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Matošić Ž, Šimunović L, Jukić T, Granić R, Meštrović S. "Examining the link between tooth agenesis and papillary thyroid cancer: is there a risk factor?" Observational study. Prog Orthod 2024; 25:12. [PMID: 38523193 PMCID: PMC10961299 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-024-00511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in one or multiple genes can lead to hypodontia and its characteristic features. Numerous studies have shown a strong genetic influence on the occurrence of hypodontia, and identified several genes, including AXIN2, EDA, FGF3, FGFR2, FGFR10, WNT10A, MSX1, and PAX9, that are directly associated with dental agenesis and carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and pattern of tooth agenesis, microdontia, and palatally displaced canine (PDC) in women diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), compared to a control group of women without any malignancy or thyroid disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study was carried at the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, and Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre. The study involved a clinical examination and evaluation of dental status, panoramic X-ray analysis, and assessment of medical and family history of 116 female patients aged 20-40 with PTC, as well as 424 females in the control group who were of similar age. RESULTS The prevalence of hypodontia, microdontia, and PDC was statistically higher in women with PTC than in the control group. The prevalence rate of hypodontia was 11.3% in the experimental group and 3.5% in the control group. The experimental group showed a higher occurrence of missing upper lateral incisors, lower left central incisors, and all the third molars (except the upper left) compared to the control group. Women with PTC showed the prevalence of PDC significantly higher than the control group (3.5%, 0.7%, p = 0.002). The probability of hypodontia as a clinical finding increases 2.6 times, and microdontia occurs 7.7 times more frequently in women with PTC. CONCLUSION Our study suggests a possible link between odontogenesis and PTC. The absence of permanent teeth may increase the likelihood of PTC in women. Leveraging the age-7 orthopantomogram to identify women at high risk for PTC within a critical early detection window could significantly improve oral health outcomes and PTC prognosis through proactive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Matošić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Šimunović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roko Granić
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Meštrović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Katanaki N, Makrygiannakis MA, Kaklamanos EG. The Prevalence of Congenitally Missing Permanent Teeth in a Sample of Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Caucasian Patients. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:541. [PMID: 38470652 PMCID: PMC10931087 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypodontia represents a notable clinical and public health concern. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in a sample of orthodontic/dental patients of Caucasian origin originating from the Greek island of Lesvos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Panoramic X-rays from 621 children and adolescents, aged 9 to 16 years (average age 12.5 years), 521 seeking orthodontic care (orthodontic group) and 100 seeking dental care (non-orthodontic group) were examined to identify congenitally missing permanent teeth. RESULTS The orthodontic group exhibited a 5.5% prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth (2.8% females; 2.7% males), while the non-orthodontic group showed a prevalence of 4% (3% females; 1% males). The descending order of prevalence for missing tooth types was as follows: lower second premolars, upper laterals, lower central incisors, lower canines, upper second premolars, and lower second molars. Among orthodontic patients with missing teeth, 62% presented with an Angle's Class II malocclusion. Hypodontia was most frequently observed in the mandible. No statistically significant differences were observed between the orthodontic and non-orthodontic groups in terms of the percentage of children and types of congenitally missing teeth. CONCLUSIONS Congenitally missing teeth were observed in about 4-5% of the studied population with a female predilection. The lower second premolar was the most commonly absent tooth, followed by the maxillary lateral incisors. An Angle's Class II malocclusion was present in the majority of orthodontic patients with hypodontia, mostly in the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleftherios G. Kaklamanos
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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Şen Yavuz B, Sezer B, Kaya R, Tuğcu N, Kargül B. Is there an association between molar incisor hypomineralization and developmental dental anomalies? A case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:776. [PMID: 37865729 PMCID: PMC10590512 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any association between molar incisor hypomineralization and developmental dental anomalies. METHODS Two pediatric dentists evaluated panoramic radiographs of 429 children aged 8-14 years with molar incisor hypomineralization (study group) and 437 children without molar incisor hypomineralization (control group) in terms of developmental dental anomalies. Twelve different developmental dental anomalies were categorized into four types: size (microdontia, macrodontia); position (ectopic eruption of maxillary permanent first molars, infraocclusion of primary molars); shape (fusion, gemination, dilaceration, taurodontism, peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors); and number (hypodontia, oligodontia, hyperdontia) anomalies. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the frequencies of developmental dental anomalies between the study and control groups in total, females, and males (p > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution of developmental size, position, shape, and number anomalies between the study and control groups (p = 0.024). The most common anomaly in both groups was hypodontia (6.3% and 5.9%, respectively). There was a significant difference between the study and control groups in terms of subtypes of shape anomaly in all children and females (p = 0.045 and p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS While a significant difference was observed between the distributions of types of developmental dental anomalies between individuals with and without molar incisor hypomineralization, there was no difference in terms of the frequency of developmental dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Şen Yavuz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Berkant Sezer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
| | | | | | - Betül Kargül
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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REN J, ZHAO Y, YUAN Y, ZHANG J, DING Y, LI M, AN Y, CHEN W, ZHANG L, LIU B, ZHENG S, SHEN W. Novel PAX9 compound heterozygous variants in a Chinese family with non-syndromic oligodontia and genotype-phenotype analysis of PAX9 variants. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220403. [PMID: 36995881 PMCID: PMC10065762 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have reported that >91.9% of non-syndromic tooth agenesis cases are caused by seven pathogenic genes. To report novel heterozygous PAX9 variants in a Chinese family with non-syndromic oligodontia and summarize the reported genotype-phenotype relationship of PAX9 variants. METHODOLOGY We recruited 28 patients with non-syndromic oligodontia who were admitted to the Hospital of Stomatology Hebei Medical University (China) from 2018 to 2021. Peripheral blood was collected from the probands and their core family members for whole-exome sequencing (WES) and variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics tools were used to predict the pathogenicity of the variants. SWISS-MODEL homology modeling was used to analyze the three-dimensional structural changes of variant proteins. We also analyzed the genotype-phenotype relationships of PAX9 variants. RESULTS We identified novel compound heterozygous PAX9 variants (reference sequence NM_001372076.1) in a Chinese family with non-syndromic oligodontia: a new missense variant c.1010C>A (p.T337K) in exon 4 and a new frameshift variant c.330_331insGT (p.D113Afs*9) in exon 2, which was identified as the pathogenic variant in this family. This discovery expands the known variant spectrum of PAX9; then, we summarized the phenotypes of non-syndromic oligodontia with PAX9 variants. CONCLUSION We found that PAX9 variants commonly lead to loss of the second molars.
