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Casula M, Manis C, Menard O, Tolle G, Cochet MF, Dupont D, Scano P, Garau V, Caboni P. Lipidomics of sheep and goat Milk-based infant formulae during in vitro dynamic digestion. Food Chem 2024; 461:140850. [PMID: 39173257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Lipid hydrolysis process during IF digestion, particularly the characterization of the lipidome and the resulting lipid breakdown products, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to compare the lipid hydrolysis profiles during the in vitro dynamic digestion of IFs made from whole sheep and goat milk. Using a lipidomics platform and multivariate statistical analysis, we observed changes in complex lipid levels during digestion. In the gastric compartment, we noted a progressive hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins. Conversely, lipolysis breakdown products like monoacylglycerols (e.g., MG(16:0), MG(18:0)), diacylglycerols, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC 16:0, LPC 18:1, LPC 18:2), and free fatty acids increased in the intestinal compartment. The lipolysis trends were similar for both types of infant formulas, with long-chain fatty acid triglycerides (C > 46) exhibiting lower digestibility compared to medium-chain fatty acid triglycerides. Overall, these results indicate that sheep milk can be used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Casula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Tolle
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Scano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Viviana Garau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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2
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Wang X, Yang S, Zheng C, Huang C, Yao H, Guo Z, Wu Y, Wang Z, Wu Z, Ge R, Cheng W, Yan Y, Jiang S, Sun J, Li X, Xie Q, Wang H. Multi-Omics Profiles of Small Intestine Organoids in Reaction to Breast Milk and Different Infant Formula Preparations. Nutrients 2024; 16:2951. [PMID: 39275267 PMCID: PMC11397455 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring optimal infant nutrition is crucial for the health and development of children. Many infants aged 0-6 months are fed with infant formula rather than breast milk. Research on cancer cell lines and animal models is limited to examining the nutrition effects of formula and breast milk, as it does not comprehensively consider absorption, metabolism, and the health and social determinants of the infant and its physiology. Our study utilized small intestine organoids induced from human embryo stem cell (ESC) to compare the nutritional effects of breast milk from five donors during their postpartum lactation period of 1-6 months and three types of Stage 1 infant formulae from regular retail stores. Using transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics approaches, we focused on the differences such as cell growth and development, cell junctions, and extracellular matrix. We also analyzed the roles of pathways including AMPK, Hippo, and Wnt, and identified key genes such as ALPI, SMAD3, TJP1, and WWTR1 for small intestine development. Through observational and in-vitro analysis, our study demonstrates ESC-derived organoids might be a promising model for exploring nutritional effects and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shangzhi Yang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chengdong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Firmus Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiyang Yao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zimo Guo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yilun Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zening Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenyang Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruihong Ge
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Firmus Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Heilongjiang Firmus Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Firmus Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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3
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Yang Y, Huang L, Huang Z, Ren Y, Xiong Y, Xu Z, Chi Y. Food-derived peptides unleashed: emerging roles as food additives beyond bioactivities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38889067 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2360074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Innovating food additives stands as a cornerstone for the sustainable evolution of future food systems. Peptides derived from food proteins exhibit a rich array of physicochemical and biological attributes crucial for preserving the appearance, flavor, texture, and nutritional integrity of foods. Leveraging these peptides as raw materials holds great promise for the development of novel food additives. While numerous studies underscore the potential of peptides as food additives, existing reviews predominantly focus on their biotic applications, leaving a notable gap in the discourse around their abiotic functionalities, such as their physicochemical properties. Addressing this gap, this review offers a comprehensive survey of peptide-derived food additives in food systems, accentuating the application of peptides' abiotic properties. It furnishes a thorough exploration of the underlying mechanisms and diverse applications of peptide-derived food additives, while also delineating the challenges encountered and prospects for future applications. This well-time review will set the stage for a deeper understanding of peptide-derived food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunjie Huang
- Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhangjun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center, Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co. Ltd., National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, China
| | - Yao Ren
- Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfei Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center, Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co. Ltd., National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanlong Chi
- Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Niu K, Bai P, Zhang J, Feng X, Qiu F. Cytidine Alleviates Dyslipidemia and Modulates the Gut Microbiota Composition in ob/ob Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051147. [PMID: 36904146 PMCID: PMC10005144 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytidine and uridine are endogenous metabolites in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway, and cytidine is a substrate that can be metabolized into uridine via cytidine deaminase. Uridine has been widely reported to be effective in regulating lipid metabolism. However, whether cytidine could ameliorate lipid metabolism disorder has not yet been investigated. In this research, ob/ob mice were used, and the effect of cytidine (0.4 mg/mL in drinking water for five weeks) on lipid metabolism disorder was evaluated in terms of an oral glucose tolerance test, serum lipid levels, liver histopathological analysis and gut microbiome analysis. Uridine was used as a positive control. Our findings reveal that cytidine could alleviate certain aspects of dyslipidemia and improve hepatic steatosis via modulating the gut microbiota composition in ob/ob mice, especially increasing the abundance of short-chain fatty acids-producing microbiota. These results suggest that cytidine supplementation could be a potential therapeutic approach for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xinchi Feng
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (F.Q.); Tel.: +86-22-595-6223 (X.F.)
