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Dufour GK. The Insidiousness of Institutional Betrayal: An Ecological Systematic Review of Campus Sexual Violence Response Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241265382. [PMID: 39092861 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241265382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Recently, post-secondary institutions have been under increased public and academic scrutiny regarding their ability to prevent and respond to instances of campus sexual violence. Emerging research has explored institutional betrayal (IB), which is a theoretical framework that states that actions and inactions on the part of the institution can cause further harm to survivors of violence. The goals of this review were, using an ecological systems lens, to identify what specific behaviors, policies, responses, and other factors constitute IB or institutional support (IS) as defined by the existing literature. A search of 16 databases across 8 disciplines led to the identification of 100 articles that mentioned either IB or IS verbatim. Factors that can be categorized as IB and IS were identified across nine levels: (1) the individual level, (2) the interpersonal level, (3) within institutional spaces, (4) within institutional procedures, (5) within institutional policies, (6) at the institutional structural level, (7) at the institutional culture level, (8) at a government and public policy level, and (9) within greater societal cultural values and established social norms. IB itself manifests across all levels of the institution and is, in fact, quite insidious-it is largely invisible and deeply rooted in systemic oppression, woven into the structure of institutions of higher education. IB remains a looming, almost inevitable outcome of the structural violence that occurs in post-secondary settings. Yet, IS and the related concept of institutional courage are emerging fields of study that pose important implications for institutional change.
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Lai J, Park E, Amabile CJ, Boyce SC, Fielding-Miller R, Swendeman D, Oaks L, Marvel D, Majnoonian A, Silverman J, Wagman J. "They Don't See Us": Asian Students' Perceptions of Sexual Violence and Sexual Harassment on Three California Public University Campuses. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:3619-3650. [PMID: 38470066 PMCID: PMC11283745 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241235912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Sexual violence and sexual harassment (SVSH) are prevalent among college and university students; however, the experiences of ethnic minority students, especially Asians, are understudied. This study aimed to reduce this gap by exploring Asian students' perceptions of SVSH on three public university campuses in Southern California. We examined their perceptions about the campus environment related to SVSH, attitudes, and behaviors toward help seeking, and utilization of on-campus resources. A total of 23 in-depth interviews were conducted with Asian students enrolled at the three University of California campuses. Thematic coding was conducted to generate main themes and subthemes. Five main themes emerged: (a) SVSH is considered a "taboo" topic in Asian culture and family systems, and Asian student survivors are often reluctant to disclose incidents or seek support services. (b) Students did not feel their campus environments were tailored to understand or meet the sociocultural realities and needs of Asian student survivors. (c) Campus SVSH services and reporting processes were seen as non-transparent. (d) Peers were the major source of support and SVSH information, as opposed to official campus-based resources and training. (e) Survivors often conduct an internal cost-benefit analysis evaluating their decision about whether to report. This study highlights the lack of conversation surrounding SVSH in Asian families, and how the cultural stigma of sex and sexual violence prevented Asian students from receiving knowledge and resources about these topics in their families. Instead of relying on formal campus resources (e.g., Title IX and confidential advocacy services, mental health services), many students turn to their peers for support. Thus, facilitating peer support groups, training university students to support each other through SVSH incidents, and tailoring campus services to the diverse cultural backgrounds of students are key considerations to foster a safe campus environment and prevent SVSH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laury Oaks
- University of California Santa Barbara, USA
| | | | - Araz Majnoonian
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- San Diego State University, CA, USA
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Bloom BE, Joseph R, Ulibarri MD, Reed E, Ulloa EC. Factors Associated with Engaging in Bystander Intervention Behavior Among College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:1731-1759. [PMID: 38014681 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231212170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a well-documented and highly prevalent issue on college campuses that disproportionately impacts women, students of color, and students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ). In recent years, bystander intervention programming has emerged as a promising prevention strategy for colleges due to its success in preventing SV before it occurs using community involvement; however, little consideration has been given to the power, status, or position that a bystander has when deciding whether to intervene and weighing the potential consequences of their actions. In order to inform university campus bystander intervention programming and increase its effectiveness, more work is needed to understand specific student characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, history of SV) that may be associated with engaging in bystander behavior in SV risk situations. Using cross-sectional data from a large west-coast university, 592 students were surveyed about their SV-related experiences. Poisson regression models were utilized to determine the relative risk of engaging in bystander behavior by sociodemographic identities and history of SV victimization. Our fully adjusted model indicated that experiencing attempted and completed sexual assault was associated with engaging in bystander behavior; belonging to specific minority groups was differentially associated with engaging in bystander behavior, as was belonging to a minority group and having a history of SV. Personal histories, identities, and power inequity matter when deciding to engage in bystander behavior. Additional research is needed to create more well-rounded and population-specific bystander intervention programs that are inclusive of diverse student voices and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnie E Bloom
- San Diego State University, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Renee Joseph
- Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Klein LB, Brewer NQ, Cloy C, Lovern H, Bangen M, McLean K, Voth Schrag R, Wood L. Campus interpersonal violence survivor advocacy services. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37167592 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Although there has been increased attention to campus interpersonal violence, there is limited information on survivor advocacy services. Participants: We recruited participants from 155 U.S. institutions of higher education responsible for advocacy services on their campus. Methods: We used a community participatory action approach in partnership with the Campus Advocacy and Prevention Professionals Association to develop and disseminate a survey regarding campus advocacy services. Results: Participants shared critical insights about (a) advocacy staffing/caseload, (b) program structure, (c) advocacy practices, and (d) connection to services for people who had caused harm. We found that advocacy programs are often providing best practice services for survivors of violence but operating with few staff and unclear privacy protections. Conclusions: This study provided crucial preliminary information about how campuses provide advocacy services, but more researcher-practitioner engagement is needed to build on this study and establish clear practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Klein
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan Q Brewer
- Sexual Assault and Prevention Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cherita Cloy
- Independent Researcher, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly Lovern
- Violence Prevention and Advocacy Services, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kiley McLean
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel Voth Schrag
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Leila Wood
- School of Nursing, University of Texas-Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Bloom BE, Park E, Swendeman D, Oaks L, Sumstine S, Amabile C, Carey S, Wagman JA. Opening the "Black Box": Student-Generated Solutions to Improve Sexual Violence Response and Prevention Efforts for Undergraduates on College Campuses. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3554-3587. [PMID: 35040708 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211068063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Campus-based sexual violence and sexual harassment (SVSH) are prevalent issues that impact students detrimentally. Guided by community-based participatory research, this qualitative study assessed undergraduate students' perceptions of available campus SVSH resources, gaps in services, and recommendations for solutions for SVSH at three universities in California via interviews and focus groups. Approximately half of participants were unaware of available SVSH services, while others had varying knowledge of service availability and experiences with services. Students want better-funded, trauma-informed, and survivor-centered services and providers who share their identities and lived experiences. We provide multi-level student-centered solutions to improve current campus-based SVSH prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnie E Bloom
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, 8784University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, 229133San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eunhee Park
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dallas Swendeman
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laury Oaks
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Feminist Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Sumstine
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claire Amabile
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stoddy Carey
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wagman
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Wagman JA, Amabile C, Sumstine S, Park E, Boyce S, Silverman J, Fielding-Miller R, Oaks L, Swendeman D. Student, Staff, and Faculty Perspectives on Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence on 3 Public University Campuses: Protocol for the UC Speaks Up Study and Preliminary Results. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e31189. [PMID: 35380114 PMCID: PMC9019617 DOI: 10.2196/31189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner and sexual violence are pervasive public health issues on college and university campuses in the United States. Research is recommended for creating and maintaining effective, relevant, and acceptable prevention programs and response services for student survivors. OBJECTIVE The University of California (UC) Speaks Up study aims to examine factors contributing to intimate partner and sexual violence on 3 UC campuses and use the findings to develop and test interventions and policies to prevent violence, promote health, and lay the groundwork for subsequent large-scale quantitative research. METHODS A mixed methods study was conducted at UC Los Angeles, UC San Diego, and UC Santa Barbara. Phase I (2017-2020) involved a resource audit; cultural consensus modeling of students' perceptions of sexual consent; in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions with students to understand perceptions of campus environment related to experiences as well as prevention of and responses to violence; and IDIs with faculty, staff, and community stakeholders to investigate institutional and community arrangements influencing students' lives and experiences. Phase II (2020-ongoing) involves IDIs with student survivors to assess the use and perceptions of campus and community services. Qualitative content analysis is used to generate substantive codes and subthemes that emerge, using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS In January 2019, we conducted 149 free-listing interviews and 214 web-based surveys with undergraduate and graduate and professional students for the cultural consensus modeling. Between February 2019 and June 2019, 179 IDIs were conducted with 86 (48%) undergraduate students, 21 (11.7%) graduate and professional students, 34 (19%) staff members, 27 (15.1%) faculty members, and 11 (6.1%) community stakeholders, and 35 focus group discussions (27/35, 77% with undergraduate students and 8/35, 23% with graduate and professional students) were conducted with 201 participants. Since September 2020, 50% (15/30) of the planned student survivor interviews have been conducted. This segment of data collection was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recruitment is ongoing. CONCLUSIONS Data analysis and phase II data collection are ongoing. The findings will be used to develop and test interventions for preventing violence, promoting health and well-being, and ensuring that survivor services are relevant and acceptable to and meet the needs of all individuals in the campus community, including those who are typically understudied. The findings will also be used to prepare for rigorous, UC-system-wide public health prevention research. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/31189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wagman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Claire Amabile
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Sumstine
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eunhee Park
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sabrina Boyce
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jay Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Fielding-Miller
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laury Oaks
- Department of Feminist Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Dallas Swendeman
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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