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Wojciech Tynior, Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk. A Brief Landscape of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Dental Pathologies. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaushal K, Kim EJ, Tyagi A, Karapurkar JK, Haq S, Jung HS, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Genome-wide screening for deubiquitinase subfamily identifies ubiquitin-specific protease 49 as a novel regulator of odontogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1689-1704. [PMID: 35273362 PMCID: PMC9433428 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins expressed by the paired box gene 9 (PAX9) and Msh Homeobox 1 (MSX1) are intimately involved in tooth development (odontogenesis). The regulation of PAX9 and MSX1 protein turnover by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plausibly maintain the required levels of PAX9 and MSX1 during odontogenesis. Herein, we used a loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9-mediated DUB KO library kit to screen for DUBs that regulate PAX9 and MSX1 protein levels. We identify and demonstrate that USP49 interacts with and deubiquitinates PAX9 and MSX1, thereby extending their protein half-lives. On the other hand, the loss of USP49 reduces the levels of PAX9 and MSX1 proteins, which causes transient retardation of odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells and delays the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into the neural crest cell lineage. USP49 depletion produced several morphological defects during tooth development, such as reduced dentin growth with shrunken enamel space, and abnormal enamel formation including irregular mineralization. In sum, our results suggest that deubiquitination of PAX9 and MSX1 by USP49 stabilizes their protein levels to facilitate successful odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Kaushal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Apoorvi Tyagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | | | - Saba Haq
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea. .,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea. .,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Sun R, Li S, Xia B, Zhu J. Detection of Novel Variant and Functional Study in a Chinese Family with Non-syndromic Oligodontia. Oral Dis 2022. [PMID: 35596231 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the pathogenic gene of a patient with non-syndromic oligodontia, and analyze its possible pathogenic mechanism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The variant was detected by whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing in a family with oligodontia. Bioinformatic and structural analyses were used to analyze variant. Functional studies including western blotting and immunofluorescent analyses and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to explore the functional effects. RESULTS We identified a novel frameshift variant of PAX9 (c.491-510delGCCCT-ATCACGGCGGCGGCC, p.P165Qfs*145) outside the DNA-binding domain causing an autosomal-dominant non-syndromic oligodontia in a Chinese family. Bioinformatic and structural analyses revealed that the variant is pathogenic and conserved evolutionarily, and the changes might affect protein stability or folding. Functional studies demonstrate dramatically reduced ability in activating transcription activity of BMP4 promoter and a marked decrease in protein production, as evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescent analyses. CONCLUSIONS We found a novel frameshift variant of PAX9 causing non-syndromic oligodontia in a Chinese family. Our findings indicate that frameshift variants cause loss of function of PAX9 protein during the patterning of the dentition and the subsequent tooth agenesis, providing new molecular insights into the role of frameshift variant of PAX9 and broaden the pathogenic spectrum of PAX9 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yinchuan Stomatology Hospital, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junxia Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China
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Jurado C, Fischer NG, Fu CC, Tsujimoto A. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Congenitally Missing Central Incisors: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e21911. [PMID: 35273860 PMCID: PMC8901136 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia is one of the most common developmental problems of human dentition. The treatment of missing maxillary central incisors is always a challenging task, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach. This case report describes such a multidisciplinary approach for a female patient with congenitally missing maxillary central incisors and class II division 1 occlusion. Significant horizontal overlap was present with class II division 1 occlusion in a patient with a history of cleft palate. Implant therapy was thereby not an option. Orthodontic treatment was provided to decrease the horizontal overlap and reposition the teeth. Esthetic crown lengthening was performed and monolithic lithium disilicate crowns were placed. Critical analysis of the treatment plan through cooperation among specialists is required to obtain the ideal result. Orthodontic treatment may be necessary to close or gain more space, followed by implant placement (if acceptable), and restorative treatment. It is important to create the treatment plan through a multidisciplinary approach involving orthodontists, surgeons, and restorative specialists before initiating treatment.
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Farcașiu AT, Luca R, Didilescu A, Stanciu IA, Farcasiu C, Vinereanu A, Munteanu A. Congenitally missing second permanent molars in non‑syndromic patients (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:145. [PMID: 35069826 PMCID: PMC8756395 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia (tooth agenesis) is regarded as the most common congenital dental anomaly. The present review discusses the epidemiological characteristics of congenitally missing second permanent molars (CMSPMs) within a systematic review of the literature. The review was based on Pubmed library associated with the search of various scientific databases or academic resources, improved by hand search of reference lists. The terms ‘hypodontia’ or ‘anodontia’ in combination with ‘prevalence’ or ‘epidemiology’ were searched in the data sources for studies published between January 2001 and December 2020. Abstracts of non-English papers were also analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: i) Study provided precise data about CMSPMs, even if no second permanent molar was reportedly missing; ii) the number of CMSPMs distributed by jaw was provided and iii) studies on subjects >3 years were used. The exclusion criteria were as follows: i) Studies on patients with history of trauma of the maxilla or the mandible, any type of syndrome affecting bone metabolism, metabolic disorders, previous extraction or tooth loss due to dental caries, cleft lip and palate; ii) studies performed on cohorts of patients with hypodontia and iii) studies reporting data including third molars, except for those that presented sufficient data to perform correct calculations. A total of 79 studies were selected, accumulating a population of 281,968 people, with an average sample size of 3,524.60±11,255.25. The prevalence of CMSPMs (IpHSPM) was 2.79±3.16% among all missing teeth (1.03±1.59% for upper CMSPMs and 1.76±2.32% for lower CMSPMs; P=0.011). There were no significant differences (P=0.250) in IpHSPM between men (1.59±1.52%) and women (2.13±1.67%). However, significant differences were recorded between continents. Furthermore, lower CMSPMs were found more frequently in orthodontic samples (P=0.033). The prevalence of CMSPMs is low compared with the overall prevalence of CM teeth. Despite the rarity of these anomalies, early detection is important to enable practitioners to plan and start treatment at the best time for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Titus Farcașiu
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Rodica Luca
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Andreea Didilescu
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Ioana-Andreea Stanciu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Catalina Farcasiu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Arina Vinereanu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
| | - Aneta Munteanu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 032799, Romania
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Suyama T, Ishikawa H, Tamaoki S, Higa R, Takata S, Sawa Y. Maxillofacial morphological characteristics in growing orthodontic patients with non-syndromic oligodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2021; 25:393-400. [PMID: 34825769 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with oligodontia frequently show different types of malocclusions. However, how oligodontia affects the maxillofacial growth remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the maxillofacial morphological characteristics in growing patients with oligodontia. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The study subjects included 33 Japanese children with non-syndromic oligodontia (14 boys and 19 girls; mean age: 10.2 years) who visited the orthodontic clinic of Fukuoka Dental College Medical and Dental Hospital from 1999 to 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cephalometric analyses were performed, and the variables measured in each subject were converted into Z scores in relation to the mean and standard deviation of the Japanese norms matched for growth stage. The one-sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare the mean scores in the patients with oligodontia with those of the Japanese norms. RESULTS Compared with the Japanese norms, patients with oligodontia showed a smaller convexity and larger A-B plane and SNB angles. The Frankfort-mandibular plane and gonial angles were smaller, whereas the height of the ramus was larger. The vertical height of the alveolar bone in the maxillary and mandibular incisors and molar areas was smaller in patients with oligodontia. CONCLUSIONS Patients with oligodontia showed Class III skeletal tendency with mandibular prognathism and flattened mandibular plane with a smaller gonial angle. These maxillofacial morphological features can be induced by a deficiency in the vertical growth of the alveolar bone in the maxillary and mandibular molar areas due to the lack of tooth germs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Suyama
