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Bouloubasi Z, Karayiannis D, Pafili Z, Almperti A, Nikolakopoulou K, Lakiotis G, Stylianidis G, Vougas V. Re-assessing the role of peri-operative nutritional therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing surgery: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:121-130. [PMID: 37668101 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the most common medical condition that requires pancreatic resection. Over the last three decades, significant improvements have been made in the conditions and procedures related to pancreatic surgery, resulting in mortality rates lower than 5%. However, it is important to note that the morbidity in pancreatic surgery remains r latively high, with a percentage range of 30-60%. Pre-operative malnutrition is considered to be an independent risk factor for post-operative complications in pancreatic surgery, such as impaired wound healing, higher infection rates, prolonged hospital stay, hospital readmission, poor prognosis, and increased morbidity and mortality. Regarding the post-operative period, it is crucial to provide the best possible management of gastrointestinal dysfunction and to handle the consequences of alterations in food digestion and nutrient absorption for those undergoing pancreatic surgery. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) suggests that early oral feeding should be the preferred way to initiate nourishing surgical patients as it is associated with lower rates of complications. However, there is ongoing debate about the optimal post-operative feeding approach. Several studies have shown that enteral nutrition is associated with a shorter time to recovery, superior clinical outcomes and biomarkers. On the other hand, recent data suggest that nutritional goals are better achieved with parenteral feeding, either exclusively or as a supplement. The current review highlights recommendations from existing evidence, including nutritional screening and assessment and pre/post-operative nutrition support fundamentals to improve patient outcomes. Key areas for improvement and opportunities to enhance guideline implementation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Bouloubasi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Zoe Pafili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Avra Almperti
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Grigoris Lakiotis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Stylianidis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Vougas
- 1st Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Cioltean CL, Bartoș A, Muntean L, Brânzilă S, Iancu I, Pojoga C, Breazu C, Cornel I. The Learning Curve for Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The Experience of a Single Surgeon. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:549. [PMID: 38792572 PMCID: PMC11122127 DOI: 10.3390/life14050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a complex and high-skill demanding procedure often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the results have improved over the past two decades. However, there is a paucity of research concerning the learning curve for PD. Our aim was to report the outcomes of 100 consecutive PDs representing a single surgeon's learning curve and to depict the factors that influenced the learning process. METHODS We reviewed the first 121 PDs performed at our academic center (2013-2019) by a single surgeon; 110 were PDs (5 laparoscopic and 105 open) and 11 were total PDs (1 laparoscopic and 10 open). Subsequent statistics was performed on the first 100 PDs, with attention paid to the learning curve and survival rate at 5 years. The data were analyzed comparing the first 50 cases (Group 1) to the last 50 cases (Group 2). RESULTS The most frequent histopathological tumor type was pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (50%). A total of 39% of patients had preoperative biliary drainage and 45% presented with positive biliary cultures. The preferred reconstruction technique included pancreaticogastrostomy (99%), in situ hepaticojejunostomy (70%), and precolic gastro-jejunal anastomosis (88%). Postoperative complications included biliary fistula (1%), pancreatic fistula (8%), pancreatic stump bleeding (4%), and delayed gastric emptying (13%). The mean operative time decreased after the first 50 cases (p < 0.001) and blood loss after 60 cases (p = 0.046). R1 resections lowered after 25 cases (p = 0.025). Vascular resections (17%) did not influence the rate of complications (p = 0.8). The survival rate at 5 years for pancreatic adenocarcinoma was 32.93%. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes improve as surgeon experience increases, with proper training being the most important factor for minimizing the impact of the learning curve over the postoperative complications. Analyzing the learning curve from the perspective of a single surgeon is mandatory for accurate statistical results and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Liviu Cioltean
- Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Satu Mare County Emergency Hospital, 440192 Satu Mare, Romania
| | - Adrian Bartoș
- Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Medicover Hospital, 407062 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Lidia Muntean
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sandu Brânzilă
- Medicover Hospital, 407062 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Ioana Iancu
- Medicover Hospital, 407062 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Cristina Pojoga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB Med), 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Caius Breazu
- Department of ICU, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of ICU, Cluj-Napoca County Emergency Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iancu Cornel
- Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Satu Mare County Emergency Hospital, 440192 Satu Mare, Romania
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Berry AJ, Bilbo A. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatic exocrine replacement therapy in clinical practice. Nutr Clin Pract 2024; 39 Suppl 1:S78-S88. [PMID: 38429965 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a complex condition that disrupts normal digestion and absorption. Patients with EPI may suffer from mild to debilitating malabsorption with a constellation of symptoms that can have a significant effect on quality of life and nutrition status. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is effective and safe to treat EPI and is the standard of care for this condition. A wide variety and various forms of these products exist, as well as numerous guidelines and recommendations. Obtaining PERT for patients can oftentimes be cost prohibitive. Determining the presence and extent of EPI can be challenging and patient specific, making it difficult for practitioners. This narrative review will explore these issues, as well as several disease states potentially affected by EPI, and review current management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Berry
