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Nielsen MBD, Skov SS, Grundtvig G, Folker AP, Rugulies R, Tybjerg Aldrich P, Clausen T, Madsen IEH. Workplace sexual harassment: a qualitative study of the self-labelling process among employees in Denmark. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2324990. [PMID: 38648665 PMCID: PMC11036896 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2324990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore how employees understand work-related sexual harassment and label their experience. METHODS This study is based on 13 semi-structured in-depth interviews with employees exposed to workplace sexual harassment. We analysed the data using a thematic approach drawing on frameworks of sensemaking in organizations. RESULTS We identified four major themes. The first two themes, distinguishing between sexual harassment and unwanted sexual attention and labelling real life sexual harassment, outline the interviewees' definitions of the two terms "sexual harassment" and "unwanted sexual harassment" and reveal the challenges of labelling sexually harassing behaviours at work. The last two themes; making the connection and negotiating boundaries and labels, explain the sensemaking process, i.e., how the interviewees come to understand and label their experience. CONCLUSION The analysis showed that the interviewees related sexual harassment with physical, coercive, and intentional behaviours, whereas unwanted sexual attention was seen as less severe and less intentional. The interviewees often doubted how to label their experience, and making sense of one´s experience could take years. Self-labelling is inherently a social process, and the validation and rejection of others play an important role. Finally, the #MeToo movement constituted a turning point for several interviewees' understandings of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Britt Dahl Nielsen
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Smedegaard Skov
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gry Grundtvig
- Green Transition Advisory, COWI A/S, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Paldam Folker
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Clausen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida E. H. Madsen
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment in Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Amos N, Hill AO, Lyons A, Bigby C, Carman M, Parsons M, Bourne A. Factors Associated With Experiences of Harassment or Abuse Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, and Asexual Young People With Disability in Australia. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:2189-2213. [PMID: 38069494 PMCID: PMC10993630 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231216690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and asexual (LGBTQA+) young people with disability are known to experience higher rates of harassment or abuse than LGBTQA+ young people without disability. This study focused on participants in Australia and identified factors associated with harassment or abuse among LGBTQA+ adolescents and young adults who reported a disability as well as associations with mental health outcomes. Analyses were conducted from a national survey that included 2,500 LGBTQA+ people who reported a disability and were aged 14 to 21 years. Measures included experiences in the past 12 months of verbal and physical harassment or abuse due to one's sexual orientation or gender identity, sexual harassment or abuse, mental health, suicidality, and sociodemographic traits. Overall, 48.4% of participants with disability reported experiencing verbal harassment or abuse, 12.4% physical harassment or abuse, and 29.7% sexual assault or harassment. In multivariable regression analyses, verbal harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among trans men, participants with an intellectual disability, and those who were "out" to most or all of their family. Physical harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among participants with a physical or sensory disability. Sexual harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among trans women and participants with a physical or sensory disability. Participants who experienced harassment or abuse were also significantly more likely to have attempted suicide in the past 12 months. These findings will assist policymakers and practitioners in identifying contexts linked to a heightened risk of abuse among LGBTQA+ young people with disability and further underscore an immediate need to address and prevent harm in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam O. Hill
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- St Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Bourne
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Marck CH, Ayton D, Steward T, Koay HF, Wiley JF, Taiaroa G, Walton CC, Weld-Blundell I, Greaves MD, Singh A. The workplace culture, mental health and wellbeing of early- and mid-career health academics: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1122. [PMID: 38654184 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There are reports of poor working conditions for early and mid-career academics (EMCAs) in universities, however, empirical data using validated tools are scarce. We conducted an online, cross-sectional survey using validated tools to assess workplace satisfaction, exposure to workplace abuse, and mental health. Participants included employees of medical and health faculties of two of the largest Australian universities, surveyed between October 2020 and January 2021.Overall, 284 participants responded. Many reported job insecurity: half (50.7%) working on contracts with less than one remaining year. Workloads were considerable, with 89.5% of participants working overtime and 54.8% reporting burnout. Workplace abuse in the forms of bullying (46.6%), sexual harassment (25.3%), sexism (49.8%) and racism (22.5%) were commonly reported. Clinically significant symptoms of depression (28.0%), anxiety (21.7%) and suicidal ideation or self-harm (13.6%) were reported; with a higher prevalence among those working more overtime, and those exposed to workplace abuse. Priorities include providing a stable and safe workplace, increasing accountability and transparency in addressing workplace abuse, and supporting professional development.In summary, EMCAs in our study were commonly exposed to precarious employment conditions and workplace abuse. Our findings provide empirical evidence on where universities and funding bodies should direct resources and change organisational risk factors, to improve workplace culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia H Marck
- Disability and Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Darshini Ayton
- Health and Social Care Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua F Wiley
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Courtney C Walton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Isabelle Weld-Blundell
- Disability and Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew D Greaves
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ankur Singh
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Cunningham GB, Wicker P. Sexual harassment and implicit gender-career biases negatively impact women's life expectancy in the US: a state-level analysis, 2011-2019. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1115. [PMID: 38654268 PMCID: PMC11036706 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite some gains, women continue to have less access to work and poorer experiences in the workplace, relative to men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among women's life expectancy and two work-related factors, sexual harassment and gender-career biases. METHOD We examined the associations at the state level of analysis (and District of Columbia) in the US from 2011 to 2019 (n = 459) using archival data from various sources. Measures of the ratio of population to primary health providers, year, the percent of adults who are uninsured, the percent of residents aged 65 or older, and percent of residents who are Non-Hispanic White all served as controls. RESULTS Results of linear regression models showed that, after accounting for the controls, sexual harassment and gender-career biases among people in the state held significant, negative associations with women's life expectancy. CONCLUSION The study contributes to the small but growing literature showing that negative workplace experiences and bias against women in the workplace negatively impact women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Cunningham
- Laboratory for Diversity in Sport, Department of Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Pamela Wicker
- Department of Sport Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Crowley JE. Are They Really Helping Them to "Get Over It"? Bystander Behavior After Sexual Harassment Incidents in the Fashion Industry. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1704-1730. [PMID: 37924261 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231209995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment is a problem that continues to confront mostly women in the American workforce. One of the primary ways to reduce its prevalence and impact is through bystander intervention. A bystander is familiar with the incident and ultimately decides whether to proactively intervene, do nothing, or actually cause further damage to the victim by siding with the perpetrator. While bystanders can become engaged both prior to and during a sexually harassing event, or at the primary and secondary levels of prevention, they can also be involved after the incident, or at the tertiary level of prevention. This present study addressed tertiary prevention in real-life sexual harassment cases drawn from the fashion industry, whereby female models-as independent contractors represented by agencies and with few labor rights-were the victims, powerful men in the business were the key perpetrators, and other actors were the bystanders. Using thematic analysis to understand 18 accounts of harassment, this research identified bystander support from personal associates and some modeling agencies as institutions in the form of emotional resources and action-oriented advocacy. However, other modeling agencies more commonly engaged in bystander opposition, whereby they silenced their models who complained of harassment or continued to send models to work with known perpetrators in the business. This study thus draws attention to the ways in which some bystanders can help, but others can cause further harm through their particular employment relationships with victims that promote worker precarity. Implications for practitioners and public policy reforms for this industry are discussed.
