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García-Fernández J, Romero-García M, Benito-Aracil L, Pilar Delgado-Hito M. Humanisation in paediatric intensive care units: A narrative review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024:103725. [PMID: 38824005 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify findings in the scientific literature relevant to the strategic lines proposed by the Humanising Intensive Care Project in the context of paediatric intensive care units. DESIGN Narrative review. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, and Cochrane Library. Specific indexing terms and search strategies adapted to each database were designed. The inclusion of publications was based on two criteria: 1) related to the paediatric intensive care unit and 2) addresses at least one of the topics related to the strategic lines of the Humanising Intensive Care Project. Study selection was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal tool. RESULTS A total of 100 articles from 19 different countries were included, covering the period between 2019 and 2021. Nineteen different design types were identified. Thirty-two studies were cross-sectional observational studies, while 15 had an experimental approach. The articles were distributed among the seven strategic lines of the Humanising Intensive Care Project. CONCLUSIONS Synthesising the knowledge related to humanisation in paediatric intensive care units will allow progress to be made in improving quality in these units. However, there is disparity in the amount of experimental research overall. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE There is a disparity in the available research related to the different strategic lines, and it is necessary to carry out more exhaustive research on topics such as the presence and participation of the family in care or the management of post-paediatric intensive care syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Fernández
- Multidisciplinary Nursing Research Group of the Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Romero-García
- Fundamental and Clinical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; GRIN-IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; International Research Project for the Humanisation of Health Care, HU-CI Project: Humanising Intensive Care (HU-CI) Project, Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Llúcia Benito-Aracil
- Fundamental and Clinical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; GRIN-IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mª Pilar Delgado-Hito
- Fundamental and Clinical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; GRIN-IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; International Research Project for the Humanisation of Health Care, HU-CI Project: Humanising Intensive Care (HU-CI) Project, Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain
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McMillan D, Brown D, Rieger K, Duncan G, Plouffe J, Amadi C, Jafri S. Patient and family perceptions of a discharge bedside board. PEC INNOVATION 2023; 3:100214. [PMID: 37743957 PMCID: PMC10514555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore patient and family perspectives of a discharge bedside board for supporting engagement in patient care and discharge planning to inform tool revision. Methods This qualitative descriptive study included 45 semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of English-speaking patients (n = 44; mean age 58.5 years) and their family members (n = 5) across seven adult inpatient units at a tertiary acute care hospital in mid-western Canada. Thematic (interviews), content (board, organization procedure document), and framework-guided integrated (all data) analyses were performed. Results Four themes were generated from interview data: understanding the board, included essential information to guide care, balancing information on the board, and maintaining a sense of connection. Despite application inconsistencies, documented standard procedures aligned with recommended board (re)orientation, timely patient-friendly content, attention to privacy, and patient-provider engagement strategies. Conclusion Findings indicate the tool supported consultation and some involvement level engagement in patient care and discharge. Board information was usually valued, however, perceived procedural gaps in tool education, privacy, and the quality of tool-related communication offer opportunities to strengthen patients' and families' tool experience. Innovation Novel application of a continuum engagement framework in the exploration of multiple data sources generated significant insights to guide tool revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.E. McMillan
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
- Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - D.B. Brown
- Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - K.L. Rieger
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - G. Duncan
- Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - J. Plouffe
- Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - C.C. Amadi
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - S. Jafri
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
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Burns KEA, Lafrienier-Roula M, Hill NS, Cook DJ, Seely AJE, Rochwerg B, Mayette M, D'Aragon F, Devlin JW, Dodek P, Tanios M, Gouskos A, Turgeon AF, Aslanian P, Sia YT, Beitler JR, Hyzy R, Criner GJ, Kassis EB, Tsang JLY, Meade MO, Liebler JM, Wong JTY, Thorpe KE. Frequency of screening and SBT Technique Trial-North American Weaning Collaboration (FAST-NAWC): an update to the protocol and statistical analysis plan. Trials 2023; 24:626. [PMID: 37784109 PMCID: PMC10544476 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This update summarizes key changes made to the protocol for the Frequency of Screening and Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) Technique Trial-North American Weaning Collaborative (FAST-NAWC) trial since the publication of the original protocol. This multicenter, factorial design randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation, will compare the effect of both screening frequency (once vs. at least twice daily) to identify candidates to undergo a SBT and SBT technique [pressure support + positive end-expiratory pressure vs. T-piece] on the time to successful extubation (primary outcome) in 760 critically ill adults who are invasively ventilated for at least 24 h in 20 