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sachio Tamaoki
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Remi Higa
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takata
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Oral Function & Anatomy, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
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Taqi D, Moussa H, Schwinghamer T, Vieira AR, Dagdeviren D, Retrouvey JM, Rauch F, Tamimi F. Missing and unerupted teeth in osteogenesis imperfecta. Bone 2021; 150:116011. [PMID: 34020077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and craniofacial and dental abnormalities such as congenitally missing teeth and teeth that failed to erupt which are believed to be doubled in OI patients than normal populations and were associated with low oral health quality of life. However, the etiology of these abnormalities remains unclear. To understand the factors influencing missing and unerupted teeth, we investigated their prevalence in a cohort of OI patients as a function of the clinical phenotype (OI type), the genetic variant type, the tooth type and the onset of bisphosphonate treatment. METHOD A total of 144 OI patients were recruited from The Shriners Hospital, Montreal, Canada, between 2016 and 2017. Patients were evaluated using intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs. Missing teeth were evaluated in all patients, and unerupted teeth were assessed only in patients ≥15 years old (n = 82). RESULTS On average, each OI patient had 2.4 missing teeth and 0.8 unerupted teeth, and the most common missing and unerupted teeth were the premolars and the upper second molars, respectively. These phenomena were more prominent in OI type III and IV than in OI type I, and were not sex or age-related. Missing teeth were significantly more common in patients with C-propeptide variants than all other variants (p-value <0.05). Unerupted teeth were significantly more common in patients with α1 and α2 glycine variants or substitutions than in those with haploinsufficiency variants. Early-onset of bisphosphonate treatment would significantly increase the risk of unerupted teeth in patients with OI types III and IV (OR = 1.68, 95% CI (1.15-1.53)). CONCLUSION The prevalence of missing and unerupted teeth at the tooth type level in OI patients varies according to the nature of the collagen variants and the OI type. These findings highlight the role of collagen in tooth development and eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Taqi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Hanan Moussa
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, Benghazi university, Libya.
| | | | | | - Didem Dagdeviren
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Marc Retrouvey
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA.
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Al-Ani AH, Antoun JS, Thomson WM, Topless R, Merriman TR, Farella M. Common variants of EDA are associated with non-syndromic hypodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:155-163. [PMID: 32772440 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between non-syndromic hypodontia and nineteen common variants of candidate genes ectodysplasin A (EDA), paired box 9 (PAX9), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2). SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Sixty-one hypodontia cases were frequency-matched to 253 controls with no missing teeth (excluding the third molars). MATERIAL AND METHODS Self-report data and DNA samples were collected from each participant. RESULTS The sample had a mean age of 16.6 years (SD = 7.3), with most participants being female (59.6%), and of New Zealand European origin (75.4%). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that the T-allele of rs12853659 (EDA) and the G-allele of rs2428151 (EDA) were both associated with a higher risk of hypodontia (odds ratio, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.11-7.01; and OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.04-7.94, respectively). The G-allele of rs2520378 (EDA) showed a protective effect with an OR of 0.61 (95% CI = 0.38-0.99). The EDA SNP findings were consistent with previous reports included in a meta-analysis. No associations were found with the PAX9, AXIN2 and MSX1 genes, after adjusting for sex and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Common variants of the EDA genes are associated with specific phenotypes of non-syndromic hypodontia, thus confirming their role in the regulatory pathways of normal tooth development. However, larger samples are needed to investigate the association further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza H Al-Ani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joseph S Antoun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William M Thomson
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Topless
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Farley-Barnes KI, Deniz E, Overton MM, Khokha MK, Baserga SJ. Paired Box 9 (PAX9), the RNA polymerase II transcription factor, regulates human ribosome biogenesis and craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008967. [PMID: 32813698 PMCID: PMC7437866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of ribosome production can lead to a number of developmental disorders called ribosomopathies. Despite the ubiquitous requirement for these cellular machines used in protein synthesis, ribosomopathies manifest in a tissue-specific manner, with many affecting the development of the face. Here we reveal yet another connection between craniofacial development and making ribosomes through the protein Paired Box 9 (PAX9). PAX9 functions as an RNA Polymerase II transcription factor to regulate the expression of proteins required for craniofacial and tooth development in humans. We now expand this function of PAX9 by demonstrating that PAX9 acts outside of the cell nucleolus to regulate the levels of proteins critical for building the small subunit of the ribosome. This function of PAX9 is conserved to the organism Xenopus tropicalis, an established model for human ribosomopathies. Depletion of pax9 leads to craniofacial defects due to abnormalities in neural crest development, a result consistent with that found for depletion of other ribosome biogenesis factors. This work highlights an unexpected layer of how the making of ribosomes is regulated in human cells and during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I. Farley-Barnes
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maya M. Overton
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sato A, Arai K. Estimation of tooth agenesis risks between tooth types in orthodontic patients with non-syndromic oligodontia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhito Arai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Williams MA, Letra A. The Changing Landscape in the Genetic Etiology of Human Tooth Agenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050255. [PMID: 29772684 PMCID: PMC5977195 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite much progress in understanding the genetics of syndromic tooth agenesis (TA), the causes of the most common, isolated TA remain elusive. Recent studies have identified novel genes and variants contributing to the etiology of TA, and revealed new pathways in which tooth development genes belong. Further, the use of new research approaches including next-generation sequencing has provided increased evidence supporting an oligogenic inheritance model for TA, and may explain the phenotypic variability of the condition. In this review, we present current knowledge about the genetic mechanisms underlying syndromic and isolated TA in humans, and highlight the value of incorporating next-generation sequencing approaches to identify causative and/or modifier genes that contribute to the etiology of TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Williams
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Dinckan N, Du R, Akdemir ZC, Bayram Y, Jhiangiani S, Doddapaneni H, Hu J, Muzny DM, Guven Y, Aktoren O, Kayserili H, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Posey JE, Lupski JR, Uyguner ZO, Letra A. A biallelic ANTXR1 variant expands the anthrax toxin receptor associated phenotype to tooth agenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1015-1022. [PMID: 29436111 PMCID: PMC5933053 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tooth development is regulated by multiple genetic pathways, which ultimately drive the complex interactions between the oral epithelium and mesenchyme. Disruptions at any time point during this process may lead to failure of tooth development, also known as tooth agenesis (TA). TA is a common craniofacial abnormality in humans and represents the failure to develop one or more permanent teeth. Many genes and potentially subtle variants in these genes contribute to the TA phenotype. We report the clinical and genetic impact of a rare homozygous ANTXR1 variant (c.1312C>T), identified by whole exome sequencing (WES), in a consanguineous Turkish family with TA. Mutations in ANTXR1 have been associated with GAPO (growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and optic atrophy) syndrome and infantile hemangioma, however no clinical characteristics associated with these conditions were observed in our study family. We detected the expression of Antxr1 in oral and dental tissues of developing mouse embryos, further supporting a role for this gene in tooth development. Our findings implicate ANTXR1 as a candidate gene for isolated TA, suggest the involvement of specific hypomorphic alleles, and expand the previously known ANTXR1-associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Dinckan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Renqian Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini Jhiangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yeliz Guven
