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Fusar-Poli P, Estradé A, Esposito CM, Rosfort R, Basadonne I, Mancini M, Stanghellini G, Otaiku J, Olanrele O, Allen L, Lamba M, Alaso C, Ieri J, Atieno M, Oluoch Y, Ireri P, Tembo E, Phiri IZ, Nkhoma D, Sichone N, Siadibbi C, Sundi PRIO, Ntokozo N, Fusar-Poli L, Floris V, Mensi MM, Borgatti R, Damiani S, Provenzani U, Brondino N, Bonoldi I, Radua J, Cooper K, Shin JI, Cortese S, Danese A, Bendall S, Arango C, Correll CU, Maj M. The lived experience of mental disorders in adolescents: a bottom-up review co-designed, co-conducted and co-written by experts by experience and academics. World Psychiatry 2024; 23:191-208. [PMID: 38727047 PMCID: PMC11083893 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We provide here the first bottom-up review of the lived experience of mental disorders in adolescents co-designed, co-conducted and co-written by experts by experience and academics. We screened first-person accounts within and outside the medical field, and discussed them in collaborative workshops involving numerous experts by experience - representing different genders, ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and continents - and their family members and carers. Subsequently, the material was enriched by phenomenologically informed perspectives and shared with all collaborators. The inner subjective experience of adolescents is described for mood disorders, psychotic disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, externalizing disorders, and self-harm behaviors. The recollection of individuals' past histories also indexes the prodromal (often transdiagnostic) features predating the psychiatric diagnosis. The experience of adolescents with mental disorders in the wider society is described with respect to their family, their school and peers, and the social and cultural context. Furthermore, their lived experience of mental health care is described with respect to receiving a diagnosis of mental disorder, accessing mental health support, receiving psychopharmacological treatment, receiving psychotherapy, experiencing peer support and mental health activism, and achieving recovery. These findings can impact clinical practice, research, and the whole society. We hope that this co-designed, co-conducted and co-written journey can help us maintain our commitment to protecting adolescents' fragile mental health, and can help them develop into a healthy, fulfilling and contributing adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrés Estradé
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M Esposito
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - René Rosfort
- S. Kierkegaard Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilaria Basadonne
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Mancini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stanghellini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jummy Otaiku
- Young Person's Mental Health Advisory Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lucas Allen
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Judy Ieri
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Phides Ireri
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ephraim Tembo
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Noah Sichone
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Candy Siadibbi
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Lusaka, Zambia
- Psychology Association of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Nyathi Ntokozo
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Youth Support Network Trust, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Floris
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina M Mensi
- National Neurological Institute, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- National Neurological Institute, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Damiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Provenzani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Natascia Brondino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kate Cooper
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety and Depression, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Bendall
- Orygen, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celso Arango
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario G. Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Spender K, Chen YWR, Wilkes-Gillan S, Parsons L, Cantrill A, Simon M, Garcia A, Cordier R. The friendships of children and youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289539. [PMID: 37549157 PMCID: PMC10406331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience substantial difficulty maintaining meaningful friendships, which has implications for social functioning and mental health. No systematic review has investigated their friendship difficulties. OBJECTIVES To systematically review and methodologically appraise the quality of existing studies reporting on friendships of children with ADHD. To compare their friendships to typically-developing children, and examine associations between friendship and children's social-emotional wellbeing and mental health. METHOD Six databases were searched. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the QualSyst appraisal tool and the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Aspects of friendships measured were charted, along with comparisons between children with ADHD and typically-developing children and the associations between friendships and social-emotional wellbeing and mental health. RESULTS Twenty-three cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal follow-up study were included. Studies included 1509 participants with ADHD, with 1197 typically-developing participants used as a companion in 19 of the 24 studies. Friendship quantity was the most investigated aspect of friendship. Children and youth with ADHD had significantly fewer friends, lower quality friendships and poorer friendship interactions. There were mixed findings from studies investigating the role or impact of friendship on social-emotional wellbeing and mental health. Twenty-two had strong methodological quality. CONCLUSION Limited longitudinal studies, small sample sizes and variability in measurement restrict the interpretations of friendship over time and the causal impact of friendship on social and emotional outcomes. Further research should investigate the role and impact of friendships on the social-emotional wellbeing of children and youth with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Spender
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu-Wei Ryan Chen
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilkes-Gillan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Parsons
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alycia Cantrill
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Simon
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abbygale Garcia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Thompson KN, Agnew-Blais JC, Allegrini AG, Bryan BT, Danese A, Odgers CL, Matthews T, Arseneault L. Do Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Become Socially Isolated? Longitudinal Within-Person Associations in a Nationally Representative Cohort. JAACAP OPEN 2023; 1:12-23. [PMID: 37312759 PMCID: PMC10259183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study examined longitudinal associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and social isolation across childhood. The study tested the direction of this association across time, while accounting for preexisting characteristics, and assessed whether this association varied by ADHD presentation, informant, sex, and socioeconomic status. Method Participants included 2,232 children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. ADHD symptoms and social isolation were measured at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to assess the directionality of the association across childhood. Results Children with increased ADHD symptoms were consistently at increased risk of becoming socially isolated later in childhood, over and above stable characteristics (β = .05-.08). These longitudinal associations were not bidirectional; isolated children were not at risk of worsening ADHD symptoms later on. Children with hyperactive ADHD presentation were more likely to become isolated, compared with inattentive presentation. This was evident in the school setting, as observed by teachers, but not by mothers at home. Conclusion The study findings highlight the importance of enhancing peer social support and inclusion for children with ADHD, particularly in school settings. This study adds explanatory value beyond traditional longitudinal methods, as the results represent how individual children change over time, relative to their own preexisting characteristics. Diversity & Inclusion Statement We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea G. Allegrini
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Danese
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- University of California Irvine, California, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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McKay E, Kirk H, Martin R, Cornish K. Social difficulties in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Social motivation, social anxiety and symptom severity as contributing factors. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1113-1129. [PMID: 36413514 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many interventions have been developed to address the social difficulties commonly experienced by adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet they are largely ineffective. OBJECTIVE This study examined social impairment among adolescents with and without ADHD, determining whether gender, social anxiety, age, and ADHD symptom type (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and severity are associated with social impairment. METHOD Parents and primary caregivers of adolescents (aged 13-17) with (n = 76) and without ADHD (n = 36) completed the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal Behavior, Social Responsiveness Scale 2nd Edition, and Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD scored significantly higher than TD adolescents across social impairment domains. ADHD symptoms were associated with severity of impairment in all domains excluding Social Motivation. Hyperactivity/impulsivity and social anxiety predicted social impairment, whereas gender did not. CONCLUSION Adolescents with ADHD are more likely to experience social impairment than TD adolescents, and interventions targeting symptom reduction and social anxiety may improve these social impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McKay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Kirk
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Martin
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Cornish
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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