1
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Borrmann H, Rijo-Ferreira F. Crosstalk between circadian clocks and pathogen niche. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012157. [PMID: 38723104 PMCID: PMC11081299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are intrinsic 24-hour oscillations found in nearly all life forms. They orchestrate key physiological and behavioral processes, allowing anticipation and response to daily environmental changes. These rhythms manifest across entire organisms, in various organs, and through intricate molecular feedback loops that govern cellular oscillations. Recent studies describe circadian regulation of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, some of which have their own circadian rhythms while others are influenced by the rhythmic environment of hosts. Pathogens target specific tissues and organs within the host to optimize their replication. Diverse cellular compositions and the interplay among various cell types create unique microenvironments in different tissues, and distinctive organs have unique circadian biology. Hence, residing pathogens are exposed to cyclic conditions, which can profoundly impact host-pathogen interactions. This review explores the influence of circadian rhythms and mammalian tissue-specific interactions on the dynamics of pathogen-host relationships. Overall, this demonstrates the intricate interplay between the body's internal timekeeping system and its susceptibility to pathogens, which has implications for the future of infectious disease research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Berkeley Public Health, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Berkeley Public Health, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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2
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Amando G, Tonon A, Constantino D, Hidalgo MP, Rampelotto PH, Montagner F. Understanding the Diurnal Oscillation of the Gut Microbiota Using Microbial Culture. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030831. [PMID: 36983986 PMCID: PMC10054680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiota oscillates according to the light-dark cycle. However, the existing literature demonstrates these oscillations only by molecular methods. Microbial cultures are an interesting method for studying metabolically active microorganisms. In this work, we aimed to understand the diurnal oscillation of the intestinal microbiota in Wistar male rats through microbial culture analysis. Over a 24 h period, three animals were euthanized every 6 h. Intestinal segments were dissected immediately after euthanasia and diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for plating in different culture media. The CFU/mL counts in feces samples cultured in the Brucella medium were significantly higher at ZT0, followed by ZT6, ZT18, and ZT12 (p = 0.0156), which demonstrated the diurnal oscillation of metabolically active anaerobic bacteria every 6 h using microbial culture. In addition, quantitative differences were demonstrated in anaerobic bacteria and fungi in different gastrointestinal tract tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Amando
- Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
| | - André Tonon
- Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Constantino
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Maria Paz Hidalgo
- Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90410-000, Brazil
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3
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Stincardini C, Pariano M, D’Onofrio F, Renga G, Orecchini E, Orabona C, Nunzi E, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Chun SK, Fortin BM, Masri S, Brancorsini S, Romani L, Costantini C, Bellet MM. The circadian control of tryptophan metabolism regulates the host response to pulmonary fungal infections. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad036. [PMID: 36896128 PMCID: PMC9991457 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental light/dark cycle has left its mark on the body's physiological functions to condition not only our inner biology, but also the interaction with external cues. In this scenario, the circadian regulation of the immune response has emerged as a critical factor in defining the host-pathogen interaction and the identification of the underlying circuitry represents a prerequisite for the development of circadian-based therapeutic strategies. The possibility to track down the circadian regulation of the immune response to a metabolic pathway would represent a unique opportunity in this direction. Herein, we show that the metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan, involved in the regulation of fundamental processes in mammals, is regulated in a circadian manner in both murine and human cells and in mouse tissues. By resorting to a murine model of pulmonary infection with the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we showed that the circadian oscillation in the lung of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1, generating the immunoregulatory kynurenine, resulted in diurnal changes in the immune response and the outcome of fungal infection. In addition, the circadian regulation of IDO1 drives such diurnal changes in a pre-clinical model of cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive lung function decline and recurrent infections, thus acquiring considerable clinical relevance. Our results demonstrate that the circadian rhythm at the intersection between metabolism and immune response underlies the diurnal changes in host-fungal interaction, thus paving the way for a circadian-based antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stincardini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorella D’Onofrio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bridget M Fortin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Selma Masri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stefano Brancorsini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina Maria Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Xia Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ren W. Circadian orchestration of host and gut microbiota in infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:115-131. [PMID: 36106627 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are present in almost every organism and regulate multiple aspects of biological and physiological processes (e.g. metabolism, immune responses, and microbial exposure). There exists a bidirectional circadian interaction between the host and its gut microbiota, and potential circadian orchestration of both host and gut microbiota in response to invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize what is known about these intestinal microbial oscillations and the relationships between host circadian clocks and various infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), and discuss how host circadian clocks prime the immune system to fight pathogen infections as well as the direct effects of circadian clocks on viral activity (e.g. SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication). Finally, we consider strategies employed to realign normal circadian rhythmicity for host health, such as chronotherapy, dietary intervention, good sleep hygiene, and gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We propose that targeting circadian rhythmicity may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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5