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, 34390, Turkey
| | - Oya Aktoren
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, 34390, Turkey
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Fauzi NH, Ardini YD, Zainuddin Z, Lestari W. A review on non-syndromic tooth agenesis associated with PAX9 mutations. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:30-36. [PMID: 29628999 PMCID: PMC5884223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis in the reduction of tooth number which includes hypodontia, oligodontia and anodontia is caused by disturbances and gene mutations that occur during odontogenesis. To date, several genetic mutations that unlock the causes of non-syndromic tooth agenesis are being discovered; these have been associated with certain illnesses because tooth development involves the interaction of several genes for tooth epithelium and mesenchyme odontogenesis. Mutation of candidate genes PAX9 and MSX1 have been identified as the main causes of hypodontia and oligodontia; meanwhile, AXIN2 mutation is associated with anodontia. Previous study using animal models reported that PAX9-deficient knockout mice exhibit missing molars due to an arrest of tooth development at the bud stage. PAX9 frameshift, missense and nonsense mutations are reported to be responsible; however, the most severe condition showed by the phenotype is caused by haploinsufficiency. This suggests that PAX9 is dosage-sensitive. Understanding the mechanism of genetic mutations will benefit clinicians and human geneticists in future alternative treatment investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hasyiqin Fauzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Yunita Dewi Ardini
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Zainuddin
- Department of Plant Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Widya Lestari
- Department of Oral Biology, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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18
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Ramanathan A, Srijaya TC, Sukumaran P, Zain RB, Abu Kasim NH. Homeobox genes and tooth development: Understanding the biological pathways and applications in regenerative dental science. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:23-39. [PMID: 29031235 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homeobox genes are a group of conserved class of transcription factors that function as key regulators during the embryonic developmental processes. They act as master regulator for developmental genes, which involves coordinated actions of various auto and cross-regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the expression pattern of homeobox genes in relation to the tooth development and various signaling pathways or molecules contributing to the specific actions of these genes in the regulation of odontogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was undertaken using combination of keywords e.g. Homeobox genes, tooth development, dental diseases, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, gene control region was used as search terms in PubMed and Web of Science and relevant full text articles and abstract were retrieved that were written in English. A manual hand search in text books were also carried out. Articles related to homeobox genes in dentistry and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine of odontogenesis were selected. RESULTS The possible perspective of stem cells technology in odontogenesis and subsequent analysis of gene correction pertaining to dental disorders through the possibility of induced pluripotent stem cells technology is also inferred. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the promising role of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine on odontogenesis, which can generate a new ray of hope in the field of dental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ramanathan
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Prema Sukumaran
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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19
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Wong SW, Han D, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Miao MZ, Wang Y, Zhao N, Zeng L, Bai B, Wang YX, Liu H, Frazier-Bowers SA, Feng H. Nine Novel PAX9 Mutations and a Distinct Tooth Agenesis Genotype-Phenotype. J Dent Res 2017; 97:155-162. [PMID: 28910570 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental anomalies affecting function and esthetics. The paired-domain transcription factor, Pax9, is critical for patterning and morphogenesis of tooth and taste buds. Mutations of PAX9 have been identified in patients with tooth agenesis. Despite significant progress in the genetics of tooth agenesis, many gaps in knowledge exist in refining the genotype-phenotype correlation between PAX9 and tooth agenesis. In the present study, we complete genetic and phenotypic characterization of multiplex Chinese families with nonsyndromic (NS) tooth agenesis. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products revealed 9 novel (c.140G>C, c.167T>A, c.332G>C, c.194C>A, c.271A>T, c.146delC, c.185_189dup, c.256_262dup, and c.592delG) and 2 known heterozygous mutations in the PAX9 gene among 120 probands. Subsequently, pedigrees were extended, and we confirmed that the mutations co-segregated with the tooth agenesis phenotype (with exception of families in which DNA analysis was not available). In 1 family ( n = 6), 2 individuals harbored both the PAX9 c.592delG mutation and a heterozygous missense mutation (c.739C>T) in the MSX1 gene. Clinical characterization of families segregating a PAX9 mutation reveal that all affected individuals were missing the mandibular second molar and their maxillary central incisors are most susceptible to microdontia. A significant reduction of bitter taste perception was documented in individuals harboring PAX9 mutations ( n = 3). Functional studies revealed that PAX9 haploinsufficiency or a loss of function of the PAX9 protein underlies tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Wong
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,2 Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,3 Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D Han
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H Zhang
- 4 Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Liu
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhang
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - M Z Miao
- 2 Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Wang
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - N Zhao
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Zeng
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - B Bai
- 5 Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Y-X Wang
- 4 Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H Liu
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,6 National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - S A Frazier-Bowers
- 7 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Feng
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,6 National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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20
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Sarkar T, Bansal R, Das P. A novel G to A transition at initiation codon and exon-intron boundary of PAX9 identified in association with familial isolated oligodontia. Gene 2017; 635:69-76. [PMID: 28847717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on experimental animals indicate that the process of organogenesis crucially depends upon the spatiotemporal dose of certain critical bio-molecules. Tooth development is also not an exception. While most of the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of tooth development comes from the studies on mouse model, pathogenic variations identified in human tooth agenesis also provide valuable information on mammalian tooth development. Until now five major candidate genes have been identified for tooth agenesis in human. Among them, PAX9 plays the crucial role in tooth development and in non-syndromic congenital tooth agenesis. In this study, microsatellite and SNP based genotyping identifies a disease specific haplotype block, which includes PAX9 gene, segregates with autosomal dominant tooth agenesis phenotype. Direct sequencing of PAX9 identifies a novel heterozygous G to A transition at the third base (c.3G>A) of initiation codon leading to ATG to ATA shift in all affected individuals which is absent in all unaffected relatives and 200 control chromosomes. Further, in vitro functional analysis creating PAX9 minigene construct did apparently show no effect on the splice-site migration. It is therefore proposed that haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is the causal factor for tooth agenesis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Sarkar
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajesh Bansal
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Parimal Das
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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21
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Bonczek O, Balcar V, Šerý O. PAX9
gene mutations and tooth agenesis: A review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:467-476. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Bonczek
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - V.J. Balcar
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of medical sciences, Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - O. Šerý
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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22
