effect on cell viability and invasiveness. α-thujone exerted the attenuating effect on the viability and proliferation of GBM cells when administered at the concentrations between 100 and 500 μg/ml (660 μM - 3.2 mM). This effect was correlated with the induction of apoptosis in GBM cell populations and with considerable inhibition of GBM cells motility. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated the induction of oxidative stress and autophagy in α-thujone-treated tumor cells, whereas normal astrocytes displayed considerably lower sensitivity to α-thujone. Our observations demonstrate that α-thujone exerts pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects on GBM cells. They confirm the potential of α-thujone for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.

Plant-Mediated Biotransformations of S(+)- and R(–)-Carvones

The enzymatic system of vegetables is well known as an efficient biocatalyst in the stereoselective reduction of ketones. Therefore, we decided to use the comminuted material of several plants including five vegetables (Apium graveolens L., Beta vulgaris L., Daucus carota L., Petroselinum crispum L., and Solanum tuberosum L.) and three fruits (Malus pumila L. “Golden” and “Kortland” as well as Pyrus communis L. “Konferencja”) to obtain enantiomerically pure carveol, which is commercially unavailable. Unexpectedly, all of the used biocatalysts not only reduced the carbonyl group of (4R)-(–)-carvone and (4S)-(+)-carvone, but also reduced the double bond in the cyclohexene ring. The results revealed that (4R)-(–)-carvone was transformed into (1R, 4R)- and (1S, 4R)-dihydrocarvones, and (1R,2R,4R)-dihydrocarveol. Although the enzymatic system of the potato transformed the substrate almost completely, the %de was not the highest. Potato yielded 92%; however, when carrot was used as the biocatalyst, it was possible to obtain 17% of (1R, 4R)-(+)-dihydrocarvone with 100% diastereomeric excess. In turn, the (4S)-(+)-carvone was transformed, using the biocatalysts, into (1R, 4S)- and (1S, 4S)-dihydrocarvones and dihydrocarveols. Complete substrate conversion was observed in biotransformation when potato was used. In the experiments using apple, (1R, 4S)-dihydrocarvone with 100% diastereomeric excess was obtained. Using NMR spectroscopy, we confirmed both diastereoisomers of 4(R)-1,2-dihydrocarveols, which were unseparated in the GC condition. Finally, we proved the high usefulness of vegetables for the biotransformation of both enantiomers of carvone as well as dihydrocarvone.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Mentha crispa Essential Oil, Its Major Constituent Rotundifolone, and Analogues on Human Glioblastoma

Cancer is a major public health problem around the globe. This disorder is affected by alterations in multiple physiological processes, and oxidative stress has been etiologically implicated in its pathogenesis. Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered the most common and aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis despite recent improvements in surgical, radiation, and chemotherapy-based treatment approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antitumor activity from Mentha crispa essential oil (MCEO), its major constituent rotundifolone (ROT), and a series of six analogues on the human U87MG glioblastoma cell line. Cytotoxic effects of the compounds on the human U87MG-GBM cell line were assessed using in vitro cell viability and oxidative and molecular genetic assays. In addition, biosafety assessment tests were performed on cultured human blood cells. Our findings revealed that MCEO, 1,2-perillaldehyde epoxide (EPER1), and perillaldehyde (PALD) were the most cytotoxic compounds against U87MG cells, with IC50 values of 16.263, 15.087, and 14.888 μg/mL, respectively. Further, these compounds increased the expressions of BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, NFκB1, NFκB1A, NFκB2, PIK3CA, PIK3R, PTEN, and TP53 genes at different degrees and decreased the expression of some genes such as AKT1, AKT2, FOS, and RAF1. Finally, treatment with MCEO, EPER1, and PALD did not lead to genotoxic damage in blood cells. Taken together, our findings reveal antiproliferative potential of MCEO, its major component ROT, and its tested analogues. Some of these chemical analogues may be useful as prototypes for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for treating human brain cancer and/or other cancers due to their promising activities as well as nonmutagenic property and safety.

Volatile terpenoids as potential drug leads in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is by far the most prevalent of all known forms of dementia. Despite wide-spread research, the main causes of emergence and development of AD have not been fully recognized. Natural, low-molecular, lipophilic terpenoids constitute an interesting group of secondary plant metabolites, that exert biological activities of possible use in the prevention and treatment of AD. In order to identify secondary metabolites possessing both antioxidant activity and the potential to increase the level of acetylcholine, selected terpenoids have been screened for possible acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by use of two methods, namely Marston (chromatographic assay) and Ellman (spectrophotometric assay). In order to describe the interaction between terpenes and AChE active gorge, molecular docking simulations were performed. Additionally, all analyzed terpenes were also evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against two normal cell lines using MTT assay. The obtained results show that: carvone (6), pulegone (8) and γ-terpinene (7) possess desirable AChE inhibitory activity. MTT assay revealed low or lack of cytotoxicity of these metabolites. Thus, among the investigated terpenes, carvone (6), pulegone (8) and y-terpinene (7) can be recognized as compounds with most promising activities in the development of multi-target directed ligands.

The use of medicinal herbs in gynecological and pregnancy-related disorders by Jordanian women: a review of folkloric practice vs. evidence-based pharmacology

Context National statistical reports in Jordan indicate a decrease in the total fertility rate along with a parallel increase in contraceptive use. The folkloric use of medicinal herbs in gynecological disorders has been growing in Jordan, despite of deficient reports on the evidence-based safety and efficacy of these practices. Objective The aim of this comprehensive article is to review medicinal plants with claimed ethnonpharmacological usage in various gynecological and pregnancy-related issues in Jordan, and to assess their evidence-based pharmacological studies as well as their phytochemistry. Methods The published literature was surveyed using Google Scholar entering the terms "ethnopharmacology AND Jordan AND infertility AND gynecology OR gestation". We included ethnopharmacological surveys in Jordan with available full-text. Results Twelve articles were reviewed. Plant species which are commonly used for female gynecological issues such as Artemisia monosperma Del. and A. herba-alba Asso. (Asteraceae) have been found to exert an antifertility effect. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) had antifertility effects in male rats, but Nigella sativa oil L. (Ranunculaceae) and Cinnamon zeylanicum J. Presl (Lauraceae) were found to enhance it. Conclusion Using plants for gynecological disorders is a common practice in Jordan. Many of them, whether utilised for gynecological or non-gynecological conditions equally, were found to have detrimental effects on female or male fertility. Thus, couples planning pregnancy should be discouraged from the consumption of these herbs. Further local studies are warranted to confirm the appreciable beneficial pharmacological effects and safety of these plants.

Antitumor activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils

Cancer is a complex genetic disease that is a major public health problem worldwide, accounting for about 7 million deaths each year. Many anticancer drugs currently used clinically have been isolated from plant species or are based on such substances. Accumulating data has revealed anticancer activity in plant-derived monoterpenes. In this review the antitumor activity of 37 monoterpenes found in essential oils is discussed. Chemical structures, experimental models, and mechanisms of action for bioactive substances are presented.