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Huang H, Mehta A, Kalmanovich J, Anand A, Bejarano MC, Garg T, Khan N, Tonpouwo GK, Shkodina AD, Bardhan M. Immunological and inflammatory effects of infectious diseases in circadian rhythm disruption and future therapeutic directions. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3739-3753. [PMID: 36656437 PMCID: PMC9851103 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythm is characterised by daily variations in biological activity to align with the light and dark cycle. These diurnal variations, in turn, influence physiological functions such as blood pressure, temperature, and sleep-wake cycle. Though it is well established that the circadian pathway is linked to pro-inflammatory responses and circulating immune cells, its association with infectious diseases is widely unknown. OBJECTIVE This comprehensive review aims to describe the association between circadian rhythm and host immune response to various kinds of infection. METHODS We conducted a literature search in databases Pubmed/Medline and Science direct. Our paper includes a comprehensive analysis of findings from articles in English which was related to our hypothesis. FINDINGS Molecular clocks determine circadian rhythm disruption in response to infection, influencing the host's response toward infection. Moreover, there is a complex interplay with intrinsic oscillators of pathogens and the influence of specific infectious processes on the CLOCK: BMAL1 pathway. Such mechanisms vary for bacterial and viral infections, both well studied in the literature. However, less is known about the association of parasitic infections and fungal pathogens with circadian rhythm modulation. CONCLUSION It is shown that bidirectional relationships exist between circadian rhythm disruption and infectious process, which contains interplay between the host's and pathogens' circadian oscillator, immune response, and the influence of specific infectious. Further studies exploring the modulations of circadian rhythm and immunity can offer novel explanations of different susceptibilities to infection and can lead to therapeutic avenues in circadian immune modulation of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Huang
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aashna Mehta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | | | - Ayush Anand
- B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Maria Chilo Bejarano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Humana, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Tulika Garg
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nida Khan
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gauvain Kankeu Tonpouwo
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lubumbashi, Plaine Tshombé, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Mainak Bardhan
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
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6
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Liu C, Dai SK, Shi RX, He XC, Wang YY, He BD, Sun XW, Du HZ, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. Transcriptional profiling of microglia in the injured brain reveals distinct molecular features underlying neurodegeneration. Glia 2021; 69:1292-1306. [PMID: 33492723 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma has been recognized as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, and sex difference of the incidence and outcome of neurodegenerative diseases has long been recognized. Past studies suggest that microglia could play a versatile role in both health and disease. So far, the microglial mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and potentially lead to sex-specific therapies are still very open. Here we applied whole transcriptome analysis of microglia acutely isolated at different timepoints after a cortical stab wound injury to gain insight into genes that might be dysregulated and transcriptionally different between males and females after cortical injury. We found that microglia displayed distinct temporal and sexual molecular signatures of transcriptome after cortical injury. Hypotheses and gene candidates that we presented in the present study could be worthy to be examined to explore the roles of microglia in neurotrauma and in sex-biased neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Kun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Dong He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Chen S, Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. A Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Axis Modulates the Macrophage Circadian Clock. Front Immunol 2020; 11:867. [PMID: 32477351 PMCID: PMC7240016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock broadly governs immune cell function, leading to time-of-day differences in inflammatory responses and subsequently, pathogen clearance. However, the effect of inflammatory signals on circadian machinery is poorly understood. We found that in bone marrow-derived macrophages, some host-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., IFN-γ or TNF-α, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, e.g., LPS or Pam3Csk4, suppress the amplitude in oscillations of circadian negative feedback arm clock components such as PER2, and when examined, specific combinations of these immune-related signals suppressed the amplitude of these oscillations to a greater degree in both bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages. At the transcript level, multiple components of the circadian clock were affected in different ways by pro-inflammatory stimulus, including Per2 and Nr1d1. This suppressive effect on PER2 did not arise from nor correlate with cell death or clock resetting. Suppression of the clock by IFN-γ was dependent on its cognate receptor; however, pharmacological inhibition of the canonical JAK/STAT and MEK pathways did not hinder suppression, suggesting a mechanism involving a non-canonical pathway. In contrast, anti-inflammatory signals such as IL-4 and dexamethasone enhanced the expression of PER2 protein and Per2 mRNA. Our results suggest that the circadian system in macrophages can differentially respond to pro- and anti-inflammatory signals in their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
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8