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Gao Y, Kobayashi H, Ganss B. The Human KROX-26/ZNF22 Gene is Expressed at Sites of Tooth Formation and Maps to the Locus for Permanent Tooth Agenesis (He-Zhao Deficiency). J Dent Res 2016; 82:1002-7. [PMID: 14630903 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth development is mediated by sequential and reciprocal interactions between dental epithelium and mesenchyme under the molecular control of secreted growth factors and responsive transcription factors. We have previously identified the transcription factor Krox-26 as a potential regulator of tooth formation in mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potentially similar role for the human KROX-26 orthologue. We cloned the KROX-26 gene and found its single mRNA transcript (2.4 kb) to be expressed in multiple adult tissues. During fetal development, KROX-26 is expressed in the epithelial component of the developing tooth organ during early bud and cap stages as well as in osteoblasts of craniofacial bone and the developing tongue. The KROX-26 gene was mapped to chromosome 10q11.21, a locus that has been associated with permanent tooth agenesis (He-Zhao deficiency). These results indicate a potential function for KROX-26 in the molecular regulation of tooth formation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics, University of Toronto, Faculty of Dentistry, Fitzgerald Building, Room 239, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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23
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Nomura R, Shimizu T, Asada Y, Hirukawa S, Maeda T. Genetic Mapping of the Absence of Third Molars in EL Mice to Chromosome 3. J Dent Res 2016; 82:786-90. [PMID: 14514757 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We noted the absence of all 4 third molars (M3) in Epilepsy-Like disorder (EL) mice, an animal model for the study of epilepsy. This study was conducted to identify the major candidate chromosome and to detect the region that included the candidate gene causing the absence of M3 in EL mice. Linkage analysis was performed on genetic crosses of EL mice and MSM ( Mus musculus molossinus) strain mice, which had a normal complement of teeth. Genome-wide screening by individual genotyping of F2intercross mice identified mouse chromosome 3 as one of the candidate chromosomes. Based on high linkage scores in detailed genotyping of F2intercross and N2backcross mice, the candidate locus for the absence of M3 in EL mice was mapped on the middle of chromosome 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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24
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Shimizu T, Han J, Asada Y, Okamoto H, Maeda T. Localization of am3 using EL Congenic Mouse Strains. J Dent Res 2016; 84:315-9. [PMID: 15790735 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EL/Sea mice have 100% incidence of the absence of third molars (M3). Our previous linkage analysis using EL/Sea and MSM/Msf mouse strains provides statistical evidence of a major locus for the absence of M3, designated am3, of EL/Sea at the middle region of chromosome 3. To obtain independent evidence for linkage and more precisely determine the location of the am3 locus, we generated EL/Sea congenic strains for am3 in which the restricted interval of chromosome 3 of EL/Sea was replaced by an MSM/Msf-derived homologue. EL/Sea congenic mice that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the MSM/Msf-derived interval exhibited a significant decrease in the incidence of the absence of third molars, confirming previous genome scan results. These results confine the am3 locus to an approximately 4.4-cM region, and demonstrate that other unmapped genes are also involved in the absence of M3 in EL/Sea mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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25
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Klein ML, Nieminen P, Lammi L, Niebuhr E, Kreiborg S. Novel Mutation of the Initiation Codon of PAX9 Causes Oligodontia. J Dent Res 2016; 84:43-7. [PMID: 15615874 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth development is under strict genetic control. Oligodontia is defined as the congenital absence of 6 or more permanent teeth, excluding the third molar. The occurrence of non-syndromic oligodontia is poorly understood, but in recent years several cases have been described where a single gene mutation is associated with oligodontia. Several studies have shown that MSX1 and PAX9 play a role in early tooth development. We screened one family with non-syndromic oligodontia for mutations in MSX1 and PAX9. The pedigree showed an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Direct sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis revealed a novel heterozygous A to G transition mutation in the AUG initiation codon of PAX9 in exon 1 in the affected members of the family. This is the first mutation found in the initiation codon of PAX9, and we suggest that it causes haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Klein
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, DK- 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Haddaji Mastouri M, De Coster P, Zaghabani A, Trabelsi S, May Y, Saad A, Coucke P, H’mida Ben Brahim D. Characterization of a novel mutation in PAX9 gene in a family with non-syndromic dental agenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cabay RJ. An overview of molecular and genetic alterations in selected benign odontogenic disorders. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:754-8. [PMID: 24878015 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0057-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some dental abnormalities have environmental causes. Other odontogenic alterations are idiopathic and may have hereditary etiologies. Investigations of these conditions are ongoing. OBJECTIVE To provide a discussion of developmental odontogenic abnormalities and benign odontogenic overgrowths and neoplasms for which genetic alterations have been well demonstrated and well documented. DATA SOURCES Relevant peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of benign odontogenic lesions at a molecular level is rather well developed for some lesions and at the initial stages for many others. Further characterization of the molecular underpinnings of these and other odontogenic lesions would result in an enhanced comprehension of odontogenesis and the pathogenesis of a variety of odontogenic aberrations. These advancements may lead to better prevention and treatment paradigms and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cabay
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, and the Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois
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Mitsui S, Yasue A, Masuda K, Watanabe K, Horiuchi S, Imoto I, Tanaka E. Novel PAX9 Mutations Cause Non-syndromic Tooth Agenesis. J Dent Res 2014; 93:245-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034513519801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX9 is a transcription factor expressed in the tooth mesenchyme during tooth morphogenesis. In Pax9-null mice, tooth development is arrested at the bud stage. In humans, heterozygous mutations in PAX9 have been associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, predominantly in the molars. Here, we report 2 novel mutations in the paired domain of PAX9, a three-nucleotide deletion (73-75 delATC) and a missense mutation (C146T), in two unrelated Japanese patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis. The individual with the 73-75del ATC mutation was missing all maxillary molars and mandibular second and third molars. The individual with the C146T mutation was missing the mandibular central incisors, maxillary second premolars, and first molars, along with all second and third molars. Both mutations affected amino acids that are highly conserved among different species and are critical for DNA binding. When both mutants were transfected to COS7 cells, nuclear localization of PAX9 proteins was not affected. However, reduced expression of the mutant proteins and almost no transcriptional activity of the target BMP4 gene were observed, suggesting haploinsufficiency of PAX9 as the cause of non-syndromic tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Mitsui
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - A. Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K. Masuda
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K. Watanabe
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - S. Horiuchi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - I. Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - E. Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Seo YJ, Park JW, Kim YH, Baek SH. Associations between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:1036-42. [PMID: 23718693 DOI: 10.2319/020513-104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were 126 Korean nonsyndromic cleft patients. Tooth agenesis type (TAT) was classified as none (0); cleft area (1); cleft area + other area (2); and other area (3) based on agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor (MXLI) and another tooth within or outside the cleft area. TAT was further grouped into two subcategories (0 and 1) and four subcategories (0, 1, 2, and 3). Three SNPs of MSX1 and 10 SNPs of PAX9 were investigated using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Although the association between genotype distribution of PAX9-rs7142363 and TAT was significant (P < .05 in four subcategories), genotypic odds ratios (GORs) of SNPs in each TAT were not meaningful. However, for MSX1-rs12532 and PAX9-rs2073247, associations between genotypic distribution and TAT were significant (P < .01 in four subcategories and P < .05 in two subcategories; P < .01 in two subcategories, respectively). In cleft area, GORs of MXLI agenesis in genotypes GA of MSX1-rs12532 and CT of PAX9-rs2073247 were increased by 3.14-fold and 4.15-fold compared with genotype GG of MSX1-rs12532 and CC of PAX9-rs2073247, respectively (P <. 01; P < .05). In cleft area + other area, the GOR of agenesis of MXLI and another tooth in genotype AA of MSX1-rs12532 was increased by fivefold compared with genotype GG (P < .05). CONCLUSION Genetic disturbances of MSX1 and PAX9 genes are associated with tooth agenesis within and outside the cleft area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Seo