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Bilbo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Hasse JM, Meng S, Silpe S, Naziruddin B. Nutrition challenges following total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation. Nutr Clin Pract 2024; 39:86-99. [PMID: 38213274 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a surgical treatment option for patients with chronic pancreatitis who have not responded to other therapies. TP offers pain relief whereas IAT preserves beta cell mass to reduce endocrine insufficiency. During the surgical procedure, the entire pancreas is removed. Islet cells from the pancreas are then isolated, purified, and infused into the liver via the portal vein. Successful TPIAT relieves pain for a majority of patients but is not without obstacles, specifically gastrointestinal, exocrine, and endocrine challenges. The postoperative phase can be complicated by gastrointestinal symptoms causing patients to have difficulty regaining adequate oral intake. Enteral nutrition is frequently provided as a bridge to oral diet. Patients undergoing TPIAT must be monitored for macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies following the procedure. Exocrine insufficiency must be treated lifelong with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Endocrine function must be monitored and exogenous insulin provided in the postoperative phase; however, a majority of patients undergoing TPIAT require little or no long-term insulin. Although TPIAT can be a successful option for patients with chronic pancreatitis, nutrition-related concerns must be addressed for optimal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Hasse
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shumei Meng
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie Silpe
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Nguyen TH, Ta NT, Dang AK, Nguyen TT, Dam VAT, Latkin CA, Ho CSH, Ho RCM. A longitudinal assessment of appetite loss and nutritional care among postoperative patients in Vietnam. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1008636. [PMID: 37032772 PMCID: PMC10076707 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1008636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-operative appetite loss is an important complication affecting surgical outcomes. It has been estimated that nearly 60% of patients having gastrointestinal or major elective surgeries suffer from malnutrition. Appetite refers to the physical desire for food appetite, and losing appetite after surgery may result in a decrease in body weight, impairment of intestinal absorption and eventually, malnutrition among postoperative patients. This study aims to assess appetite status and other relevant factors among abdominal postoperative patients in Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 169 abdominal postoperative patients from June 1st to August 30th, 2016 at Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam. Appetite score was computed by using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ). This study used GEE to account for the potential correlation of outcomes of the longitudinal assessment, assuming an independent correlation structure. Results The primary and secondary outcome measures: highest average appetite score was recorded in the preoperative day and the score declined throughout seven-day duration. Patients who were female, under general anesthetics and being under open surgery tended to get lower appetite scores. The majority of patients had moderate to good appetite in both the preoperative day and seven days post-operation. Conclusion Women should receive more care and help in regaining their appetite after surgery. Treatment for appetite loss through non-pharmaceutical measures should be prioritized. Interventions that increase the appetite of patients after abdominal surgery should be targeted on patients being under general anesthetic as well as open surgery and be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Huu Nguyen
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyet Thi Ta
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Kim Dang
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham Thi Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Vu Anh Trong Dam
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Vu Anh Trong Dam,
| | - Carl A. Latkin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cyrus S. H. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger C. M. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Low-Milliampere CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Drainage Placement after Pancreatic Surgery: Technical and Clinical Outcome in 133 Consecutive Patients during a 14-Year Period. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092243. [PMID: 36140644 PMCID: PMC9498101 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Purpose: To retrospectively assess the technical and clinical outcome of patients with symptomatic postoperative fluid collections after pancreatic surgery, treated with CT-guided drainage (CTD). (2) Methods: 133 eligible patients between 2004 and 2017 were included. We defined technical success as the sufficient drainage of the fluid collection(s) and the absence of peri-interventional complications (minor or major according to SIR criteria). Per definition, clinical success was characterized by normalization of specific blood parameters within 30 days after the intervention or a decrease by at least 50% without requiring additional surgical revision. C-reactive protein (CRP), Leukocytes, Interleukin-6, and Dose length product (DLP) for parts of the intervention were determined. (3) Results: 97.0% of 167 interventions were technically successful. Clinical success was achieved in 87.5% of CRP, in 78.4% of Leukocytes, and in 87.5% of Interleukin-6 assessments. The median of successful decrease was 6 days for CRP, 5 days for Leukocytes, and 2 days for Interleukin-6. No surgical revision was necessary in 93.2%. DLP was significantly lower in the second half of the observation period (total DLP: median 621.5 mGy*cm between 2011–2017 vs. median 944.5 mGy*cm between 2004–2010). (4) Conclusions: Technical success rate of CTD was very high and the clinical success rate was fair to good. Given an elderly and multimorbid patient cohort, CTD can have a temporizing effect in the postoperative period after pancreatic surgery. Reducing the radiation dose over time might reflect developments in CT technology and increased experience of interventional radiologists.