| | - Feng Qiu
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (F.Q.); Tel.: +86-22-595-6223 (X.F.)
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Barta KR. Ethical Considerations for Hospital-Based Infant Feeding Support. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2022; 51:243-256. [PMID: 35460604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
I applied a systematic ethical decision-making approach to evaluate how health care professionals in hospital settings should provide infant feeding support after childbirth. Human milk is recommended as the optimal source of nutrition for infants because of the health benefits it provides for infants and their lactating parents. However, health consequences of insufficient oral intake in infants and psychological distress in the lactating parent may occur when infant feeding does not go according to plan. Infant feeding support should be provided in a way that is objective, sensitive, individualized, equitable, and supportive of autonomy and avoids harm. I provide recommendations for ethical infant feeding support that can be applied by individual health care professionals and on postpartum units in hospitals.
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Mezian L, Chincha AI, Vecchione A, Ghelardi E, Bonatto JMC, Marsaioli AJ, Campelo PH, Benamar I, Allah MA, Sant'Ana AS, Boumediene MB. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria in powdered infant formula: Enumeration, identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), presence of toxin genes and rpoB gene typing. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alternatives to Cow’s Milk-Based Infant Formulas in the Prevention and Management of Cow’s Milk Allergy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070926. [PMID: 35407012 PMCID: PMC8997926 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow’s milk-based infant formulas are the most common substitute to mother’s milk in infancy when breastfeeding is impossible or insufficient, as cow’s milk is a globally available source of mammalian proteins with high nutritional value. However, cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most prevalent type of food allergy among infants, affecting up to 3.8% of small children. Hypoallergenic infant formulas based on hydrolysed cow’s milk proteins are commercially available for the management of CMA. Yet, there is a growing demand for more options for infant feeding, both in general but especially for the prevention and management of CMA. Milk from other mammalian sources than the cow, such as goat, sheep, camel, donkey, and horse, has received some attention in the last decade due to the different protein composition profile and protein amino acid sequences, resulting in a potentially low cross-reactivity with cow’s milk proteins. Recently, proteins from plant sources, such as potato, lentil, chickpeas, quinoa, in addition to soy and rice, have gained increased interest due to their climate friendly and vegan status as well as potential lower allergenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of current and potential future infant formulas and their relevance in CMA prevention and management.