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Yi SY, Ali NS, Lee KS, Ross AB. Prevalence and Impact of Workplace Sexual Harassment Experienced by Medical Sonographers. J Ultrasound Med 2024; 43:307-314. [PMID: 37853981 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and impact of sexual harassment among a nationwide sample of medical sonographers. METHODS A survey was distributed anonymously to a convenience sample of medical sonographers via email contacts and sonographer-specific social media pages. Data were analyzed to determine respondent demographics, the prevalence of sexual harassment in the last 2 years, the type and severity of harassment experienced, demographics of perpetrators, personal and institutional responses to such experiences, and the impact of sexual harassment on sonographer physical and mental health and job satisfaction. RESULTS Of the 220 sonographers (83% female) most (45%) were between 18 and 34 years and identified as white (81%). A total of 192 (87%) reported experiencing at least 1 incident of harassment within the last 2 years. Female respondents experienced higher harassment rates (76%) compared to males (50%, P = .02). The most common forms of harassment were verbal, including suggestive or sexist jokes (69%) and offensive sexist remarks (61%). Perpetrators were predominantly male (78%) and most commonly patients (89%) or their friends/family members (46%). The majority of respondents either ignored the harassing behavior (70%) or treated it like a joke (50%), with only a minority (12%) officially reporting incidents. Of those who reported, 44% were unsatisfied with their institution's response. Among respondents, 34% reported negative impacts of workplace sexual harassment, such as anxiety, depression, sleep loss, or adverse workplace consequences. DISCUSSION Workplace sexual harassment is a common occurrence for sonographers and often leads to negative health and career outcomes. Further institutional policies to prevent harassment and mitigate its effects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y Yi
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Naiim S Ali
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Kenneth S Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Andrew B Ross
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Bonsaksen T, Steigen AM, Granrud MD, Dangmann CR, Stea TH. Sexual harassment exposure among junior high school students in Norway: prevalence and associated factors. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1307605. [PMID: 38304183 PMCID: PMC10830835 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1307605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual harassment is common in most countries and cultures. Less is known about sexual harassment, its risk factors, and psychosocial outcomes among young adolescents. The aim of the study was to examine the 12-month prevalence of sexual harassment exposure, and sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with exposure among junior high school students in Norway. Methods A comprehensive cross-sectional study was completed by 83,297 Norwegian adolescents in junior high school in 2021. Data on exposure to sexual harassment were used in combination with sociodemographic measures and psychosocial outcomes: depressive symptoms, loneliness, self-esteem, and well-being. Group differences were analyzed with Chi Square tests, and sociodemographic risk factors were analyzed with logistic regression. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed with multivariate and univariate ANOVAs, and dose-response relationships were assessed with linear regression. Results Among the adolescents, 32.6% had experienced sexual harassment during the past year. Girls had higher odds of exposure (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.84-1.96), whereas adolescents whose parents had higher education had lower odds (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.90-0.99). Exposure was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (partial η2 [ES] = 0.11) and loneliness (ES = 0.07), and with lower self-esteem (ES = 0.06) and well-being (ES = 0.06). Among exposed adolescents, more frequent exposure was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion Exposure to sexual harassment affects one third of junior high school students in Norway. Those who are exposed have poorer psychosocial outcomes, and there is a dose-response relationship between exposure and outcomes. Awareness of sexual harassment among young adolescents, and interventions to prevent and reduce it, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Science, VID Specialized University, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Steigen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marie Dahlen Granrud
- Department of Social Sciences and Guidance, Faculty of Social and Health Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Cecilie Ruud Dangmann
- Department of Social Sciences and Guidance, Faculty of Social and Health Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Tonje Holte Stea
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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He H, Wang X, Wang P, Liu S. Association Between Sexual Harassment Intervention Strategies and the Sexual Harassment Perception and Attitude of University Students in Beijing, China. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:214-236. [PMID: 37650464 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231196106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment in universities harms the physical and psychological health and development of students. Although Chinese universities are required to implement sexual harassment interventions, few studies have estimated how well interventions are perceived by students and the association with their perceptions and attitudes toward sexual harassment. This study aims to examine the perceptions and attitudes toward sexual harassment and perceived sexual harassment interventions among university students. Further, it evaluated the association between sexual harassment interventions and sexual harassment perceptions and attitudes among university students and explored potential gender differences in the observed associations. We categorized sexual harassment interventions into three types of strategies (informal education activities, prevention mechanisms, and multiformat publicity) and designed an 8-item scale for sexual harassment perception and a 10-item scale for sexual harassment attitude. A total of 872 students were recruited from six universities in Beijing, China. Association between intervention strategies and sexual harassment perceptions and attitudes was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that 78.56% of the university students recognized all sexual harassment behaviors, and 11.58% felt angry about all sexual harassment behaviors. Male students felt angrier at same-sex harassment than female students (p < .001). Overall, the students were aware of approximately 3 of the 13 sexual harassment interventions. None of the three intervention strategies was significantly associated with perceptions of sexual harassment (p > .050). The attitude toward sexual harassment was positively associated with informal education activities (coeff = 0.055, p = .015) and multiformat publicity (coeff = 0.077, p = .030) among female students, and negatively associated with prevention mechanisms (coeff = -0.123, p = .033) among male students. Our findings imply that sexual harassment interventions are not well known among university students. Universities should develop and propagate more sexual harassment informal education activities and multiformat publicity intervention strategies and pay more attention to gender differences in intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Public Health & Disease Prevention and Control Interdisciplinary Major Innovation Platform, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- Institute of Health Sciences Research, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences Research, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Palmieri J, Östergren PO, Larsson M, Agardh A. Psychosocial study environment characteristics associated with exposure to sexual harassment at a large public university in southern Sweden: a cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2264627. [PMID: 37823382 PMCID: PMC10572035 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2264627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universities can be understood as work-like environments for students, with similar risks and expectations regarding psychosocial environment. Limited research has examined this study environment from a Demand-Control-Support perspective with regard to sexual harassment. Understanding this environment is key to designing protective measures. This study aimed to examine the association between individual and psychosocial study environment characteristics and exposure to sexual harassment among students at Lund University, Sweden. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilised data from an online survey conducted among students. Questions on background characteristics, exposure to sexual harassment while at university and psychosocial study environment as measured by a Demand-Control-Support-instrument were used. Bivariate, and multivariable logistic regressions were used, together with Population Attributable Fractions (PAF), and synergy indexes (SI). RESULTS High demands and low control were independently associated with higher odds of being exposed to sexual harassment among both females and males (OR 1.41, OR 1.26 and OR 1.55, OR1.34, respectively). When adjusting for background characteristics, high study strain (combination of high demands and low control) was associated with exposure to sexual harassment among both female and male respondents (aOR 1.67 and 1.98 respectively) and could account for PAF of 14% and 15% of study environment sexual harassment for females and males, respectively. Low lecturer support was associated with higher odds for sexual harassment among females (aOR 1.19) but not males. Little evidence was found for a buffering effect of student support on high strain and sexual harassment (SI 0.7). CONCLUSION Working to reduce situations of high strain study environments could be an effective strategy for reducing sexual harassment in university settings. Improving support from lecturers could also modify this relationship, but more research is required to identify causal pathways underlying this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Palmieri
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Östergren
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Markus Larsson
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette Agardh
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Martin-Storey A, Dirks M, Paquette G, Boutin S, Dryburgh NSJ, Leduc K, Bolduc ML, Temcheff C. The Slut-Shaming Instrument: Preliminary validation, correlates, and links with psychological distress among adolescent girls. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:1447-1457. [PMID: 37482938 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite social awareness of the problem of slut-shaming for adolescent girls, no existing measure captures this construct. Using data from a sample of 202 girls from Québec, Canada (ages 14-17; 68% White), preliminary validation is provided for the Slut-Shaming Instrument, a seven-item measure of negative peer experiences related to being perceived as too sexually active, sexualized, or flirtatious. The measure showed strong psychometric properties including good reliability and factor structure, expected associations with daily experiences of slut-related victimization and sexual harassment, and links with number of sexual partners and other forms of peer victimization. Slut-shaming was associated with distress accounting for these other forms of victimization (including sexual harassment), suggesting the pertinence of addressing this type of gender-based victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Martin-Storey
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melanie Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Paquette
- Département de psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Boutin
- Départment de psychologie, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Karissa Leduc
- Department of Educational and School Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Temcheff
- Department of Educational and School Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mao A, Cheong PL, Tam HL, Van IK. Nursing students' experiences of sexual harassment - A qualitative study from feminist identity perspective. Nurse Educ Pract 2023; 73:103822. [PMID: 37951066 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore experiences of sexual harassment among nursing students in an East Asian region and to gain knowledge of the underlying factors influencing nursing students' conceptualization of and response to sexual harassment. BACKGROUND Nursing students are susceptible to sexual harassment due to gender and power inequality in healthcare systems. Sexual harassment has an adverse impact on the students' physical and mental health. Studies on sexual harassment among nursing students are limited and reported significantly varied occurrence prevalence in different cultures. Feminist identity theory can provide a framework to examine social-culturally constructed perceptions of sexual harassment. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study. METHODS The study was conducted in Macau, a Special Administrative Region of China. Purposive sampling was applied. Twenty-six nursing students and five nursing educators participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data. A series of measures were applied to enhance the trustworthiness of the study. RESULTS While most of the students had not experienced or heard of sexual harassment, a limited number claimed sexual harassment as a frequently encountered instance. The students expressed uncertainty about what constituted sexual harassment, mainly due to a lack of exposure to information on sexual harassment. They were caught in a dilemma between exerting nursing professional virtues and exposing the misconduct of the suspected perpetrators, leading to taking passive approaches of ignoring and avoiding as the primary coping strategies. In contrast, nursing educators advocated proactive approaches as coping strategies to address sexual harassment. CONCLUSIONS A conflict between nursing professional identity and feminist identity is observed among nursing students. Healthcare institutions and nursing schools should develop interventions to enhance nursing students' assertiveness to sexual harassment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Mao
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Avenida do Hospital das Ilhas no.447, RAEM, Coloane, Macau, China.