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Robertson R, Russell K, Pandanaboyana S, Wu D, Windsor J. Postoperative nutritional support after pancreaticoduodenectomy in adults. Hippokratia 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Robertson
- Department of General Surgery; Whangarei Hospital, Northland District Health Board; Whangarei New Zealand
| | - Kylie Russell
- Nutrition and Dietetics; Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sanjay Pandanaboyana
- HPB and Liver Transplant Surgery; Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - John Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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8
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Zheng KL, Yin XY, Gu HY, Li CJ, Ni CM, Zhang GX, Wang H, Wang Z, Jin G. Impact of previous upper/lower abdominal surgery on pancreatic surgical outcomes and complications: a propensity score matching study. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2022; 407:1517-1524. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-022-02494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Objective: To systematically review the problem of appetite loss after major abdominal surgery. Summary of Background Data: Appetite loss is a common problem after major abdominal surgery. Understanding of etiology and treatment options is limited. Methods: We searched Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science for studies describing postoperative appetite loss. Data were extracted to clarify definition, etiology, measurement, surgical influence, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological treatment. PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42021224489. Results: Out of 6144 articles, we included 165 studies, 121 of which were also analyzed quantitatively. A total of 19.8% were randomized, controlled trials (n = 24) and 80.2% were nonrandomized studies (n = 97). The studies included 20,506 patients undergoing the following surgeries: esophageal (n = 33 studies), gastric (n = 48), small bowel (n = 6), colon (n = 27), rectal (n = 20), hepatobiliary (n = 6), and pancreatic (n = 13). Appetite was mostly measured with the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C30, n = 54). In a meta-analysis of 4 randomized controlled trials gum chewing reduced time to first hunger by 21.2 hours among patients who had bowel surgery. Other reported treatment options with positive effects on appetite but lower levels of evidence include, among others, intravenous ghrelin administration, the oral Japanese herbal medicine Rikkunshito, oral mosapride citrate, multidisciplin-ary-counseling, and watching cooking shows. No studies investigated the effect of well-known appetite stimulants such as cannabinoids, steroids, or megestrol acetate on surgical patients. Conclusions: Appetite loss after major abdominal surgery is common and associated with increased morbidity and reduced quality of life. Recent studies demonstrate the influence of reduced gastric volume and ghrelin secretion, and increased satiety hormone secretion. There are various treatment options available including level IA evidence for postoperative gum chewing. In the future, surgical trials should include the assessment of appetite loss as a relevant outcome measure.