North American intensive care units. METHODS/DESIGN Protocols for the pilot, factorial design trial and the full trial were previously published in J Clin Trials ( https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0870.1000284 ) and Trials (https://doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3641-8). As planned, participants enrolled in the FAST pilot trial will be included in the report of the full FAST-NAWC trial. In response to the onset of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when approximately two thirds of enrollment was complete, we revised the protocol and consent form to include critically ill invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19. We also refined the statistical analysis plan (SAP) to reflect inclusion and reporting of participants with and without COVID-19. This update summarizes the changes made and their rationale and provides a refined SAP for the FAST-NAWC trial. These changes have been finalized before completion of trial follow-up and the commencement of data analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov NCT02399267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Office 4-045 Donnelly Wing, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | | | - Nicholas S Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael Mayette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frederick D'Aragon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - John W Devlin
- Bouve College of Health Professions, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Dodek
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maged Tanios
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Care, Longbeach Medical Center, Longbeach, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Gouskos
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee and Steering Committee Representative, FAST-NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Pierre Aslanian
- Service de Soins Intensifs, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Tung Sia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Centre Integre Universitaire de Sante et de Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Quebec - Trois Rivieres, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Beitler
- Center for Acute Respiratory Failure and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hyzy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Elias Baedorf Kassis
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Critical Care) and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer L Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Niagara Health System - St. Catherines, St. Catherines, Canada
| | - Maureen O Meade
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Hamilton Health Sciences Center, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Janice M Liebler
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jessica T Y Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin E Thorpe
- Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Marshall AP, Van Scoy LJ, Chaboyer W, Chew M, Davidson J, Day AG, Martinez A, Patel J, Roberts S, Skrobik Y, Taylor B, Tobiano G, Heyland DK. A randomised controlled trial of a nutrition and a decision support intervention to enable partnerships with families of critically ill patients. J Clin Nurs 2023; 32:6723-6742. [PMID: 37161555 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of supporting family members to partner with health professionals on nutrition intakes and decision-making and to evaluate intervention and study feasibility. BACKGROUND Family partnerships can improve outcomes for critically ill patients and family members. Interventions that support families to engage with health professionals require evaluation. DESIGN A multi-centre, randomised, parallel group superiority Phase II randomised controlled trial. METHODS In nine intensive care units (ICUs) across three countries, critically ill patients ≥60 years, or those 55-59 years with advanced chronic diseases and expected ICU length of stay >72 h and their family member were enrolled between 9 May 2017 and 31 March 2020. Participants were randomised (1:1:1) to either a decision support or nutrition optimisation family-centred intervention, or usual care. Primary outcomes included protein and energy intake during ICU and hospital stay (nutrition intervention) and family satisfaction (decision support). Study feasibility was assessed as a composite of consent rate, intervention adherence, contamination and physician awareness of intervention assignment. RESULTS We randomised 135 patients/family members (consent rate 51.7%). The average rate of randomisation was 0.5 (0.13-1.53) per month. Unavailability (staff/family) was the major contributor to families not being approached for consent. Declined consent was attributed to families feeling overwhelmed (58/126, 46%). Pandemic visitor restrictions contributed to early study cessation. Intervention adherence for the decision support intervention was 76.9%-100.0% and for the nutrition intervention was 44.8%-100.0%. Nutritional adequacy, decisional conflict, satisfaction with decision-making and overall family satisfaction with ICU were similar for all groups. CONCLUSIONS Active partnerships between family members and health professionals are important but can be challenging to achieve in critical care contexts. We were unable to demonstrate the efficacy of either intervention. Feasibility outcomes suggest further refinement of interventions and study protocol may be warranted. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Interventions to promote family partnerships in critical illness are needed but require a greater understanding of the extent to which families want and are able to engage and the activities in which they have most impact. REPORTING METHOD This study has been reported following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Patients and caregivers were engaged in and contributed to the development and subsequent iterations of the two family-centred interventions use in this study. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Trial registration. CLINICALTRIALS gov, ID: NCT02920086. Registered on 30 September 2016. First patient enrolled on 9 May 2017 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT02920086&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Marshall
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren J Van Scoy
- Department of Medicine, Humanities, and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Chew