| | - Pak-Leng Cheong
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Avenida do Hospital das Ilhas no.447, RAEM, Coloane, Macau, China
| | - Hon-Lon Tam
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Avenida do Hospital das Ilhas no.447, RAEM, Coloane, Macau, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Esther Lee Building, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Iat-Kio Van
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Avenida do Hospital das Ilhas no.447, RAEM, Coloane, Macau, China
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Buyse K, Goorts K, Peeters D, Dhondt E, Portzky G. Sexual harassment at work within Belgian Defence: a prevalence study. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:397-402. [PMID: 34417341 PMCID: PMC10579512 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual harassment (SH) at work can have an impact on the general health and well-being and on the productivity of the employee. To date, the Belgian Armed Forces do not have any accurate data about SH. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence of SH within Belgian Defence. METHODS The prevalence of SH and staff mental well-being was investigated in a sample of 399 female soldiers. Using quantitative analysis, we measured the impact on mental well-being and the relation to demographic characteristics. Using a qualitative analysis in a subsample of eight female soldiers, we investigated barriers to reporting SH and the impact on professional performance and psychosocial well-being. RESULTS The prevalence of non-physical SH is 36.1% over the last 12 months and 64.4% over the course of a career. Physical SH has a prevalence of 16.1% and 43.4%, respectively. Rape prevalence was reported to be 1.4% over the past 12 months, 9% over the course of their career.One in three female soldiers suffer from reduced mental well-being, which was significantly associated with SH. In the interviews, female employees report an impact of SH on professional and personal performance. The willingness to report is low due to misunderstanding, disinformation and psychosocial insecurity. CONCLUSION High prevalence numbers were found suggesting an important impact on the professional performance and mental well-being of female military personnel. Organisational changes may create more willingness among victims to report incidents to the designated services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaatje Buyse
- Health and Wellbeing, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - K Goorts
- Health and Wellbeing, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
- Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Peeters
- Health and Wellbeing, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Dhondt
- Health and Wellbeing, Belgian Defence, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Portzky
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Jagsi R, Griffith K, Krenz C, Jones RD, Cutter C, Feldman EL, Jacobson C, Kerr E, Paradis K, Singer K, Spector N, Stewart A, Telem D, Ubel P, Settles I. Workplace Harassment, Cyber Incivility, and Climate in Academic Medicine. JAMA 2023; 329:1848-1858. [PMID: 37278814 PMCID: PMC10245188 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance The culture of academic medicine may foster mistreatment that disproportionately affects individuals who have been marginalized within a given society (minoritized groups) and compromises workforce vitality. Existing research has been limited by a lack of comprehensive, validated measures, low response rates, and narrow samples as well as comparisons limited to the binary gender categories of male or female assigned at birth (cisgender). Objective To evaluate academic medical culture, faculty mental health, and their relationship. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 830 faculty members in the US received National Institutes of Health career development awards from 2006-2009, remained in academia, and responded to a 2021 survey that had a response rate of 64%. Experiences were compared by gender, race and ethnicity (using the categories of Asian, underrepresented in medicine [defined as race and ethnicity other than Asian or non-Hispanic White], and White), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) status. Multivariable models were used to explore associations between experiences of culture (climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility) with mental health. Exposures Minoritized identity based on gender, race and ethnicity, and LGBTQ+ status. Main Outcomes and Measures Three aspects of culture were measured as the primary outcomes: organizational climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility using previously developed instruments. The 5-item Mental Health Inventory (scored from 0 to 100 points with higher values indicating better mental health) was used to evaluate the secondary outcome of mental health. Results Of the 830 faculty members, there were 422 men, 385 women, 2 in nonbinary gender category, and 21 who did not identify gender; there were 169 Asian respondents, 66 respondents underrepresented in medicine, 572 White respondents, and 23 respondents who did not report their race and ethnicity; and there were 774 respondents who identified as cisgender and heterosexual, 31 as having LGBTQ+ status, and 25 who did not identify status. Women rated general climate (5-point scale) more negatively than men (mean, 3.68 [95% CI, 3.59-3.77] vs 3.96 [95% CI, 3.88-4.04], respectively, P < .001). Diversity climate ratings differed significantly by gender (mean, 3.72 [95% CI, 3.64-3.80] for women vs 4.16 [95% CI, 4.09-4.23] for men, P < .001) and by race and ethnicity (mean, 4.0 [95% CI, 3.88-4.12] for Asian respondents, 3.71 [95% CI, 3.50-3.92] for respondents underrepresented in medicine, and 3.96 [95% CI, 3.90-4.02] for White respondents, P = .04). Women were more likely than men to report experiencing gender harassment (sexist remarks and crude behaviors) (71.9% [95% CI, 67.1%-76.4%] vs 44.9% [95% CI, 40.1%-49.8%], respectively, P < .001). Respondents with LGBTQ+ status were more likely to report experiencing sexual harassment than cisgender and heterosexual respondents when using social media professionally (13.3% [95% CI, 1.7%-40.5%] vs 2.5% [95% CI, 1.2%-4.6%], respectively, P = .01). Each of the 3 aspects of culture and gender were significantly associated with the secondary outcome of mental health in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions and Relevance High rates of sexual harassment, cyber incivility, and negative organizational climate exist in academic medicine, disproportionately affecting minoritized groups and affecting mental health. Ongoing efforts to transform culture are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Jagsi
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Chris Krenz
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | | | - Eve Kerr
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Nancy Spector
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abby Stewart
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dana Telem
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Peter Ubel
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Isis Settles
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Murchison GR, Austin SB, Reisner SL, Chen JT. Middle School Psychological Distress and Sexual Harassment Victimization as Predictors of Dating Violence Involvement. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:6576-6600. [PMID: 36367156 PMCID: PMC10692829 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221135166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual harassment victimization is increasingly recognized as a strong risk factor for dating violence victimization and perpetration. Research on this association has focused on older adolescents and on sexual harassment at a single time point rather than chronic exposure. Furthermore, potential mechanisms, such as psychological distress, are not well understood. The goals of this study were to identify whether sexual harassment victimization and psychological distress were reciprocally related, whether chronic psychological distress and sexual harassment victimization in early adolescence were associated with higher levels of dating violence involvement measured in mid-adolescence, and whether these relationships differed between boys and girls. We used longitudinal data from 4,718 US middle school students to fit regression models for the associations between sexual harassment victimization and psychological distress. We then used data from a subset of 1,279 students followed up in high school to fit marginal structural models for sixth- to eighth-grade psychological distress and sexual harassment victimization as predictors of dating violence involvement measured in ninth grade. We found that (1) sexual harassment victimization was positively, concurrently associated with psychological distress, with a stronger association among girls than boys; (2) psychological distress was positively, prospectively associated with sexual harassment victimization among girls but not boys; (3) chronic sixth- to eighth-grade psychological distress was not significantly associated with dating violence victimization or perpetration measured in ninth grade; and (4) chronic sixth- to eighth-grade sexual harassment victimization was associated with significantly higher levels of dating violence victimization and perpetration measured in ninth grade. The results support a reciprocal relationship between distress and sexual harassment victimization for early adolescent girls, and they call for further attention to gender differences in the content and impact of sexual harassment. Furthermore, the findings indicate that preventing sexual harassment in early adolescence may be critical in reducing dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Murchison
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sari L. Reisner
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarvis T. Chen
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Yosep I, Hikmat R, Suryani S, Mardhiyah A. Experiences of Sexual Harassment by Patients among Nurses at the Mental Hospital of West Java Province: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20085525. [PMID: 37107808 PMCID: PMC10138340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment is behavior related to forced sex without the consent of the victim. Incidents of sexual harassment on nurses can be in the form of physical behavior and verbal behavior. The factor of power relations between men and women and the patriarchal culture in Indonesia are the causes of the sexual harassment of mental health nurses, so many incidents of the sexual harassment of women occur. The forms of sexual harassment that occur include kissing, hugging from behind, and verbal abuse related to sex. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of sexual harassment of psychiatric nurses at the Mental Hospital of West Java Province. This study implemented a qualitative descriptive approach using the NVIVO 12 software application. The sample in this study was 40 psychiatric nurses at the Mental Hospital of West Java Province. The sampling technique in this study was focus group discussions with semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The data analysis in this study used a thematic analysis. This study shows that sexual harassment behavior is carried out by patients in physical and verbal forms. Sexual harassment is mostly carried out by male patients towards female nurses. Meanwhile, sexual harassment took the form of hugging from behind, kissing, naked patients in front of nurses, and disturbing nurses with verbal abuse related to sex. Nurses feel disturbed, afraid, anxious, and shocked by the incidents of sexual harassment committed by patients. Sexual harassment by patients towards nurses causes psychological problems for nurses and causes nurses to want to leave their jobs. Gender adjustment between nurses and patients is a preventive effort to prevent the sexual harassment of nurses. Sexual harassment by patients causes a decrease in the quality of work of nurses in providing nursing care, creating a work environment that is less safe and comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyus Yosep