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Estes-Doetsch H, Ganzer H, Roberts K, Brody RA. Risk factors and assessment considerations for essential fatty acid deficiency in nonparenterally fed patients using a case example. Nutr Clin Pract 2022; 37:843-851. [PMID: 34978102 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) has most commonly been reported in parenterally fed individuals but may also present in patients receiving fat-restricted diets and in patients with fat-malabsorption disorders. This article reviews the physical and biochemical assessment for EFAD in clinical practice and disorders of fat malabsorption as potential risk factors for EFAD. A case report is included to describe the fatty acid profile of a patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency receiving low-dose pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy after a self-imposed fat-restricted diet. The current challenges with laboratory interpretation of essential fatty acid status are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Estes-Doetsch
- Medical Dietetics Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Heidi Ganzer
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Medical Dietetics Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brody
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Current situation, consensus and controversy of perioperative nutrition management in pancreatic surgery: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Jiang Z, Wen C, Wang C, Zhao Z, Bo L, Wan X, Deng X. Plasma metabolomics of early parenteral nutrition followed with enteral nutrition in pancreatic surgery patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18846. [PMID: 31827206 PMCID: PMC6906312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition support is essential for surgical patients. Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) require tremendous nutrient support but also faced with risks of infection and gastrointestinal complications. Early parenteral nutrition has recently shown benefits while limited information provided about the influence on metabolism. This prospective single-center cohort study used plasma metabolomics to clarify metabolic alteration after early parenteral nutrition followed with enteral nutrition. Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 52) were enrolled. 36 patients received parenteral nutrition within 3 days postoperatively followed with EN (TPN group), 16 patients received standard fluids followed with EN (GIK group). We found that the weight loss is reduced in TPN group while the other clinical outcomes and inflammatory cytokines showed no statistical significance. The TPN group showed significance in amino acids, lipid, and phospholipids metabolism compared with the GIK group. Moreover, integration analysis indicated that early TPN could promote the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, phospholipids, ketone bodies, and branched-chain amino acids. We conclude that early TPN support followed with EN for patients undergoing PD reduced the perioperative weight loss and promoted the metabolic transition to anabolic metabolism with the recovery of lipid metabolism, suggesting its benefits for the recovery of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Wen
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Changli Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Wan
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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Khatkov IE, Maev IV, Abdulkhakov SR, Alekseenko SA, Alikhanov RB, Bakulin IG, Bakulina NV, Baranovskiy AY, Beloborodova EV, Belousova EA, Voskanyan SE, Vinokurova LV, Grinevich VB, Darvin VV, Dubtsova EA, Dyuzheva TG, Egorov VI, Efanov MG, Izrailov RE, Korobka VL, Kotiv BN, Kokhanenko NY, Kucheryavyy YA, Livzan MA, Lyadov VK, Nikolskaya KA, Osipenko MF, Pasechnikov VD, Plotnikova EY, Sablin OA, Simanenkov VI, Tsvirkun VV, Tsukanov VV, Shabunin AV, Bordin DS. Russian consensus on exo- and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 90:13-26. [PMID: 30701935 DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890813-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Russian consensus on exo- and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment was prepared on the initiative of the Russian "Pancreatic Club" on the Delphi method. His goal was to clarify and consolidate the opinions of specialists on the most relevant issues of diagnosis and treatment of exo- and endocrine insufficiency after surgical interventions on the pancreas. An interdisciplinary approach is provided by the participation of leading gastroenterologists and surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Khatkov
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Maev
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S R Abdulkhakov
- Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kazan, Russia
| | - S A Alekseenko
- The Far Eastern State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | - R B Alikhanov
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Bakulin
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Bakulina
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - E V Beloborodova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E A Belousova
- M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Voskanyan
- A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Vinokurova
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Grinevich
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Darvin
- Medical Institute of Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia
| | - E A Dubtsova
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - T G Dyuzheva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Egorov
- City Clinical Hospital named after the Bakhrushin Brothers, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Efanov
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - R E Izrailov
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - V L Korobka
- Rostov State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - B N Kotiv
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Yu Kokhanenko
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu A Kucheryavyy
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Livzan
- Omsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Omsk, Russia
| | - V K Lyadov
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Nikolskaya
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - M F Osipenko
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V D Pasechnikov
- Stavropol State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Stavropol, Russia
| | - E Yu Plotnikova
- Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - O A Sablin
- A.M. Nikiforov All-Russian Center for Emergency and Radiation Medicine, Russian Ministry for Emergency Situations, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V I Simanenkov
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Tsvirkun
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Tsukanov