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Costantini C, Renga G, Sellitto F, Borghi M, Stincardini C, Pariano M, Zelante T, Chiarotti F, Bartoli A, Mosci P, Romani L, Brancorsini S, Bellet MM. Microbes in the Era of Circadian Medicine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:30. [PMID: 32117804 PMCID: PMC7013081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organisms of most domains of life have adapted to circadian changes of the environment and regulate their behavior and physiology accordingly. A particular case of such paradigm is represented by some types of host-pathogen interaction during infection. Indeed, not only some hosts and pathogens are each endowed with their own circadian clock, but they are also influenced by the circadian changes of the other with profound consequences on the outcome of the infection. It comes that daily fluctuations in the availability of resources and the nature of the immune response, coupled with circadian changes of the pathogen, may influence microbial virulence, level of colonization and damage to the host, and alter the equilibrium between commensal and invading microorganisms. In the present review, we discuss the potential relevance of circadian rhythms in human bacterial and fungal pathogens, and the consequences of circadian changes of the host immune system and microbiome on the onset and development of infection. By looking from the perspective of the interplay between host and microbes circadian rhythms, these concepts are expected to change the way we approach human infections, not only by predicting the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction, but also by indicating the best time for intervention to potentiate the anti-microbial activities of the immune system and to weaken the pathogen when its susceptibility is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Sellitto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Baxter M, Ray DW. Circadian rhythms in innate immunity and stress responses. Immunology 2020; 161:261-267. [PMID: 31820826 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are a common feature of life on our planet, allowing physiology and behaviour to be adapted to recurrent environmental fluctuation. There is now compelling evidence that disturbance of circadian coherence can severely undermine mental and physical health, as well as exacerbate pre-existing pathology. Common molecular design principles underpin the generation of cellular circadian rhythms across the kingdoms, and in animals, the genetic components are extremely well conserved. In mammals, the circadian timing mechanism is present in most cell types and establishes local cycles of gene expression and metabolic activity. These distributed tissue clocks are normally synchronized by a central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), located in the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, most clocks of the body remain responsive to non-SCN-derived hormonal and metabolic cues (for example, re-alignment of liver clocks to altered meal patterning). It has been demonstrated that the clock is an influential regulator of energy metabolism, allowing key pathways to be tuned across the 24-hr cycle as metabolic requirements fluctuate. Furthermore, clock components, including Cryptochrome and Rev-Erb proteins, have been identified as essential modulators of the innate immune system and inflammatory responses. Studies have also revealed that these proteins regulate glucocorticoid receptor function, a major drug target and crucial regulator of inflammation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Baxter
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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10
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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11
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Xia Y, Chen S, Zeng S, Zhao Y, Zhu C, Deng B, Zhu G, Yin Y, Wang W, Hardeland R, Ren W. Melatonin in macrophage biology: Current understanding and future perspectives. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12547. [PMID: 30597604 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone found in various organisms and highly affects the function of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the significance of melatonin in macrophage biology and the beneficial effects of melatonin in macrophage-associated diseases. Enzymes associated with synthesis of melatonin, as well as membrane receptors for melatonin, are found in macrophages. Indeed, melatonin influences the phenotype polarization of macrophages. Mechanistically, the roles of melatonin in macrophages are related to several cellular signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, STATs, and NLRP3/caspase-1. Notably, miRNAs (eg, miR-155/-34a/-23a), cellular metabolic pathways (eg, α-KG, HIF-1α, and ROS), and mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are also involved. Thus, melatonin modulates the development and progression of various macrophage-associated diseases, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. This review provides a better understanding about the importance of melatonin in macrophage biology and macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoo Noses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Larrondo LF, Canessa P. The Clock Keeps on Ticking: Emerging Roles for Circadian Regulation in the Control of Fungal Physiology and Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 422:121-156. [PMID: 30255278 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tic-tac, tic-tac, the sound of time is familiar to us, yet, it also silently shapes daily biological processes conferring 24-hour rhythms in, among others, cellular and systemic signaling, gene expression, and metabolism. Indeed, circadian clocks are molecular machines that permit temporal control of a variety of processes in individuals, with a close to 24-hour period, optimizing cellular dynamics in synchrony with daily environmental cycles. For over three decades, the molecular bases of these clocks have been extensively described in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, yet, there have been few molecular studies in fungi other than Neurospora, despite evidence of rhythmic phenomena in many fungal species, including pathogenic ones. This chapter will revise the mechanisms underlying clock regulation in the model fungus N. crassa, as well as recent findings obtained in several fungi. In particular, this chapter will review the effect of circadian regulation of virulence and organismal interactions, focusing on the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea, as well as several entomopathogenic fungi, including the behavior-manipulating species Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae and Entomophthora muscae. Finally, this review will comment current efforts in the study of mammalian pathogenic fungi, while highlighting recent circadian lessons from parasites such as Trypanosoma and Plasmodium. The clock keeps on ticking, whether we can hear it or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Larrondo
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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