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Judy Davidson
- San Diego Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew G Day
- Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelly Martinez
- Intensive Care Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayshil Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shelley Roberts
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yoanna Skrobik
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beth Taylor
- Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Georgia Tobiano
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daren K Heyland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queens's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Burns KEA, McDonald E, Debigaré S, Zamir N, Vasquez M, Piche-Ayotte M, Oczkowski S. Patient and family engagement in patient care and research in Canadian intensive care units: a national survey. Can J Anaesth 2022; 69:1527-1536. [PMID: 36344874 PMCID: PMC9640777 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-022-02342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While patient and family engagement may improve clinical care and research, current practices for engagement in Canadian intensive care units (ICUs) are unknown. METHODS We developed and administered a cross-sectional questionnaire to ICU leaders of current engagement practices, facilitators, and barriers to engagement, and whether engagement was a priority, using to an ordinal Likert scale from 1 to 10. RESULTS The response rate was 53.4% (124/232). Respondents were from 11 provinces and territories, mainly from medical surgical ICUs (76%) and community hospitals (70%). Engagement in patient care included bedside care (84%) and bedside rounds (66%), presence during procedures/crises (65%), and survey completion (77%). Research engagement included ethics committees (36%), protocol review (31%), and knowledge translation (30%). Facilitators of engagement in patient care included family meetings (87%), open visitation policies (81%), and engagement as an institutional priority (74%). Support from departmental (43%) and hospital (33%) leadership was facilitator of research engagement. Time was the main barrier to engagement in any capacity. Engagement was a higher priority in patient care vs research (median [interquartile range], 8 [7-9] vs 3 [1-7]; P < 0.001) and in pediatric vs adult ICUs (10 [9-10] vs 8 [7-9]; P = 0.003). Research engagement was significantly higher in academic vs other ICUs (7 [5-8] vs 2 [1-4]; P < 0.001), and pediatric vs adult ICUs (7 [5-8] vs 3 [1-6]; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Organizational strategies and institutional support were key facilitators of engagement. Engagement in patient care was a higher priority than engagement in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Impact and Evaluation, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - Nasim Zamir
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moises Vasquez
- Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Simon Oczkowski
- Department of Health Research Methods, Impact and Evaluation, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Raman S, Brown G, Long D, Gelbart B, Delzoppo C, Millar J, Erickson S, Festa M, Schlapbach LJ. Priorities for paediatric critical care research: a modified Delphi study by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Paediatric Study Group. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2021; 23:194-201. [PMID: 38045513 PMCID: PMC10692499 DOI: 10.51893/2021.2.oa6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Most interventions in paediatric critical care lack high grade evidence. We aimed to identify the key research priorities and key clinical outcome measures pertinent to research in paediatric intensive care patients. Design: Modified three-stage Delphi study combining staged online surveys, followed by a face-to-face discussion and final voting. Setting: Paediatric intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand. Participants: Medical and nursing staff working in intensive care. Main outcome measurements: Self-reported priorities for research. Results: 193 respondents provided a total of 267 research questions and 234 outcomes. In Stage 3, the top 56 research questions and 50 outcomes were discussed face to face, which allowed the identification of the top 20 research questions with the Hanlon prioritisation score and the top 20 outcomes. Topics centred on the use of intravenous fluids (restrictive v liberal fluids, use of fluid resuscitation bolus, early inotrope use, type of intravenous fluid, and assessment of fluid responsiveness), and patient- and family-centred outcomes (health-related quality of life, liberation) emerged as priorities. While mortality, length of stay, and organ support/organ dysfunction were considered important and the most feasible outcomes, long term quality of life and neurodevelopmental measures were rated highly in terms of their importance. Conclusions: Using a modified Delphi method, this study provides guidance towards prioritisation of research topics in paediatric critical care in Australia and New Zealand, and identifies study outcomes of key relevance to clinicians and experts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainath Raman
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland, Children’s, Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Georgia Brown
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Debbie Long
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland, Children’s, Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Gelbart
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel Delzoppo
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Johnny Millar
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Erickson
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marino Festa
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kids Critical Care Research Group, Kids Research, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luregn J. Schlapbach
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland, Children’s, Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - for the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Paediatric Study Group (ANZICS PSG)
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland, Children’s, Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kids Critical Care Research Group, Kids Research, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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