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of Siberian Branch in Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A V Shabunin
- S.P. Botkin City Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Bordin
- A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.,Tver State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tver, Russia
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14
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Gianotti L, Besselink MG, Sandini M, Hackert T, Conlon K, Gerritsen A, Griffin O, Fingerhut A, Probst P, Abu Hilal M, Marchegiani G, Nappo G, Zerbi A, Amodio A, Perinel J, Adham M, Raimondo M, Asbun HJ, Sato A, Takaori K, Shrikhande SV, Del Chiaro M, Bockhorn M, Izbicki JR, Dervenis C, Charnley RM, Martignoni ME, Friess H, de Pretis N, Radenkovic D, Montorsi M, Sarr MG, Vollmer CM, Frulloni L, Büchler MW, Bassi C. Nutritional support and therapy in pancreatic surgery: A position paper of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery 2018; 164:1035-1048. [PMID: 30029989 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal nutritional therapy in the field of pancreatic surgery is still debated. METHODS An international panel of recognized pancreatic surgeons and pancreatologists decided that the topic of nutritional support was of importance in pancreatic surgery. Thus, they reviewed the best contemporary literature and worked to develop a position paper to provide evidence supporting the integration of appropriate nutritional support into the overall management of patients undergoing pancreatic resection. Strength of recommendation and quality of evidence were based on the approach of the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation Working Group. RESULTS The measurement of nutritional status should be part of routine preoperative assessment because malnutrition is a recognized risk factor for surgery-related complications. In addition to patient's weight loss and body mass index, measurement of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity should be considered in the preoperative evaluation because they are strong predictors of poor short-term and long-term outcomes. The available data do not show any definitive nutritional advantages for one specific type of gastrointestinal reconstruction technique after pancreatoduodenectomy over the others. Postoperative early resumption of oral intake is safe and should be encouraged within enhanced recovery protocols, but in the case of severe postoperative complications or poor tolerance of oral food after the operation, supplementary artificial nutrition should be started at once. At present, there is not enough evidence to show the benefit of avoiding oral intake in clinically stable patients who are complicated by a clinically irrelevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (a so-called biochemical leak), while special caution should be given to feeding patients with clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula orally. When an artificial nutritional support is needed, enteral nutrition is preferred whenever possible over parenteral nutrition. After the operation, regardless of the type of pancreatic resection or technique of reconstruction, patients should be monitored carefully to assess for the presence of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Although fecal elastase-1 is the most readily available clinical test for detection of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, its sensitivity and specificity are low. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy should be initiated routinely after pancreatoduodenectomy and in patients with locally advanced disease and continued for at least 6 months after surgery, because untreated pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in severe nutritional derangement. CONCLUSION The importance of this position paper is the consensus reached on the topic. Concentrating on nutritional support and therapy is of utmost value in pancreatic surgery for both short- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gianotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, and Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Sandini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, and Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Conlon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arja Gerritsen
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oonagh Griffin
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abe Fingerhut
- University of Graz Hospital, Surgical Research Unit, Graz, Austria
| | - Pascal Probst
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Giovanni Marchegiani
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Nappo
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zerbi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Amodio
- Unit of Gastroenterology, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Julie Perinel
- Department of Digestive Surgery, E. Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Adham
- Department of Digestive Surgery, E. Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Raimondo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Horacio J Asbun
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Asahi Sato
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Takaori
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit - Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) - Karolinska Institutet at Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic-Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic-Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christos Dervenis
- University of Cyprus and Department of Surgical Oncology and HPB Surgery Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard M Charnley
- Department of HPB & Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | | | - Dejan Radenkovic
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia and School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Montorsi
- Department of Surgery, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael G Sarr
- Department of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Charles M Vollmer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Frulloni
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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15
