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James BD, Medvedev AV, Makarov SS, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Hahn ME. Moldable Plastics (Polycaprolactone) can be Acutely Toxic to Developing Zebrafish and Activate Nuclear Receptors in Mammalian Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:5237-5251. [PMID: 38981095 PMCID: PMC11323200 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Popularized on social media, hand-moldable plastics are formed by consumers into tools, trinkets, and dental prosthetics. Despite the anticipated dermal and oral contact, manufacturers share little information with consumers about these materials, which are typically sold as microplastic-sized resin pellets. Inherent to their function, moldable plastics pose a risk of dermal and oral exposure to unknown leachable substances. We analyzed 12 moldable plastics advertised for modeling and dental applications and determined them to be polycaprolactone (PCL) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The bioactivities of the most popular brands advertised for modeling applications of each type of polymer were evaluated using a zebrafish embryo bioassay. While water-borne exposure to the TPU pellets did not affect the targeted developmental end points at any concentration tested, the PCL pellets were acutely toxic above 1 pellet/mL. The aqueous leachates of the PCL pellets demonstrated similar toxicity. Methanolic extracts from the PCL pellets were assayed for their bioactivity using the Attagene FACTORIAL platform. Of the 69 measured end points, the extracts activated nuclear receptors and transcription factors for xenobiotic metabolism (pregnane X receptor, PXR), lipid metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ), and oxidative stress (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NRF2). By nontargeted high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC-HRT), we tentatively identified several compounds in the methanolic extracts, including PCL oligomers, a phenolic antioxidant, and residues of suspected antihydrolysis and cross-linking additives. In a follow-up zebrafish embryo bioassay, because of its stated high purity, biomedical grade PCL was tested to mitigate any confounding effects due to chemical additives in the PCL pellets; it elicited comparable acute toxicity. From these orthogonal and complementary experiments, we suggest that the toxicity was due to oligomers and nanoplastics released from the PCL rather than chemical additives. These results challenge the perceived and assumed inertness of plastics and highlight their multiple sources of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
| | | | | | | | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
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Gnatowski P, Gwizdała K, Kurdyn A, Skorek A, Augustin E, Kucińska-Lipka J. Investigation on Filaments for 3D Printing of Nasal Septum Cartilage Implant. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093534. [PMID: 37176416 PMCID: PMC10180510 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Septoplasty is a widely used method in treating deviated septum. Although it is successfully implemented, there are problems with excessive bleeding, septal perforation, or infections. The use of anatomically shaped implants could help overcome these problems. This paper focuses on assessing the possibility of the usage of a nasal septum cartilage implant 3D printed from various market-available filaments. Five different types of laments were used, two of which claim to be suitable for medical use. A combination of modeling, mechanical (bending, compression), structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC, MFR), surface (contact angle), microscopic (optical), degradation (2 M HCl, 5 M NaOH, and 0.01 M PBS), printability, and cell viability (MTT) analyses allowed us to assess the suitability of materials for manufacturing implants. Bioflex had the most applicable properties among the tested materials, but despite the overall good performance, cell viability studies showed toxicity of the material in MTT test. The results of the study show that selected filaments were not suitable for nasal cartilage implants. The poor cell viability of Bioflex could be improved by surface modification. Further research on biocompatible elastic materials for 3D printing is needed either by the synthesis of new materials or by modifying existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Gnatowski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Gwizdała
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kurdyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str. 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Atanase LI, Salhi S, Cucoveica O, Ponjavic M, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Delaite C. Biodegradability Assessment of Polyester Copolymers Based on Poly(ethylene adipate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183736. [PMID: 36145879 PMCID: PMC9504934 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers contain chains that are hydrolytically or enzymatically cleaved, resulting in soluble degradation products. Biodegradability is particularly desired in biomedical applications, in which degradation of the polymer ensures clearance from the body and eliminates the need for retrieval or explant. In this study, a homologues series of poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene adipate)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-b-PEA-b-PCL) block copolymers, with constant PEA molar mass and different PCL sequence lengths was obtained. The starting point of these copolymers was a dihydroxy-PEA precursor with a molar mass (Mn) of 2500 g/mol. Mn values of the PCL varied between 1000 and 10,000 g/mol. Both the precursors and the copolymers were characterized using different physicochemical methods, such as: NMR, SEC, Maldi-TOFF, DSC, and ATG. The molecular characteristics of the copolymers were in a direct correlation with the sequence length of the PCL. Enzymatic degradability studies were also conducted by using cell-free extract containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 for 10 and 21 days, and it appeared that the presence of the PEA central sequence has an important influence on the biodegradability of the copolymer samples. In fact, copolymer PCL7000-PEA2500-PCL7000 had a weight loss of around 50% after 10 days whereas the weight loss of the homopolymer PCL, with a similar Mn of 14,000 g/mol, was only 6%. The results obtained in this study indicate that these copolymer samples can be further used for the preparation of drug delivery systems with modulated biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Apollonia University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Slim Salhi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Oana Cucoveica
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Apollonia University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Marijana Ponjavic
- Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christelle Delaite
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Ingenierie Macromoleculaires (LPIM), University of Haute Alsace, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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Mashayekhi R, Ehsani M, Ahmadi S, Khajavi R, Khonakdar HA. Synthesis of star-shaped polyamide-6/SiO2 nanocomposites by in situ anionic polymerization through reactive extrusion. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ponjavic M, Nikolic M, Jevtic S, Jeremic S, Djokic L, Djonlagic J. Star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactones) with well-defined architecture as potential drug carriers. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc220202032p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study reported on the potential application of star-shaped
poly(?-caprolactones) with different number of arms as new drug delivery
matrix. Linear and star-shaped PCL ibuprofen loaded microspheres were
prepared using oil-in-water (o/w) solvent evaporation technique and
characterized with FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM analysis. High yield,
encapsulation efficiency and drug loadings were obtained for all
microspheres. FTIR analysis revealed the existence of interactions between
polymer matrix and drug, while the DSC analysis suggested that drug was
encapsulated in an amorphous form. SEM analysis confirmed that regular,
spherical in shape star-shaped microspheres, with diameter between 80 to 90
?m, were obtained, while quite larger microspheres, 110 ?m, were prepared
from linear PCL. The advantage of using star-shaped PCL microspheres instead
of linear PCL was seen from drug release profiles which demonstrated higher
amount of drug released from star-shaped polymer matrix as a consequence of
their branched, flexible structure. Microspheres prepared from the polymers
with the most branched structure showed the highest amount of released drug
after 24 h. Finally, cytotoxicity tests, performed using normal human
fibroblasts (MRC5), indicated absence of cytotoxicity at lower
concentrations of microspheres proving the great potential of star-shaped
PCL systems in comparison to linear ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Ponjavic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Electrochemistry, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marija Nikolic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jevtic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jeremic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Djokic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Djonlagic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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