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Xie Q, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wei Y, Jiang S, Cui D, Zhou Q. Study on the Absorption and Immunity Regulation of Simulated Breast Milk Nutrients in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:769846. [PMID: 35369067 PMCID: PMC8965348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.769846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since infant formula (IF) manufacturers aim to produce a product as close to breast milk as possible, fortified nutrients are usually added. Generally, an IF is produced by adjusting the types and proportions of vitamins and minerals. This study comparatively examined the content of the six nutrients in different compound forms in vivo and evaluated the effect of different nutrient pack groups on immunity and growth. The results indicated that the simulated-human milk nutrients [minerals zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and vitamins A, E, and B1] were more easily absorbed by the body while effectively regulating immunity. This study provides a scientific foundation for developing, manufacturing, and applying imitation-breast formula milk powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dongying Cui
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongying Cui
| | - Qile Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Qile Zhou
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9
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Ferro LE, Crowley LN, Bittinger K, Friedman ES, Decker JE, Russel K, Katz S, Kim JK, Trabulsi J. Effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on the infant gut microbiota and other health outcomes: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5620-5642. [PMID: 37667870 PMCID: PMC10480560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2022595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the effect of pre-, pro-, or synbiotic supplementation in infant formula on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was employed. Five databases were searched and 32 RCTs (2010-2021) were identified for inclusion: 20 prebiotic, 6 probiotic, and 6 synbiotic. The methods utilized to evaluate gastrointestinal microbiota varied across studies and included colony plating, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, or tagged sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Fecal Bifidobacterium levels increased with supplementation of prebiotics and synbiotics but not with probiotics alone. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation generally increased fecal levels of the bacterial strain supplemented in the formula. Across all pre-, pro-, and synbiotic-supplemented formulas, results were inconsistent regarding fecal Clostridium levels. Fecal pH was lower with some prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation; however, no difference was seen with probiotics. Softer stools were often reported in infants supplemented with pre- and synbiotics, yet results were inconsistent for probiotic-supplemented formula. Limited evidence demonstrates that pre- and synbiotic supplementation increases fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Future studies utilizing comprehensive methodologies and additional studies in probiotics and synbiotics are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. Ferro
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Liana N. Crowley
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliot S. Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica E. Decker
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kathryn Russel
- Metropolitan Area Neighborhood Nutrition Alliance, 420 N 20 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Sarah Katz
- Reference and Instructional Services Department, University of Delaware, 181 S. College Avenue, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jillian Trabulsi
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, STAR Tower, 100 Discovery Blvd., Newark, DE 19713, USA
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It's all in the milk: chondroitin sulfate as potential preventative therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1373-1379. [PMID: 32920604 PMCID: PMC8784957 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating condition affecting up to 5% of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions. Risk factors include preterm delivery, low birth weight, and antibiotic use. The pathogenesis is characterized by a combination of intestinal ischemia, necrosis of the bowel, reperfusion injury, and sepsis typically resulting in surgical resection of afflicted bowel. Targeted medical therapy remains elusive. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) holds the potential to prevent the onset of NEC through its anti-inflammatory properties and protective effect on the gut microbiome. The purpose of this review is to outline the many properties of CS to highlight its potential use in high-risk infants and attenuate the severity of NEC. The purpose of this review is to (1) discuss the interaction of CS with the infant microbiome, (2) review the anti-inflammatory properties of CS, and (3) postulate on the potential role of CS in preventing NEC. IMPACT: NEC is a costly medical burden in the United States. Breast milk is the best preventative measure for NEC, but not all infants in the NICU have access to breast milk. Novel therapies and diagnostic tools are needed for NEC. CS may be a potential therapy for NEC due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. CS could be added to the formula in an attempt to mitigate breast milk disparities.
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11
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Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteome and Micronutrients in the Milk Lipid Fraction: Insights into Milk Bioactive Compounds. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk lipids are composed of milk fat globules (MFGs) surrounded by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). MFGM protects MFGs from coalescence and enzymatic degradation. The milk lipid fraction is a “natural solvent” for macronutrients such as phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol, and micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins. The research focused largely on the polar lipids of MFGM, given their wide bioactive properties. In this review we discussed (i) the composition of MFGM proteome and its variations among species and phases of lactation and (ii) the micronutrient content of human and cow’s milk lipid fraction. The major MFGM proteins are shared among species, but the molecular function and protein expression of MFGM proteins vary among species and phases of lactation. The main minerals in the milk lipid fraction are iron, zinc, copper and calcium, whereas the major vitamins are vitamin A, β-carotene, riboflavin and α-tocopherol. The update and the combination of this knowledge could lead to the exploitation of the MFGM proteome and the milk lipid fraction at nutritional, biological or technological levels. An example is the design of innovative and value-added products, such as MFGM-supplemented infant formulas.