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Choi MH, Yoon SB, Lee K, Song M, Lee IS, Lee MA, Hong TH, Choi MG. Preoperative sarcopenia and post-operative accelerated muscle loss negatively impact survival after resection of pancreatic cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:326-334. [PMID: 29399990 PMCID: PMC5879976 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia and post-operative accelerated muscle loss leading to cachexia are commonly observed in patients with pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to assess the influence of body compositions and post-operative muscle change on survival of patients with surgically treated pancreatic cancer. METHODS We analysed data of patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery from 2008 to 2015. Skeletal muscle areas, muscle attenuation, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas were measured from two sets of computed tomography images at L3 vertebral levels. In addition, muscle change was calculated from images obtained before and after cancer resection. We set our own cut-off values of various body compositions based on sex-specific tertiles. RESULTS A total of 180 patients were analysed. Patients with perioperative sarcopenia (n = 60) showed poorer overall survival than those without perioperative sarcopenia (P = 0.031). Fifty (28.6%) patients with accelerated muscle loss after surgery (>10%/60 days) had poorer survival compared with the others (P = 0.029). Sarcopenia (hazard ratio, 1.79: 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.65] and post-operative muscle change (%/60 days) (hazard ratio, 0.94: 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.96) were identified as significant predictors of survival on multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative sarcopenia identified on CT scan was associated with poor overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer following surgery. Accelerated muscle loss after surgery also negatively impacted survival in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hyung Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bae Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meiying Song
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Seok Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Ah Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Hong
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Mignot A, Ayav A, Quillot D, Zuily S, Petit I, Nguyen-Thi PL, Malgras A, Laurent V. Extensive lymph node dissection during pancreaticoduodenectomy: a risk factor for hepatic steatosis? Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:1880-1887. [PMID: 28357531 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first reports of hepatic steatosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) were published several years ago; however, clear risk factors remain to be identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for hepatic steatosis post-PD. METHODS We studied 90 patients who had undergone PD between September 2005 and January 2015. The inclusion criteria were as follows: available unenhanced CT within one month before PD and at least one unenhanced CT acquisition between PD and chemotherapy initiation. Using scanners, we studied the liver and spleen density as well as the surface areas of visceral (VF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF). These variables were previously identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Hepatic steatosis occurred in 25.6% of patients at 45.2 days, on average, post-PD. Among the patients with hepatic steatosis, the average liver density was 52 HU before PD and 15.1 HU post-PD (p < 0.001). The Patients with hepatic steatosis lost more VF (mean, 28 vs. 11 cm2) and SCF (28.8 vs. 13.7 cm2) (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). Portal vein resection and extensive lymph node dissection were independent risk factors in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 5.29, p = 0.009; OR 3.38, p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION Portal vein resection and extensive lymph node dissection are independent risk factors for post-PD hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mignot
- Department of Radiology, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France.
- , 6 rue Jean XXIII Résidence Haut Rivage, 54130, Saint Max, France.
| | - A Ayav
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - D Quillot
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - S Zuily
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - I Petit
- Department of Radiology, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - P L Nguyen-Thi
- Department of PARC, ESPRI-BIOBASE, Pôle S, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - A Malgras
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - V Laurent
- Department of Radiology, CHU Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
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17
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Afaneh C, Gerszberg D, Slattery E, Seres DS, Chabot JA, Kluger MD. Pancreatic cancer surgery and nutrition management: a review of the current literature. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:59-71. [PMID: 25713805 PMCID: PMC4318958 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.08.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surgery remains the only curative treatment for pancreaticobiliary tumors. These patients typically present in a malnourished state. Various screening tools have been employed to help with preoperative risk stratification. Examples include the subjective global assessment (SGA), malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), and nutritional risk index (NRI). Adequate studies have not been performed to determine if perioperative interventions, based on nutrition risk assessment, result in less morbidity and mortality. The routine use of gastric decompression with nasogastric sump tubes may be unnecessary following elective pancreatic resections. Instead, placement should be selective and employed on a case-by-case basis. A wide variety of feeding modalities are available, oral nutrition being the most effective. Artificial nutrition may be provided by temporary nasal tube (nasogastric, nasojejunal, or combined nasogastrojejunal tube) or surgically placed tube [gastrostomy (GT), jejunostomy (JT), gastrojejunostomy tubes (GJT)], and intravenously (parenteral nutrition, PN). The optimal tube for enteral feeding cannot be determined based on current data. Each is associated with a specific set of complications. Dual lumen tubes may be useful in the presence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) as the stomach may be decompressed while feeds are delivered to the jejunum. However, all feeding tubes placed in the small intestine, except direct jejunostomies, commonly dislodge and retroflex into the stomach. Jejunostomies are associated with less frequent, but more serious complications. These include intestinal torsion and bowel necrosis. PN is associated with septic, metabolic, and access-related complications and should be the feeding strategy of last-resort. Enteral feeds are clearly preferred over parental nutrition. A sound understanding of perioperative nutrition may improve patient outcomes. Patients undergoing pancreatic cancer surgery should undergo multidisciplinary nutrition screening and intervention, and the surgical/oncological team should include nutrition professionals in managing these patients in the perioperative period.
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18
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Blaauw R. Pancreas cancer with Whipple’s operation. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2015.11734538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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