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-81394665577
| | - Rohman Hikmat
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Suryani Suryani
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ai Mardhiyah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Wamoyi J, Ranganathan M, Mugunga S, Stöckl H. "It Gives You a Feeling of Pride when You Touch Her": The Role of Masculinity in Sexual Harassment of Adolescent Schoolgirls in Tanzania. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP108-NP127. [PMID: 35350928 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment or the unwanted offensive behaviours that women and girls experience is a pervasive global challenge. Yet, there is limited evidence on the lived experiences of sexual harassment from school-based settings in sub-Saharan Africa. We explore students' perceived experiences, perpetration, and drivers of sexual harassment in schools in Mwanza, Tanzania. This study employed a qualitative research design involving 30 in-depth interviews and seven focus group discussions with 30 male and 40 female secondary school pupils aged 13-19 years. Data was analysed using a thematic approach. The findings show that experiences of sexual harassment among schoolgirls were widespread. Common forms of harassment were verbal and non-verbal gestures of a sexual nature. The desire to prove one's masculinity and peer pressure were key drivers of perpetration among schoolboys. Teachers took advantage of their positions of authority to sexually harass female pupils and employed corporal punishment to those who resisted their advances. Sexual harassment had multiple negative outcomes, including schoolgirls dropping out of school and mental health issues, such as anxiety, stress and poor academic performance. Girls rarely reported sexual harassment for fear of further victimisation and stigma from others. Sexual harassment of girls is common in secondary schools in Mwanza and is mainly driven by peer pressure and the desire to prove one's masculinity. Given its harmful effects, there is a need to implement clear policies to protect girls, support confidential disclosure and reporting and to address toxic masculinity norms among young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Wamoyi
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 119151National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Meghna Ranganathan
- Department of Global Health and Development, 4906London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mugunga
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 119151National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Department of Global Health and Development, 4906London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Hayes S, Lonergan A, Trompeter N, Bussey K, Hay P, Mitchison D. Longitudinal relationship between experience of sexual harassment and 2-year body image and weight outcomes in adolescence: mediation through self-objectification and psychological distress. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3095-3108. [PMID: 35834106 PMCID: PMC9803756 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study investigated the experience of sexual harassment as a risk factor for weight gain and weight/shape concerns in a community sample of adolescents, with potential mediating factors self-objectification and psychological distress. METHOD 1034 Australian adolescents (aged 11 to 19 years) from the EveryBODY longitudinal study of disordered eating pathology participated. Data were collected through online surveys annually for 3 years. Participants completed self-report measures of demographics, sexual harassment, psychological distress, self-objectification, weight/shape concerns and BMI percentile. RESULTS A parallel mediation model adjusting for baseline scores found no direct effect between baseline experiences of sexual harassment and change in BMI percentile or weight/shape concern after 2 years. Experiences of sexual harassment significantly increased self-objectification scores after 1 year in female adolescents. Subsequently, higher self-objectification significantly increased the risk of greater weight/shape concern after 1 year in female adolescents. However, no significant mediating relationship was found in the relationship between sexual harassment and weight/shape concern or BMI percentile for either gender. Psychological distress was found to be a clear risk factor for weight/shape concern in both genders after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Intervention programmes in schools should focus on developing policies to reduce sexual harassment, self-objectification and distress in adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, longitudinal multiple time series without intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hayes
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, 51 Captain Cook Drive, Kurnell, Sydney, NSW, 2231, Australia.
| | | | - Nora Trompeter
- School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kay Bussey
- School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, SWSLHD, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Mennicke A, Coates CA, Jules B, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J. Who do They Tell? College Students' Formal and Informal Disclosure of Sexual Violence, Sexual Harassment, Stalking, and Dating Violence by Gender, Sexual Identity, and Race. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20092-NP20119. [PMID: 34798795 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disclosure of interpersonal violence (i.e., sexual violence, sexual harassment, dating violence, and stalking) is often the first step toward receiving social and systemic support. Research demonstrates that sexual assault and dating violence survivors on college campuses are more likely to disclosure to informal sources (i.e., friends and family) than formal sources (e.g., police, Title IX, counseling centers). However, there is limited research examining disclosure rates after other forms of violence (i.e., stalking, sexual harassment), and little is known about the impact of the survivors' identities on disclosure. Utilizing four academic years (2016-2019) of aggregated campus climate data from a large Southeastern university, the current study examined rates of disclosure across experiences of sexual violence, sexual harassment, dating violence, and stalking while identifying whether the prevalence and type of disclosure (formal versus informal-only) differed by gender, sexual orientation, and/or race/ethnicity. Of 8,017 participants, 4.6% reported sexual violence, 18.9% reported sexual harassment, 12.3% reported dating violence, and 11.3% reported stalking in the past academic year. Results of multinomial logistic regression indicated that, across all four types of violence, men (as compared to women) had lower odds of disclosing both informally-only and formally. Bisexual as compared to heterosexual students had higher odds of formal disclosure of sexual harassment and stalking while gay/lesbian students had higher odds of formally disclosing sexual harassment. Individuals of another race/ethnicity (compared to White students) had lower odds of informal-only disclosure of dating violence. Findings underscore the need to implement programs to improve the social reactions of friends and family members receiving disclosures, and to increase culturally-tailored service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bridget Jules
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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19
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Silver E, Silver S. The Influence of Moral Intuitions on Americans' Divergent Reactions to Reports of Sexual Assault and Harassment. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20040-NP20064. [PMID: 34654340 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on insights from moral psychology, we examine the influence of moral intuitions on Americans' divergent reactions to reports of sexual assault and harassment. We hypothesize that Americans whose moral intuitions emphasize care and protection of the vulnerable will show a greater willingness to believe reports of sexual assault and harassment, while those whose moral intuitions emphasize social order and cohesion will show greater skepticism toward such reports. Using data from a nationally representative sample of USA adults (N =1050), we find strong support for both hypotheses. We also find that the influence of moral intuitions on reactions to reports of sexual assault and harassment is partially mediated by respondents' willingness to attribute responsibility to victims of sex crimes. Our results hold when females and males are examined separately. The study provides compelling evidence that a moral intuitionist approach is useful for understanding Americans' divergent reactions to reports of sexual assault and harassment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Silver
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, 311285Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stacy Silver
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, 311285Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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20
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Salerno-Ferraro AC, Erentzen C, Schuller RA. Young Women's Experiences With Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence From Male Strangers. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP17860-NP17885. [PMID: 34271829 PMCID: PMC9554274 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stranger-perpetrated harassment was identified decades ago to describe the pervasive, unwanted sexual attention women experience in public spaces. This form of harassment, which has evolved in the modern era, targets women as they navigate online spaces, social media, texting, and online gaming. The present research explored university-aged women's experiences (n = 381) with online male-perpetrated sexual harassment, including the nature and frequency of the harassment, how women responded to the harassment, and how men reportedly reacted to women's strategies. Trends in harassment experiences are explored descriptively and with thematic analysis. Most women reported receiving sexually inappropriate messages (84%, n = 318), sexist remarks or comments (74%, n = 281), seductive behavior or come-ons (70%, n = 265), or unwanted sexual attention (64%, n = 245) in an online platform, social media account, email, or text message. This sexual attention from unknown males often began at a very young age (12-14 years). The harassment took many forms, including inappropriate sexual comments on social media posts, explicit photos of male genitalia, and solicitations for sex. Although most women reported strong negative emotional reactions to the harassment (disgust, fear, anger), they generally adopted non-confrontational strategies to deal with the harassment, electing to ignore/delete the content or blocking the offender. Women reported that some men nevertheless persisted with the harassment, following them across multiple sites online, escalating in intensity and severity, and leading some women to delete their own social media accounts. These results suggest the need for early intervention and education programs and industry response.