- a Graduate student (PhD), Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Fellow Doctor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Taurodontism in Brazilian patients with tooth agenesis and first and second-degree relatives: A case–control study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1062-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee WC, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe C, Kawaguchi A, Takeda M, Kim YI, Haga S, Tomoyasu Y, Ishida H, Maki K, Park SB, Kimura R. Association of common PAX9 variants with permanent tooth size variation in non-syndromic East Asian populations. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:654-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. Diseases of the tooth: the genetic and molecular basis of inherited anomalies affecting the dentition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:183-212. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boeira Junior BR, Echeverrigaray S. Polymorphism in the MSX1 gene in a family with upper lateral incisor agenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1423-8. [PMID: 22591773 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MSX1 gene plays a key role in odontogenesis regulation, particularly during early stages. Since only a few genetic variants have thus far been associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, we screened for mutations in this gene, aiming to detect a relationship between genotype and phenotype. DESIGN The sample consisted of one proband with non-syndromic hypodontia involving upper lateral incisors, three relatives and ten unaffected controls. The proband and two affected relatives showed the same phenotype. DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells, and direct sequencing was performed. The two exons of MSX1 were first sequenced in the proband. When an alteration was detected, his relatives were investigated by the same method. RESULTS We identified the known polymorphism *6C>T in the homozygous state in all three affected family members. The unaffected father was heterozygous and ten control samples were negative for the *6C>T polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS The *6C>T polymorphism, when homozygous, may contribute to agenesis of upper lateral incisors. However, since the *6C>T polymorphism is quite common, additional genes must be involved in this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Boeira Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Center, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil.
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Almeida CVD, Andrade SCD, Saito CPB, Ramenzoni LL, Line SRP. Transcriptional analysis of the human PAX9 promoter. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 18:482-6. [PMID: 21085804 PMCID: PMC4246379 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives PAX9 belongs to the Pax family of transcriptional factor genes. This gene is
expressed in embryonic tissues such as somites, pharyngeal pouch endoderm, distal
limb buds and neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Polymorphisms in the upstream
promoter region of the human PAX9 have been associated with human non-syndromic
tooth agenesis. In the present study, we verified the in vitro
mRNA expression of this gene and the luciferase activity of two constructs
containing promoter sequences of the PAX9 gene. Material and Methods Embryonic tissues were obtained from digits, face, and midbrain/hindbrain regions.
Fragments containing PAX9 promoter sequences were cloned into reporter plasmids
and were transfected into the different cell cultures. mRNA were extracted from
primary cell cultures. Results The semi-quantitative RT-PCR results showed that in vitro E13.5
limb bud and CNS cells express PAX9, but cells derived from the facial region do
not. Moreover, the luciferase assay showed that protein activity of the
constructed vector was weaker than pgl3 -basic alone. Conclusion The present results suggest that the promoter sequences analyzed are not
sufficient to drive PAX9 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vieira de Almeida
- Histology and Embryology Program, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Suda N, Ogawa T, Kojima T, Saito C, Moriyama K. Non-syndromic Oligodontia with a Novel Mutation of PAX9. J Dent Res 2010; 90:382-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510390042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the permanent teeth is a congenital anomaly that is frequently seen in humans. Oligodontia is a severe type of tooth agenesis involving 6 or more congenitally missing teeth, excluding the third molars. Previous studies have indicated that mutations in the homeobox gene MSX1, paired domain transcription factor PAX9, and EDA are associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. This study reports a Japanese family (eight of 14 family members affected) with non-syndromic oligodontia who preferentially lacked molar teeth. In this family, a novel frameshift mutation (321_322insG) was identified in the paired domain of PAX9. The frameshift mutation caused altered amino acids in the paired domain and premature termination of translation by 26 amino acids. When transfected into COS-7 cells, the mRNA expression of 321_322insG PAX9 was comparable with that of wild-type PAX9. However, the mRNA of 321_322insG PAX9 was more unstable than that of wild-type PAX9. This mRNA instability caused a marked decrease in protein production, as evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. These findings suggest that the 321_322insG mutation causes insufficient function of PAX9 protein and haploinsufficiency as a genetic model of familial non-syndromic oligodontia with a PAX9 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Suda
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8510, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8510, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Kojima
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - C. Saito
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K. Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8510, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Pinho T, Maciel P, Lemos C, Sousa A. Familial aggregation of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis. J Dent Res 2010; 89:621-5. [PMID: 20400722 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510364486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of recent developments, data regarding the genes responsible for the less severe forms of hypodontia are still scarce and controversial. This study addressed the hypothesis that agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors (MLIA) is a distinct type of hypodontia, by evaluating its familial aggregation and the occurrence of other types of ageneses or microdontia in probands' relatives. Sixty-two probands with MLIA were identified, and information was collected on 142 first-degree relatives. Relative risk (RR) was calculated and compared by re-assessment of data previously published for the Swedish, Utah, and Israeli populations, for the same trait. A RR of 15 was obtained in the Portuguese, 16 in the Swedish, 12 in Utah, and 5 in the Israeli population. Our results support a significant familial aggregation of MLIA, show that MLIA almost never segregates with other forms of agenesis, and suggest that microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors is part of the same phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pinho
- Centro de Investigação Ciências da Saúde (CICS), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte/CESPU, Portugal
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Kapadia H, Frazier-Bowers S, Ogawa T, D'Souza RN. Molecular characterization of a novel PAX9 missense mutation causing posterior tooth agenesis. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 14:403-9. [PMID: 16479262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in the gene encoding the paired box containing transcription factor PAX9 are associated with nonsyndromic human tooth agenesis that primarily affect posterior dentition. The molecular mechanisms contributing to its pathogenesis are poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel mutation in PAX9 in a family with molar oligodontia. This heterozygous mutation results in the substitution of a highly conserved isoleucine residue by phenylalanine within the carboxyl-terminal subdomain of the paired domain. Immunolocalization and cell fractionation studies to ascertain the subcellular localization of the Ile87Phe protein showed that both wild-type and mutant proteins are synthesized in mammalian cells and that the mutation does not alter the nuclear localization of the mutant protein. Gel-shift assays using two cognate paired-domain recognition sequences, e5 and CD19-2(A-ins), revealed that while wild-type Pax9 binds to both sequences, the mutant protein was unable to bind these sites. In addition, the latter did not alter the DNA-binding activities of wild-type Pax9. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of the Ile87Phe mutant protein to form a complex with a partner protein, Msx1, and found that the mutation under study has no effect on this interaction. Based on our observed defects in DNA binding by the mutant protein, we propose a loss-of-function mechanism that contributes to haploinsufficiency of PAX9 in this family with posterior tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kapadia
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, 6516 M.D. Anderson Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Missing permanent teeth is observed with syndromes or is frequently hereditarily propagated in families. The treatment of these patients is a multi-task of specialists of oral surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics. DISCUSSION Despite functional and aesthetic considerations, the main problem of all treatment is that it had to be performed in a growing child. This article discusses the conventional and implant-driven concepts to treat patients from childhood to adolescence with selective or multiple missing permanent teeth.