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Zhang L, Shi H, Li J, Du N, Chen X, Wang J, Gao X, Si W, Cui Y. Optimal Frequency for Changing Single-Use Enteral Delivery Sets in Infants after Congenital Heart Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:140-148. [PMID: 33705273 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1852129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to assess the optimal frequency for changing single-use enteral delivery sets during postoperative enteral feeding in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD).Methods We enrolled 120 CHD infants who were fed using an enteral nutrition pump directly connected to a milk bottle with a single-use enteral delivery set in a four-arm randomized controlled trial (ChiCTR2000039544). Patients were randomized into four groups based on the replacement frequency of the enteral delivery set (6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h groups). The primary outcome was the percentage of contaminated enteral delivery sets (overgrowth of microbiota and colonization of pathogenic bacteria). Secondary outcomes included evidence of infection, gastrointestinal tolerance, intestinal microflora dysbiosis, and healthcare costs.Results The percentages of microbial overgrowth detected in the 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h groups were 6.7%, 30.0%, 46.7%, and 80%, respectively (P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between the 6 h and 18 h groups (P < 0.001), the 6 h and 24 h groups (P < 0.001), and the 18 h and 24 h groups (P = 0.007). Meanwhile, pathogenic bacterial colonization was detected in 0, 4, 6, and 11 delivery sets in the 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h groups, respectively (P = 0.002). No difference in clinical symptoms was found among the four groups. The total cost per patient in the 12 h group and the 18 h group was 340.2 RMB and 226.8 RMB, respectively.Conclusion Taking into consideration both microbial overgrowth and cost-effectiveness, the results of this study indicate that for children receiving continuous enteral feeding following CHD surgery, the optimal frequency for changing the single-use enteral delivery set when formula reconstituted from powder is used is 18 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Zhang
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, the Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Du
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, the Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuchun Chen
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, the Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jielin Wang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiurong Gao
- Microbiology Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Si
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, the Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun ZH, Yao MJ, Bian X, Guo QQ, Guan HN, Yang Y, Wang B, Shi YG, Piekoszewski W, Yang XW, Zhang N. The influence of soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) addition to infant formula powder on Streptococcus thermophilus proliferation and metabolism. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110103. [PMID: 33641970 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more infants are getting allergic to cow's milk protein, so it is urgent to search for infant formula powder with milk protein alternatives. In the present work, soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) was added to protein-free infant formula powder and the effects of SPH addition on proliferation and metabolism of Streptococcus thermophilus were studied. Compared with commercially available infant formula powder (CK) and protein-free milk powder (BK), the infant formula powder with 20% SPH significantly enhanced the proliferation of S. thermophilus in MRS medium, resulting in a higher cell density and greater viable counts. Moreover, the influence of SPH on the metabolism of S. thermophilus was investigated by analyzing the content of seven organic acids and H2O2 in the medium. The higher content of organic acids and H2O2 is consistent with the stronger antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli. As a consequence, the addition of SPH to infant formula powder can effectively promote the growth of probiotics and SPH may be a promising protein alternative in the infant formula powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Ming-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No.41, JieFang Road, LiXia District, Jinan 250013, PR China
| | - Xin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Qing-Qi Guo
- Forestry School, Northeast Forestry University, No.26, HeXing Street, XiangFang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hua-Nan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Yan-Guo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa, 30-868 Krakow, Poland; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, Russian Island, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Xiao-Wan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China; Shanghai Special Favor Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 56, JunGong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Commerce, 36# No.138, TongDa Street, DaoLi District, Harbin 150076, PR China.
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14
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Reconstituting infant formula powder using a collaborative robot ‘CoBoT’ to mimic human biomechanical movements. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Determination of Macrolide Antimicrobials in Infant Formulas Using a Modified Alkaline QuEChERS and High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Manoni M, Di Lorenzo C, Ottoboni M, Tretola M, Pinotti L. Comparative Proteomics of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) Proteome across Species and Lactation Stages and the Potentials of MFGM Fractions in Infant Formula Preparation. Foods 2020; 9:E1251. [PMID: 32906730 PMCID: PMC7555516 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a lipid-in-water emulsion with a primary role in the nutrition of newborns. Milk fat globules (MFGs) are a mixture of proteins and lipids with nutraceutical properties related to the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which protects them, thus preventing their coalescence. Human and bovine MFGM proteomes have been extensively characterized in terms of their formation, maturation, and composition. Here, we review the most recent comparative proteomic analyses of MFGM proteome, above all from humans and bovines, but also from other species. The major MFGM proteins are found in all the MFGM proteomes of the different species, although there are variations in protein expression levels and molecular functions across species and lactation stages. Given the similarities between the human and bovine MFGM and the bioactive properties of MFGM components, several attempts have been made to supplement infant formulas (IFs), mainly with polar lipid fractions of bovine MFGM and to a lesser extent with protein fractions. The aim is thus to narrow the gap between human breast milk and cow-based IFs. Despite the few attempts made to date, supplementation with MFGM proteins seems promising as MFGM lipid supplementation. A deeper understanding of MFGM proteomes should lead to better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manoni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Chiara Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Marco Tretola
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland;
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.O.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Panahipour L, Tabatabaei AA, Gruber R. Hypoallergenic infant formula lacks transforming growth factor beta activity and has a lower anti-inflammatory activity than regular infant formula. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6771-6781. [PMID: 32505409 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoallergenic formulas are recommended for infants who are not breastfed and cannot tolerate cow milk formulas due to allergy. These formulas are hydrolyzed to break down larger protein chains into shorter, easy-to-digest, and potentially less allergenic proteins. Hydrolysis, however, possibly occurs at the expense of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and anti-inflammatory activity that is inherent in regular formula. Our objective was to determine the TGF-β and the anti-inflammatory activity of commercially available hypoallergenic and regular formulas. Human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with reconstituted formulas followed by detection of TGF-β target genes and activation of Smad2/3 signaling. Gingival fibroblasts and the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC-2 were also exposed to formulas before adding interleukin (IL)1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α to provoke expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. For murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was stimulated with saliva. Changes in p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of smad3 and p38 were analyzed by immunostaining. Our study demonstrated that regular formula, but not hypoallergenic formula, enhanced the expression of TGF-β target genes IL11, PRG4, and NOX4 in gingival fibroblasts. Hypoallergenic formulas also failed to initiate nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and phosphorylation of Smad3. Moreover, regular formulas were more potent than hypoallergenic formulas in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in gingival fibroblasts, HSC-2 epithelial cells, and murine bone marrow macrophages. Hypoallergenic and regular formulas had a similar capacity to reduce p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p38 in fibroblasts. These findings suggest that hypoallergenic formulas lack in vitro TGF-β activity and have a lower anti-inflammatory activity compared with regular formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Kilvington A, Maldonado‐Pereira L, Torres‐Palacios C, Medina‐Meza I. Phytosterols and their oxidative products in infant formula. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kilvington
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Lisaura Maldonado‐Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Cristobal Torres‐Palacios
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Ilce Medina‐Meza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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19
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Redgrove J, Rodriguez I, Mahadevan-Bava S, Exley C. Prescription Infant Formulas Are Contaminated with Aluminium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050899. [PMID: 30871123 PMCID: PMC6427753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Historical and recent data demonstrate that off-the-shelf infant formulas are heavily contaminated with aluminium. The origin of this contamination remains to be elucidated though may be imported via ingredients, packaging and processing. Specialised infant formulas exist to address health issues, such as low birth weight, allergy or intolerance and medical conditions, such as renal insufficiency. The aluminium content of these prescription infant formulas is measured here for the first time. We obtained 24 prescription infant formulas through a paediatric clinic and measured their total aluminium content by transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry following microwave assisted acid/peroxide digestion. The aluminium content of ready-to-drink formulas ranged from 49.9 (33.7) to 1956.3 (111.0) μg/L. The most heavily contaminated products were those designed as nutritional supplements for infants struggling to gain weight. The aluminium content of powdered formulas ranged from 0.27 (0.04) to 3.27 (0.19) μg/g. The most heavily contaminated products tended to be those addressing allergies and intolerance. Prescription infant formulas are contaminated with aluminium. Ready-made formulas available as nutritional supplements to aid infant growth contained some of the highest concentrations of aluminium in infant formulas measured in our laboratory. However, a number of prescription infant formulas contained the lowest concentrations of aluminium yet measured in our laboratory. These higher cost specialist preparations demonstrate that the contamination of infant formulas by aluminium is not inevitable. They represent what is achievable should manufacturers wish to address the threat posed to health through infant exposure to aluminium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Redgrove
- Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Subramanian Mahadevan-Bava
- Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley Group Foundation NHS Trust, Pensnett Road, Dudley DY1 2HQ, West Midlands, UK.