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Jennings JM, Grieb SM, Rietmeijer C, Gaydos CA, Hawkins R, Thurston RC, Blanchard J, Cameron CE, Lewis DA. Advancing Sexual Harassment Prevention and Elimination in the Sciences: "Every ... Health Organization Must Do Something Similar". Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49:663-668. [PMID: 35921636 PMCID: PMC9508977 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual harassment is pervasive in science. A 2018 report found that the prevalence of sexual harassment in academia in the United States is 58%. An activity held at an international scientific congress was designed to advance sexual harassment prevention and elimination and empower binary and nonbinary persons at risk for harassment, discrimination, and violence. The objective is to describe the activity and outcomes to provide a promising model for other scientific communities. METHODS A description of the plenary and key components as well as the data collection and analysis of selected outcomes are provided. RESULTS Among 1338 congress participants from 61 countries, 526 (39%) attended the #MeToo plenary, and the majority engaged in some way during the plenary session. Engagement included standing for the pledge (~85%), participating in the question and answer session (n = 5), seeking counseling (n = 3), and/or providing written post-it comments (n = 96). Respondents to a postcongress survey (n = 388 [24% of all attendees]) ranked the plenary as number 1 among 14 congressional plenaries. In postanalysis, the written post-it comments were sorted into 14 themes within 6 domains, including: (1) emotional responses, (2) barriers to speaking out, (3) public health priorities, (4) reframing narratives about the issue, (5) allyship, and (6) moving the issue forward. CONCLUSIONS Scientific organizations, agencies, and institutions have an important role to play in setting norms and changing enabling policies toward a zero-tolerance culture of sexual harassment. The activity presented offers a promising model for scientific communities with similar goals. The outcomes suggest that the plenary successfully engaged participants and had a measurable impact on the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky M. Jennings
- From the Center for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR), Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suzanne M. Grieb
- From the Center for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR), Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Charlotte A. Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rima Hawkins
- United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) Registered, College of Sex & Relationship (COSRT) Accredited Sex & Relationship Therapist, Traumalogist (EMDR Prac), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Blanchard
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Caroline E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A. Lewis
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, New South Wales
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Zeighami M, Zakeri MA, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Dehghan M. Bitter silence allows sexual harassment to continue in workplace: A qualitative study in Iranian nurses. Front Public Health 2022; 10:971522. [PMID: 36172206 PMCID: PMC9511045 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.971522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual harassment in the workplace is continuing. However, the rate of sexual harassment disclosure is low, which causes many problems. Non-disclosure of sexual harassment can cause nurses' psychological distress and physical harm, and affect their productivity and quality of care. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the reasons why Iranian nurses stayed silent and did not disclose sexual harassment in their workplace. Method This qualitative descriptive-explorative study was conducted to investigate the reasons why Iranian nurses (n = 18) stayed silent on sexual harassment. Conventional content analysis and purposeful sampling method were used in this study. Data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Maximum variance in terms of age, sex, work experience, education level, marital status, and type of hospital and ward was considered in order to obtain rich information. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to increase the study's trustworthiness, while the Graneheim and Lundman approach was used to analyze the content. Results The research data indicated 112 codes, a major category, 4 subcategories, and 9 primary categories. The major category, "The missing link is bitter silence; sexual harassment is still going on," includes four subcategories: fear of social stigmas, organizational and legal barriers, family barriers, and personal barriers. Conclusions Nurses cannot break their silence on sexual harassment because they are afraid that disclosure of sexual harassment has negative consequences for their personal and professional lives. Policies and strategies should be developed to encourage nurses to disclose sexual harassment. This issue must be studied socially, culturally, and politically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zeighami
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zakeri
- Determinants of Health Research Centre, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Parvin Mangolian Shahrbabaki
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahlagha Dehghan
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Wang S, Eklund L, Yang X. The Association Between Sexual Harassment and Mental Health Among Chinese College Students: Do Gender and Social Support Matter? Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604922. [PMID: 36119449 PMCID: PMC9474648 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the association between sexual harassment (SH) and college students’ mental health in the Chinese context and its gender differences, exploring the moderating role of social support. Methods: Data were from the Third Survey of Chinese Women’s Social Status and included 5,032 college students. We employed the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models with interaction terms to report the moderating effects of gender and social support on the association between SH and mental health. Results: Gender harassment and unwelcome sexual attention were negatively associated with mental health among all students, with no observed gender difference. Financial and large-scale emotional support moderated the association between unwelcome sexual attention and women’s mental health but were not buffer factors for men. Learning support aggravated the adverse association between gender harassment and men’s mental health. Conclusion: SH is a significant trigger for men’s and women’s mental health problems. When they are subjected to SH, financial and emotional support are protective resources for women, but learning support is risky for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Wang
- Department of Sociology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Sasa Wang,
| | - Lisa Eklund
- Department of Sociology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xueyan Yang
- The Institute for Population and Development Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Williamson B. Sexual Harassment in Psychiatry Residency: a Call to Action. Acad Psychiatry 2022; 46:532-533. [PMID: 34173218 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-021-01497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Herrmann A, Seubert C, Glaser J. Consequences of Exposure to Violence, Aggression, and Sexual Harassment in Private Security Work: A Mediation Model. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP9684-NP9711. [PMID: 33380234 PMCID: PMC9136388 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520984432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While exposure to violence and aggression is well known for its detrimental effects on employees' health as well as organizational outcomes, certain high-risk work domains have scarcely been researched. Thus, this study set out to determine negative consequences of work-related exposure to four forms of harmful behaviors in private security. In a sample of 487 German-speaking security guards, 23% had experienced outsider-initiated violence, 56% aggressive acts, 30% vicarious violent acts, and 3% were sexually harassed over the past 12 months. Additionally, 19% reported substantial to extreme worries about violence. By presenting an integrated model of negative consequences to outsider-initiated violent, aggressive as well as sexual harassing acts, we strived to extend previous research by showing that turnover intention (as an ultimate negative behavioral outcome) is only indirectly related to these experiences via worries about violence and psychosomatic complaints. Structural equation modeling provided support for the model and plausibility for a sequential "two-step" prediction of turnover intention. Further, we provided support that worries about violence are not solely triggered by directly experiencing physical violence but also vicarious violence, aggressive acts, and sexual harassment. Consistent with previous studies, worries about violence were identified as a central mediator in the transmission process from exposure to harmful behaviors at work to negative consequences, that is, psychosomatic complaints and turnover intention. Our findings have implications for the detailed understanding of consequences emerging from exposure to workplace violence and aggression as well as the development of effective prevention strategies especially in high-risk occupations such as private security.