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Guala A, Falco V, Breedveld G, De Filippi P, Danesino C. Deletion of PAX9 and oligodontia: a third family and review of the literature. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18:441-5. [PMID: 18445003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2008.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to report a family affected by benign hereditary chorea in which a large deletion including TTF1, PAX9, and other genes was identified and results in oligodontia. METHODS Clinical and radiological studies of the two affected members (mother and daughter) were used to describe the oligodontia present in both of them. RESULTS The missing teeth in both patients are described in detail, and these data are compared with the dental anomalies observed in the only two other families with deletions of PAX9 and with the data available for 12 previously reported families carrying different types of PAX9 mutations. CONCLUSIONS There is a clinical relevance for recognizing such families, and offering available therapies since childhood is stressed. Some genotype-phenotype correlations between PAX9 mutations and dental anomalies can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guala
- SOC Pediatria, Ospedale Castelli, Verbania, Italy
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De Coster PJ, Marks LA, Martens LC, Huysseune A. Dental agenesis: genetic and clinical perspectives. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:1-17. [PMID: 18771513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dental agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in humans and is frequently associated with several other oral abnormalities. Whereas the incidence of missing teeth may vary considerably depending on dentition, gender, and demographic or geographic profiles, distinct patterns of agenesis have been detected in the permanent dentition. These frequently involve the last teeth of a class to develop (I2, P2, M3) suggesting a possible link with evolutionary trends. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) involving one (80% of cases), a few (less than 10%) or many teeth (less than 1%), or can be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), essentially reflecting the genetically and phenotypically heterogeneity of the condition. Based on our present knowledge of genes and transcription factors that are involved in tooth development, it is assumed that different phenotypic forms are caused by different genes involving different interacting molecular pathways, providing an explanation not only for the wide variety in agenesis patterns but also for associations of dental agenesis with other oral anomalies. At present, the list of genes involved in human non-syndromic hypodontia includes not only those encoding a signaling molecule (TGFA) and transcription factors (MSX1 and PAX9) that play critical roles during early craniofacial development, but also genes coding for a protein involved in canonical Wnt signaling (AXIN2), and a transmembrane receptor of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR1). Our objective was to review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for selective dental agenesis in humans and to present a detailed overview of syndromes with hypodontia and their causative genes. These new perspectives and future challenges in the field of identification of possible candidate genes involved in dental agenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J De Coster
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Special Care, Paecamed Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Swinnen S, Bailleul-Forestier I, Arte S, Nieminen P, Devriendt K, Carels C. Investigating the etiology of multiple tooth agenesis in three sisters with severe oligodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 11:24-31. [PMID: 18199077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the dentofacial phenotypes of three sisters with severe non-syndromic oligodontia, to report on the mutation analysis in three genes, previously shown to cause various phenotypes of non-syndromic oligodontia and in two other suspected genes. Based on the phenotypes in the pedigree of this family, the different possible patterns of transmission are discussed. METHODS Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were taken to study the phenotype of the three sisters and their first-degree relatives. Blood samples were also taken to obtain their karyotypes and DNA samples. Mutational screening was performed for the MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 and DLX2 genes. RESULTS The probands' pedigree showed evidence for a recessive or multifactorial inheritance pattern. Normal chromosomal karyotypes were found and - despite the severe oligodontia present in all three sisters - no mutation appeared to be present in the five genes studied so far in these patients. CONCLUSIONS In the three sisters reported, their common oligodontia phenotype is not caused by mutations in the coding regions of MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 or DLX2 genes, but genetic factors most probably play a role as all three sisters were affected. Environmental and epigenetic factors as well as genes regulating odontogenesis need further in vivo and in vitro investigation to explain the phenotypic heterogeneity and to increase our understanding of the odontogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swinnen
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pan Y, Wang L, Ma J, Zhang W, Wang M, Zhong W, Huang Y. PAX9 polymorphisms and susceptibility to sporadic tooth agenesis: a case-control study in southeast China. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:98-103. [PMID: 18353002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental disorders in humans. The PAX9 gene, which plays an important role in odontogenesis, is associated with familial and sporadic tooth agenesis. A case-control study was performed in 102 subjects with tooth agenesis (cases) and 116 healthy controls. We genotyped four PAX9 gene polymorphisms using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the four polymorphisms were not significantly different between the controls and the subjects with tooth agenesis. Similar results were observed in a subgroup analysis of test subjects only with mandibular incisor agenesis. Further analysis showed no significant difference in the haplotype distribution between the controls and the subjects with tooth agenesis or mandibular incisor agenesis. However, we found that the AGGC haplotype was associated with a decreased risk of tooth agenesis, compared with the most common haplotype, AGCC (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.95). These results suggest that the four PAX9 polymorphisms alone have a non-significant main effect on the risk of tooth agenesis but that the AGGC haplotype may have a protective effect associated with a decreased risk of tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchu Pan
- Dental Research Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhao J, Hu Q, Chen Y, Luo S, Bao L, Xu Y. A novel missense mutation in the paired domain of human PAX9 causes oligodontia. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:2592-7. [PMID: 17910065 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PAX9 and MSX1 are transcription factors that play essential roles in craniofacial and limb development. In humans, mutations in both genes are associated with nonsyndromic and syndromic oligodontia, respectively. We screened one family with nonsyndromic oligodontia for mutations in PAX9 and MSX1. Single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous C139T transition in PAX9 in the affected members of the family. There were no mutations detected in the entire coding sequence of MSX1. The C139T mutation, predicted to result in the substitution of an arginine by a tryptophan (R47W) in the N-terminal subdomain, affected conserved residues in the PAX9 paired domain. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism producing oligodontia phenotype caused by this mutation, we analyzed the binding of wild-type and mutant PAX9 paired domain protein to double-stranded DNA targets. The R47W mutation dramatically reduced DNA binding suggesting that the mutant protein with consequent haploinsufficiency results in a clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Medical School, Nanjing University, PR China.