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Kim H, Sitarik AR, Woodcroft K, Johnson CC, Zoratti E. Birth Mode, Breastfeeding, Pet Exposure, and Antibiotic Use: Associations With the Gut Microbiome and Sensitization in Children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019; 19:22. [PMID: 30859338 PMCID: PMC7376540 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The infant gut microbiota has become a focus of multiple epidemiologic and cohort studies. This microbiome is derived from the mother (via the vaginal canal, maternal skin contact, breastfeeding, and possibly in utero microbial transfer) and is likely influenced by multiple external factors. It is now believed by some experts that colonization and formation of the newborn and alterations of gut microbiota in children are dependent on earlier alterations of the microbiota of mothers during or perhaps even before pregnancy. This review will focus on specific factors (pet keeping, breastfeeding, antibiotic use, and mode of delivery) that influence the infant gut microbiome and atopy. RECENT FINDINGS This is a review of recent literature describing how pet keeping, breastfeeding, antibiotic use, and mode of delivery influences and changes the infant gut microbiome and atopy. General trends in gut microbiota differences have emerged in different birth cohorts when each external factor is analyzed, but consistency between studies is difficult to replicate. The aforementioned factors do not seem to confer an overwhelming risk for development of atopy alone. This review provides a comprehensive review of early life environmental factors and their influence on the infant gut microbiome and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejin Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Henry Ford Health System, WSU School of Medicine, One Ford Place 4B, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Alexandra R Sitarik
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kimberley Woodcroft
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Edward Zoratti
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Henry Ford Health System, WSU School of Medicine, One Ford Place 4B, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Dipasquale V, Serra G, Corsello G, Romano C. Standard and Specialized Infant Formulas in Europe: Making, Marketing, and Health Outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 35:273-281. [PMID: 30742336 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas are the only suitable substitute for human milk. The most common infant formulas are standard formulas based on cow's milk. In addition, there are formulas for infants showing signs and symptoms of intolerance and for clinical conditions such as allergy, prematurity, and gastrointestinal diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature was made to review the composition of standard and specialized infant formulas and analyze indications for use, real or presumed nutrition differences and properties, and impact on infant growth. A brief consideration on costs is outlined for each formula. Over the past few years, industrial production and advertising of infant formulas have increased. Human milk still remains the most complete source of nutrition for infants and should be continued according to the current recommendations. Few differences exist between infant formulas, both for the nutrition action and the macronutrient/micronutrient composition. Specialized infant formulas have limited indications for use and high costs. The role of the pediatrician is crucial in the management of infant nutrition, promotion of breastfeeding, and prescribing of specialized formulas only in specific clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Dipasquale
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gregorio Serra
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Romano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Al Maroof D, Noor M. Assessment of proper technique of artificial feeding among infants in Al-Hilla City. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BABYLON 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_63_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life - from conception to two years - has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short and long-term health outcomes, many of which can be prevented through nutritional modifications. Recommended globally, breastfeeding is recognised as the gold standard of infant nutrition; providing key nutrients to achieve optimal health, growth and development, and conferring immunologic protective effects against disease. Nevertheless, infant formulas are often the sole source of nutrition for many infants during the first stage of life. Producers of infant formula strive to supply high quality, healthy, safe alternatives to breast milk with a comparable balance of nutrients to human milk imitating its composition and functional performance measures. The concept of 'nutritional programming', and the theory that exposure to specific conditions, can predispose an individual's health status in later life has become an accepted dictum, and has sparked important nutritional research prospects. This review explores the impact of early life nutrition, specifically, how different feeding methods affect health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Finn
- Nutrition and Health Science from Cork Institute of Technology
| | | | | | - Roy D. Sleator
- University College Cork and National University of Ireland
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24
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A milk formula containing maltodextrin, vs. lactose, as main carbohydrate source, improves cognitive performance of piglets in a spatial task. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9433. [PMID: 29930401 PMCID: PMC6013478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, lactose-free and low-lactose infant formulas have been increasingly used. The impact of using different carbohydrates than lactose on later cognition of formula-fed infants remains, however, unknown. We examined the effects of providing formulas containing either digestible maltodextrin or lactose as main carbohydrate source (28% of total nutrient composition) on cognitive performance of piglets. Piglets received the formulas from 1 to 9 weeks of age and, starting at 12 weeks, were individually tested in a spatial holeboard task (n = 8 pens/formula), in which they had to learn and memorize a configuration of baited buckets. After 28 acquisition trials, piglets were subjected to 16 reversal trials in which the location of the baited buckets was changed. Piglets fed the maltodextrin-based formula had higher reference memory (RM) scores than piglets fed the lactose-based formula towards the end of acquisition. During the switch of configuration, piglets offered the maltodextrin-based formula tended to have higher RM scores and make fewer RM errors than piglets offered the lactose-based formula. Working (short-term) memory was not affected by the formulas. Compared to lactose, the use of maltodextrin in milk formulas improved long-term spatial memory of piglets, even weeks after the end of the intervention.
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25
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Comparison of the fatty acid profile of Spanish infant formulas and Galician women breast milk. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 74:127-138. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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