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Kuperkar K, Patel D, Atanase LI, Bahadur P. Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: Their Structures, and Self-Assembly to Polymeric Micelles and Polymersomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4702. [PMID: 36365696 PMCID: PMC9657626 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers display a multiplicity of nanoscale periodic patterns proposed as a dominant tool for the 'bottom-up' fabrication of nanomaterials with different levels of ordering. The present review article focuses on the recent updates to the self-association of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous media into varied core-shell morphologies. We briefly describe the block copolymers, their types, microdomain formation in bulk and micellization in selective solvents. We also discuss the characteristic features of block copolymers nanoaggregates viz., polymer micelles (PMs) and polymersomes. Amphiphilic block copolymers (with a variety of hydrophobic blocks and hydrophilic blocks; often polyethylene oxide) self-assemble in water to micelles/niosomes similar to conventional nonionic surfactants with high drug loading capacity. Double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) made of neutral block-neutral block or neutral block-charged block can transform one block to become hydrophobic under the influence of a stimulus (physical/chemical/biological), and thus induced amphiphilicity and display self-assembly are discussed. Different kinds of polymer micelles (viz. shell and core-cross-linked, core-shell-corona, schizophrenic, crew cut, Janus) are presented in detail. Updates on polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) are also provided. Polyion complexes (PICs) and polyion complex micelles (PICMs) are discussed. Applications of these block copolymeric micelles and polymersomes as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Kuperkar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhruvi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pratap Bahadur
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University (VNSGU), Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
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Tan RYH, Lee CS, Pichika MR, Cheng SF, Lam KY. PH Responsive Polyurethane for the Advancement of Biomedical and Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091672. [PMID: 35566843 PMCID: PMC9102459 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the specific physiological pH throughout the human body, pH-responsive polymers have been considered for aiding drug delivery systems. Depending on the surrounding pH conditions, the polymers can undergo swelling or contraction behaviors, and a degradation mechanism can release incorporated substances. Additionally, polyurethane, a highly versatile polymer, has been reported for its biocompatibility properties, in which it demonstrates good biological response and sustainability in biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on summarizing the applications of pH-responsive polyurethane in the biomedical and drug delivery fields in recent years. In recent studies, there have been great developments in pH-responsive polyurethanes used as controlled drug delivery systems for oral administration, intravaginal administration, and targeted drug delivery systems for chemotherapy treatment. Other applications such as surface biomaterials, sensors, and optical imaging probes are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yie Hang Tan
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (R.Y.H.T.); (K.Y.L.)
| | - Choy Sin Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sit Foon Cheng
- Unit of Research on Lipids (URL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Ki Yan Lam
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (R.Y.H.T.); (K.Y.L.)
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Li F, Xu X, Liang Y, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao F, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen W. Nuclear-targeted nanocarriers based on pH-sensitive amphiphiles for enhanced GNA002 delivery and chemotherapy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4774-4784. [PMID: 33576757 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
GNA002, a novel EZH2 inhibitor, exhibits significant anticancer efficiency in solid malignant tumor therapy; however, its poor water solubility and low enrichment at tumor sites limit its clinical application and translation. In this study, an original pH-sensitive nanocarrier (cyclo (RGDyCSH) (cRGD)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-hydrazine (Hyd)-hexa-arginine (R6)-stearic acid (SA)) was designed to precisely deliver GNA002 into the nuclei of cancer cells. The PEG-modified hydrophilic shell of the spherical GNA002-loaded nanoparticles with a mean size of 143.13 ± 0.20 nm effectively facilitated the passive target of tumor tissues and prolonged the blood circulation time. Meanwhile, cRGD was used as the active targeting ligand, which promoted the accumulation of the nanoparticles in cancer cells via ανβ3-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, the acidic environment of lysosomes triggered the rupture of the pH-sensitive hydrazine bond and the rapid formation of penetrating peptide R6-shelled secondary nanoparticles, thus enabling the lysosomal escape of the nanoparticles and the ultimate R6-mediated nuclear-targeted delivery of GNA002. Consequently, the nuclear-enriched GNA002 effectively enhanced the cytotoxicity against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, thus providing an original and promising drug delivery system for the targeted delivery of GNA002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaochen Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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