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Leigh S, Thomas AG, Davies J. The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261409. [PMID: 34910767 PMCID: PMC8673621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. One hundred and ninety-six participants (52% women) read a series of vignettes depicting common examples of digital male-on-female sexual harassment. They were asked to what extent they thought each scenario constituted sexual harassment, and how likely the perpetrator would experience positive and negative outcomes. Consistent with predictions, women were more likely to consider the behaviours as harassment than men were. Both sexes harassment perceptions had significant relationships with their outcome expectancies, but we also found evidence of a sex specific moderation; the link between men's negative outcome expectancies was moderated by their positive ones. The results suggest that perceptions of harassment may have sexually asymmetrical underpinnings. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Implications for theory and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh Leigh
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Davies
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Huang R, Hewitt DB, Cheung EO, Agarwal G, Etkin CD, Smink DS, Shanafelt TD, Bilimoria KY, Hu YY. Burnout Phenotypes Among U.S. General Surgery Residents. J Surg Educ 2021; 78:1814-1824. [PMID: 33935019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although well-established metrics exist to measure workplace burnout, researchers disagree about how to categorize individuals based on assessed symptoms. Using a person-centered approach, this study identifies classes of burnout symptomatology in a large sample of general surgery residents in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS A survey was administered following the 2018 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) to study wellness among U.S. general surgery residents. Latent class models identified distinct classes of residents based on their responses to the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization questions of the modified abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI). Classes were assigned representative names, and the characteristics of their members and residency programs were compared. RESULTS The survey was completed by 7415 surgery residents from 263 residency programs nationwide (99.3% response rate). Five burnout classes were found: Burned Out (unfavorable score on all six items, 9.8% of total), Fully Engaged (favorable score on all six items, 23.1%), Fatigued (favorable on all items except frequent fatigue, 32.2%), Overextended (frequent fatigue and burnout from work, 16.7%), and Disengaged (weekly symptoms of fatigue and callousness, 18.1%). Within the more symptomatic classes (Burned Out, Overextended, and Disengaged), men manifested more depersonalization symptoms, whereas women reported more emotional exhaustion symptoms. Burned Out residents were characterized by reports of mistreatment (abuse, sexual harassment, and gender-, racial-, or pregnancy and/or childcare-based discrimination), duty hour violations, dissatisfaction with duty hour regulations or time for rest, and low ABSITE scores. CONCLUSIONS Burnout is multifaceted, with complex and variable presentations. Latent class modeling categorizes general surgery residents based on their burnout symptomatology. Organizations should tailor their efforts to address the unique manifestations of each class as well as shared drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiping Huang
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - D Brock Hewitt
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Surgical Oncology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elaine O Cheung
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gaurava Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Caryn D Etkin
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas S Smink
- Brigham & Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Division of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford, California
| | - Karl Y Bilimoria
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yue-Yung Hu
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Reed G, Ahmad SR, Khoong EC, Olazo K, Jagsi R, Mangurian C, Sarkar U. Evaluation of Sexual Harassment Policies at Medical Institutions to Understand Attention to Harassment of Physicians by Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2135131. [PMID: 34787660 PMCID: PMC8600387 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.35131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This quality improvement study assesses the policies of top US medical centers for addressing sexual harassment of physicians by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Reed
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sarah R. Ahmad
- Division of Headache Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elaine C. Khoong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kristan Olazo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Urmimala Sarkar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco
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Lall MD, Bilimoria KY, Lu DW, Zhan T, Barton MA, Hu YY, Beeson MS, Adams JG, Nelson LS, Baren JM. Prevalence of Discrimination, Abuse, and Harassment in Emergency Medicine Residency Training in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2121706. [PMID: 34410392 PMCID: PMC8377562 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of workplace mistreatment and its association with the well-being of emergency medicine (EM) residents is unclear. More information about the sources of mistreatment might encourage residency leadership to develop and implement more effective strategies to improve professional well-being not only during residency but also throughout the physician's career. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, types, and sources of perceived workplace mistreatment during training among EM residents in the US and the association between mistreatment and suicidal ideation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this survey study conducted from February 25 to 29, 2020, all residents enrolled in EM residencies accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) who participated in the 2020 American Board of Emergency Medicine computer-based In-training Examination were invited to participate. A multiple-choice, 35-item survey was administered after the examination asking residents to self-report the frequency, sources, and types of mistreatment experienced during residency training and whether they had suicidal thoughts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The types and frequency of workplace mistreatment and the sources of the mistreatment were identified, and rates of self-reported suicidality were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine resident and program characteristics associated with suicidal thoughts. RESULTS Of 8162 eligible EM residents, 7680 (94.1%) responded to at least 1 question on the survey; 6503 (79.7%) completed the survey in its entirety. A total of 243 ACGME-accredited residency programs participated, and 1 did not. The study cohort included 4768 male residents (62.1%), 2698 female residents (35.1%), 4919 non-Hispanic White residents (64.0%), 2620 residents from other racial/ethnic groups (Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian or Pacific Islander, African American, Mexican American, Native Hawaiian, Puerto Rican, other Hispanic, or mixed or other race) (34.1%), 483 residents who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or other (LGBTQ+) (6.3%), and 5951 residents who were married or in a relationship (77.5%). Of the total participants, 3463 (45.1%) reported exposure to some type of workplace mistreatment (eg, discrimination, abuse, or harassment) during the most recent academic year. A frequent source of mistreatment was identified as patients and/or patients' families; 1234 respondents (58.7%) reported gender discrimination, 867 (67.5%) racial discrimination, 282 (85.2%) physical abuse, and 723 (69.1%) sexual harassment from patients and/or family members. Suicidal thoughts occurring during the past year were reported by 178 residents (2.5%), with similar prevalence by gender (108 men [2.4%]; 59 women [2.4%]) and race/ethnicity (113 non-Hispanic White residents [2.4%]; 65 residents from other racial/ethnic groups [2.7%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study, EM residents reported that workplace mistreatment occurred frequently. The findings suggest common sources of mistreatment for which educational interventions may be developed to help ensure resident wellness and career satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dave W. Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tiannan Zhan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Yue-Yung Hu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - James G. Adams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lewis S. Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jill M. Baren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Sterud T, Hanvold TN. Effects of adverse social behaviour at the workplace on subsequent mental distress: a 3-year prospective study of the general working population in Norway. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:325-334. [PMID: 33130968 PMCID: PMC7873096 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide an integrated picture of the relationship between different facets of adverse social behaviour (ASB) at work and mental health problem. METHODS Data were provided from a longitudinal nationwide study of the general population in Norway. Eligible respondents were in paid work during a reference week in 2013, or temporarily absent from such work, and was interviewed at 3-year follow-up (n = 3654, response at baseline/follow-up = 53.1%/71.8%). We investigated the prospective associations of self-reported exposure to ASBs, including threats/acts of violence, bullying, sexual harassment and workplace conflicts, with mental distress (the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist) at follow-up, by means of multiple logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 6.6% (242 individuals) were classified with mental distress at follow-up. Work-related predictors were sexual harassment (OR = 1.64 07, 95% CI 1.03 - 2.61), bullying (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.19 - 3.60) and workplace conflicts (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.07 - 2.13). An elevated, but non-statistically significant association was observed for threats/acts of violence. No significant interactions were found between ASB and mental distress score at baseline. Overall there were few indications of substantial confounding related to age, sex, education level or occupation. After adjusting for these factors, the overall population attributable risk of mental distress attributable to any exposure to ASB was 11.3% (95%CI 0.6-22.3). CONCLUSIONS We observed robust associations between exposure to three out of four types of ASB and risk of mental distress. Taken together, the results underscore that adverse social behaviour at the workplace may have a substantial impact on the level of mental distress in the general working population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sterud