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45
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Hansen L, Kreiborg S, Jarlov H, Niebuhr E, Eiberg H. A novel nonsense mutation in PAX9 is associated with marked variability in number of missing teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 2007; 115:330-3. [PMID: 17697174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development is under strict genetic control. During the last decade, studies in molecular genetics have led to the identification of gene defects causing the congenital absence of permanent teeth. Analyses of PAX9 and MSX1 in nine families with hypodontia and oligodontia revealed one new PAX9 mutation. A LOD score of Z = 1.8 (theta = 0.0) was obtained for D14S75 close to PAX9 in one three-generation family, and sequencing of the gene identified the nonsense mutation c.433C>T. The mutation results in a truncated PAX9 protein containing the paired domain region as a result of the Q145X stop mutation. The family showed a marked phenotypic variability in the number of missing teeth, ranging from 2 to 15 missing teeth. The highest frequency of missing teeth was found for second molars followed by second premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and The Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, The Panum Insitute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Abstract
The congenital absence of teeth is one of the commonest developmental abnormalities seen in human populations. Familial hypodontia or oligodontia represents an absence of varying numbers of primary and/or secondary teeth as an isolated trait. While much progress has been made in understanding the developmental basis of tooth formation, knowledge of the aetiological basis of inherited tooth loss remains poor. The study of mouse genetics has uncovered a large number of candidate genes for this condition, but mutations in only three have been identified in human pedigrees with familial hypodontia or oligodontia: MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2. This suggests that these conditions may represent a more complex multifactorial trait, influenced by a combination of gene function, environmental interaction and developmental timing. Completion of the human genome project has made available the DNA sequence of the collected human chromosomes, allowing the localisation of all human genes and, ultimately, determination of their function. Therefore it is likely that our understanding of this complex developmental process will continue to improve, not only during normal development but also when things go wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cobourne
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Development, King's Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
The development of dentition is a fascinating process that encompasses a complex series of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involving growth factors, transcription factors, signal receptors and other soluble morphogens. It is not surprising that such a complex process is prone to disturbances and may result in tooth agenesis. Initial discoveries indicating that the homeo-domain protein MSX1 and the paired-domain transcription factor PAX9 are causative genes in tooth morphogenesis were made in mice. Both genes are co-expressed in dental mesenchyme and either one, when homozygously deleted, results in an arrest at an early developmental stage. Heterozygous Pax9 or Msx1 mice have normal teeth, however, double heterozygous Pax9/Msx1 mice show a phenotype of arrested tooth development which can be rescued by transgenic expression of Bmp4, a very influential signaling factor in many developmental processes. We have obtained mounting evidence for a partnership between PAX9 and MSX1 within the tooth-specific Bmp4 signaling pathway. In humans, unlike in mice, a heterozygous mutation in either PAX9 or MSX1 suffices to cause tooth agenesis of a predominantly molar or more premolar pattern, respectively. Our laboratory and others have identified several PAX9 and MSX1 mutations in families with non-syndromic forms of autosomal dominant posterior tooth agenesis. We have also identified families with tooth agenesis in whom PAX9 and MSX1 mutations have been excluded opening up the possibilities for the discovery of other genes that contribute to human tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kapadia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION MSX1 gene has a critical role in craniofacial development, the aim of this case-control study is to test the hypothesis that MSX1 mutation contributes to congenital tooth agenesis in Iranians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 20 affected individuals with tooth agenesis of lower second premolars or upper lateral incisors with mean age of 24.6. The control group consisted of 20 unaffected individuals. DNA was extracted from all 40 individuals; the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MSX1 was carried out with Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamylalchol (PCI) extraction method. Ban II restriction digest and agarose gel electrophoresis of the 20 affected individuals verified the presence of mutation in all 20 affected individuals. The unaffected controls did not show any mutation. Statistical analysis performed by the chi-squared method. RESULTS Ban II did not digest PCR product (DNA) in the control group (195 bp band on electrophoresis gel) but digested the affected allele (106 bp and 89 bp bands). There is a statistically significant correlation between tooth agenesis and MSX1 mutation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results indicated that MSX1 gene mutation contributes to tooth agenesis in Iranian individuals. As the timing of tooth calcification can vary, radiographic finding of congenital tooth agenesis can be confirmed by this molecular method during different dental ages to achieve certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Seifi
- Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Many genes that interact in a complex and interdependent manner participate in the development of the craniofacial complex. One of them, the Msxl homeobox gene, a transcription factor, is expressed from early developmental stages to adulthood in accordance with specific spatio-temporal patterns. When it is suppressed, transgenic mice exhibit craniofacial abnormalities that demonstrate what is its function in normal growth, just as it has been shown that certain Msxl mutations in humans are commonly associated with tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vi-Fane
- Université Denis Diderot (Paris VII), Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 5 rue Garancière, 75006 Paris, France.
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Gerits A, Nieminen P, De Muynck S, Carels C. Exclusion of coding region mutations in MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2 in eight patients with severe oligodontia phenotype. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9:129-36. [PMID: 16918677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper describes the screening of eight patients with severe oligodontia for PAX9 and AXIN2 mutations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were collected to study the phenotype of eight patients with oligodontia and their first-degree relatives. A blood sample was taken for a mutational screening for PAX9 and AXIN2 mutations. RESULTS No mutations were discovered, but a unique nucleotide change in a conserved 5' flanking region of PAX9 was revealed. Earlier screening of the same patients for MSX1 mutations also had a negative outcome. CONCLUSIONS Considering the discrepancy between the high incidence rate of agenesis and the relatively small number of reported causative mutations in PAX9, MSX1 and AXIN2 genes, the genetic contribution to oligodontia probably is much more heterogeneous than expected so far. Therefore negative results, like the present exclusion data, should be published more often in order to get a better appreciation of the relative contribution of these specific mutations causing oligodontia. In this context the exact number of tested probands also should be mentioned at all cases. Recent evidence of PAX9-MSX1 protein interactions in odontogenesis as well as other genes and developmental factors should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gerits
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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