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), PO Box 5330 Majorstuen, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Therese N Hanvold
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), PO Box 5330 Majorstuen, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
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McClain T, Kammer-Kerwick M, Wood L, Temple JR, Busch-Armendariz N. Sexual Harassment Among Medical Students: Prevalence, Prediction, and Correlated Outcomes. Workplace Health Saf 2020; 69:257-267. [PMID: 33331247 DOI: 10.1177/2165079920969402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies are dedicated to understanding the extent and impact of sexual harassment among medical students. The aim of this study was to use behaviorally specific measures to examine prevalence of sexual harassment toward medical students. Associated mental health and academic impacts were also studied. METHODS A multisite survey was conducted at four medical schools. Sexual harassment was measured using the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ), a valid and reliable instrument. Students were also surveyed about depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and their level of academic engagement. We also assessed their perceptions of institutional response and whether they felt safe at their institution. FINDINGS The final sample included 524 medical students (response rate = 13%). Findings revealed that 36.6% reported sexual harassment by a faculty/staff member and 38.5% reported harassment by a fellow student. The odds of harassment by faculty/staff, as well as peers, were significantly higher for women with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 9.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [3.74, 25.80] and multiracial students with an AOR: 2.93, 95% CI: [1.16, 7.39]. Those who experienced sexual harassment were more likely to report academic disengagement and symptoms of depression and PTSD. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Sexual harassment in medical schools can potentially limit a student's academic success and negatively impact their mental health. Supportive services and efforts to address peer and professional cultures that promote harassment are needed. Experiences of harassment require swift and competent responses by medical school leadership in collaboration with occupational and/or student health services to mitigate detrimental impacts and support medical students throughout their training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Wood
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
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de Bourmont SS, Burra A, Nouri SS, El-Farra N, Mohottige D, Sloan C, Schaeffer S, Friedman J, Fernandez A. Resident Physician Experiences With and Responses to Biased Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2021769. [PMID: 33226429 PMCID: PMC7684448 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Biased patient behavior negatively impacts resident well-being. Data on the prevalence and frequency of these encounters are lacking and are needed to guide the creation of institutional trainings and policies to support trainees. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency of resident experiences with and responses to a range of biased patient behaviors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective survey was sent via email to 331 second- and third-year internal medicine residents from 3 academic medical centers in California and North Carolina. First-year residents were excluded owing to their limited interactions with patients at the time of participant recruitment. Data were collected from August 21 to November 25, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Descriptive statistics were used to report the frequency of experience of various types of biased patient behavior, residents' responses, the factors impeding residents' responses, and residents' experiences and beliefs regarding training and policies. RESULTS Overall, 232 of 331 residents (70%) participated; 116 (50%) were women; 116 of 247 (47%) were White (participants had the option of selecting >1 race/ethnicity); and 23 (10%) identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer. The frequency of resident-reported experience of types of biased patient behaviors varied. The most common behaviors-belittling comments and assumption of nonphysician status-were reported to be experienced 1 or more times per week by 14% of residents (32 of 231) and 17% of residents (38 of 230), respectively. Women, Black or Latinx, and Asian residents reported experiencing biased behavior more frequently. Forty-five percent of Black or Latinx residents (17 of 38) encountered instances of explicit epithets or rejection of care. All 70 Asian residents reported experiencing inquiries into their ethnic origins. Most women residents (110 of 115 [96%]) experienced role questioning behaviors, and 87% (100 of 115) experienced sexual harassment. The need to prioritize clinical care and a sense of futility in responding were the most common factors (cited by 34% of residents [76 of 227] and 25% of residents [56 of 227], respectively) significantly impeding responses to biased behaviors. Eighty-five percent of residents (191 of 226) never reported incidents to their institution. Eighty-nine percent of residents (206 of 232) identified training and policies as necessary or very necessary. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This survey study suggests that biased patient behavior is experienced frequently by internal medicine residents. Non-White and women residents reported experiencing a disproportionate burden of these incidents. Residents' responses rarely included institutional involvement. Residency programs and health care systems should prioritize training and policies to address biased patient behavior and support affected residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalila S. de Bourmont
- San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Arun Burra
- San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Sarah S. Nouri
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Neveen El-Farra
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Dinushika Mohottige
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Caroline Sloan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Schaeffer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Jodi Friedman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Alicia Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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Magnusson Hanson LL, Nyberg A, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Bondestam F, Madsen IEH. Work related sexual harassment and risk of suicide and suicide attempts: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020; 370:m2984. [PMID: 32878868 PMCID: PMC7463167 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the relation between exposure to workplace sexual harassment and suicide, as well as suicide attempts. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 86 451 men and women of working age in paid work across different occupations responded to a self-report questionnaire including exposure to work related sexual harassment between 1995 and 2013. The analytical sample included 85 205 people with valid data on sexual harassment, follow-up time, and age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Suicide and suicide attempts ascertained from administrative registers (mean follow-up time 13 years). RESULTS Among the people included in the respective analyses of suicide and suicide attempts, 125 (0.1%) died from suicide and 816 (1%) had a suicide attempt during follow-up (rate 0.1 and 0.8 cases per 1000 person years). Overall, 11 of 4095 participants exposed to workplace sexual harassment and 114 of 81 110 unexposed participants committed suicide, and 61/4043 exposed and 755/80 513 unexposed participants had a record of suicide attempt. In Cox regression analyses adjusted for a range of sociodemographic characteristics, workplace sexual harassment was associated with an excess risk of both suicide (hazard ratio 2.82, 95% confidence interval 1.49 to 5.34) and suicide attempts (1.59, 1.21 to 2.08), and risk estimates remained significantly increased after adjustment for baseline health and certain work characteristics. No obvious differences between men and women were found. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that workplace sexual harassment is prospectively associated with suicidal behaviour. This suggests that suicide prevention considering the social work environment may be useful. More research is, however, needed to determine causality, risk factors for workplace sexual harassment, and explanations for an association between work related sexual harassment and suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Magnusson Hanson
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nyberg
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bondestam
- Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida E H Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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López V, García-Quiroga M, Benbenishty R, González L, Squicciarini AM, Sánchez P. Sexual harassment by peers in Chilean schools. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 107:104602. [PMID: 32562963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a significant amount of literature has explored peer sexual harassment in higher education, little is known about peer sexual harassment in primary and middle school. Among existing studies, most have examined individual student characteristics that predict peer sexual harassment without considering the importance of the classroom and school context, which may prevent or promote such harassment. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify individual and school-related factors predicting sexual harassment victimization. METHODS A sample of 17,364 Chilean students from Grades 5 through 8 in 405 schools with low socioeconomic status answered instruments concerning peer sexual harassment, other types of peer victimization and discrimination, and perceptions of classroom and school climate and norms against sexual harassment. Data were analyzed through hierarchical multivariate regression. RESULTS Experiences of being sexual harassed by other students were reported by 13.5 % of students, with higher frequencies in male students, students from Grades 5 and 6, and students with lower individual socioeconomic status. School-related experiences of being discriminated against due to sexual orientation, ethnic origin, and disability were the strongest predictors of sexual harassment victimization. CONCLUSION We discuss how peer sexual harassment might be understood as a consequence of peer social discrimination based on sexism, racism, and ableism. We also discuss the need to provide inclusive school climate policies that allow all students to feel safe and included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica López
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Research in Inclusive Education, Chile.
| | | | - Rami Benbenishty
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; (Emeritus) and Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.
| | | | | | - Paola Sánchez
- Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas JUNAEB, Chile.
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Lind MN, Adams-Clark AA, Freyd JJ. Isn't high school bad enough already? Rates of gender harassment and institutional betrayal in high school and their association with trauma-related symptoms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237713. [PMID: 32813685 PMCID: PMC7444512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal studies have described the prevalence of sex-based harassment in high schools and its associations with adverse outcomes in adolescents. Studies have focused on students, with little attention given to the actions of high schools themselves. Though journalists responded to the #MeToo movement by reporting on schools’ betrayal of students who report misconduct, this topic remains understudied by researchers. Gender harassment is characterized by sexist remarks, sexually crude or offensive behavior, gender policing, work-family policing, and infantilization. Institutional betrayal is characterized by the failure of an institution, such as a school, to protect individuals dependent on the institution. We investigated high school gender harassment and institutional betrayal reported retrospectively by 535 current undergraduates. Our primary aim was to investigate whether institutional betrayal moderates the relationship between high school gender harassment and current trauma symptoms. In our pre-registered hypotheses (https://osf.io/3ds8k), we predicted that (1) high school gender harassment would be associated with more current trauma symptoms and (2) institutional betrayal would moderate this relationship such that high levels of institutional betrayal would be associated with a stronger association between high school gender harassment and current trauma symptoms. Consistent with our first hypothesis, high school gender harassment significantly predicted college trauma-related symptoms. An equation that included participant gender, race, age, high school gender harassment, institutional betrayal, and the interaction of gender harassment and institutional betrayal also significantly predicted trauma-related symptoms. Contrary to our second hypothesis, the interaction term was non-significant. However, institutional betrayal predicted unique variance in current trauma symptoms above and beyond the other variables. These findings indicate that both high school gender harassment and high school institutional betrayal are independently associated with trauma symptoms, suggesting that intervention should target both phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika N. Lind
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexis A. Adams-Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Freyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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Soliman HH, Abdelmonem AA, Koran J. Adolescents' Perception of the Threat of Sexual Harassment: The Development of an Index. J Child Sex Abus 2020; 29:570-585. [PMID: 31638879 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1667469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt female adolescents are on a daily basis victims of various forms of sexual harassment as young females are unable to justify their feelings, thoughts and behaviors toward such violent and hostile activities. Therefore, this study develops an adolescents' sexual harassment index (ASHI), which measures female adolescents' perception of the threat of sexual harassment based on cultural, environmental and societal aspects. A total of 874 adolescents age 17-18 in Egypt participated in a survey consisting of 65 items of 7 variables: threat of SH, exposure, society awareness, child's characteristics, social engagement, religiosity and the effect of the media. Using factor analysis with oblimn rotation, the analysis explained 42.38 percent of the variation in the study variables, leading to a four-factors solution: society awareness, interpersonal characteristics, personal engagement and sense of self and reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Koran
- Department of Counseling, Quantitative Methods, and Special Education, Southern Illinois University Carbondale , Carbondale, IL, USA
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Husum TL, Thorvarsdottir V, Aasland O, Pedersen R. 'It comes with the territory' - Staff experience with violation and humiliation in mental health care - A mixed method study. Int J Law Psychiatry 2020; 71:101610. [PMID: 32768105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate staff's experiences with violation and humiliation during work in mental health care (MHC). A total of 1160 multi-professional MHC staff in Norway responded to an online questionnaire about their experiences with different kinds of violation and humiliation in the MHC setting. In addition, a sample of professionals (eight MHC nurses) were recruited for in-depth individual interviews. METHOD The study used an explorative mixed method with a convergent parallel design; this included a web-based questionnaire to MHC staff in combination with individual interviews. The sample is considered to be equivalent to staff groups in MHC in Norway. RESULTS Between 70 and 80% of the staff reported experiencing rejection, being treated with disrespect, condescending behaviour or verbal harassment. Male workers were significantly more often victims of serious physical violence, and women were significantly more often targets for sexual harassment. In interviews, participants said they considered being exposed to violence and humiliation to be part of the job when working in MHC, and that experience, as well as social support from colleagues, helped MHC practitioners to cope better with violent situations and feel less humiliated at work. DISCUSSION A high amount of MHC staff report experiences of being violated and humiliated during work. The participants' perceptions of the users and their behaviour seem to influence their experience of feeling violated and humiliated. Knowledge about the dynamics of aggression between staff and users in MHC may be used in safeguarding staff and users, prevent coercion and heighten the quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olaf Aasland
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Norway
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Makini GK, Hishinuma ES, Guerrero AP, Goebert DA. Protecting Youth in the Mental Health Service Settings. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2020; 79:80-86. [PMID: 32490391 PMCID: PMC7260874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the development of the field of psychiatry with the evolution of patient safeguards. They address the recent publicized events involving sexual harassment and abuse perpetrated by mental health service providers who have harmed youth who were under their direct psychiatric care. Recommendations are provided for primary care physicians and parents and legal guardians to further ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Makini
- George K. Makini, Jr. MD; 1356 Lusitana Street, 4th Fl., Honolulu, HI 96813;
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Lessard LM, Watson RJ, Puhl RM. Bias-Based Bullying and School Adjustment among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: The Role of Gay-Straight Alliances. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1094-1109. [PMID: 32246306 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents identifying as sexual and/or gender minorities face many challenges at school due to stigma-based peer harassment. This study examined the extent to which sexual and gender minority adolescents experience bias-based bullying across a range of stigmatized identities and attributes, as well as the potential of gay-straight alliances (GSAs, also referred to as gender-sexuality alliances) to reduce simultaneously multiple forms of bias-based bullying, and in turn support school adjustment. Using a United States sample of diverse sexual and gender minority adolescents (N = 17,112; Mage = 15.57, SDage = 1.27), multiple mediation analyses indicated lower levels of multiple forms of bias-based bullying (based on body weight, gender, religion, disability, gender typicality, sexuality) at schools with versus without GSAs, and in turn higher perceived school safety, as well as higher grades and reduced school suspension (due to less weight- and sexuality-based bullying). The findings shed light on the broad-reaching stigma-reduction potential of GSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Lessard
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, University of Connecticut, One Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA.
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rebecca M Puhl
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, University of Connecticut, One Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Schoen R, Henneman A. Addressing Sexual and Gender Harassment in Pharmacy Education to Improve Provider Wellness and Patient Care. Am J Pharm Educ 2020; 84:7739. [PMID: 32431320 PMCID: PMC7223926 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates widespread sexual harassment has not significantly decreased in health care over the last several decades. Attention focused on sexual harassment in the last few years has prompted a renewed conversation in health care about these complex issues and the unique challenges they present. Given the significant implications for individuals, organizations, and patient care, addressing harassment should be a priority. Pharmacy schools and supporting pharmacy organizations should proactively address sexual and gender harassment and provide education about this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Schoen
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amy Henneman
- Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
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Abstract
Background: Gender parity in the workplace-and increased representation of women at work-may reduce workplace sexual harassment, but research on this is unclear. This study assessed the associations between gender parity at work and workplace sexual harassment. Methods: We analyzed data from an online sexual harassment survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults in 2018 (N = 2,009; response rate 29%); current analyses were restricted to employed participants (women n = 610, men n = 690). Data on occupation and industry were each categorized as female-dominant (61%-100% female), male-dominant (0%-39% female), or at parity (40%-60% female). We used sex-stratified logistic regression models to assess associations between gender parity in industry and occupation and workplace sexual harassment. Findings: Our study of employed adults in the U.S. found that 42% women and 15% men had experienced workplace sexual harassment. Logistic regression analyses indicated that women employed in female-dominated industries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.33, 0.81]) and men employed in male-dominated occupations (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91]) were less likely to have experienced workplace sexual harassment. Women in male-dominated occupations were more likely to report harassment or assault by a supervisor (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI = [1.00, 5.80]), and men in male-dominated occupations were less likely to report harassment or assault by a supervisor (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.89]). Conclusion/Application to Practice: Women in female-dominated industries and men in male-dominated occupations, relative to those with workplace gender parity, are at lower risk for harassment. Women in male-dominated occupations are at greater risk for harassment from supervisors. Gender parity at work is not sufficient on its own to address workplace sexual harassment; normative changes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Brenner
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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McAdams CJ. Perspectives on Sexual Power, #MeToo. Acad Psychiatry 2020; 44:26-28. [PMID: 31823306 PMCID: PMC7018605 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-019-01146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J McAdams
- The University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Banyard V, Edwards K, Jones L, Mitchell K. Poly-Strengths and Peer Violence Perpetration: What Strengths Can Add to Risk Factor Analyses. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:735-746. [PMID: 32002715 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a high-risk time for perpetration of different forms of peer-based violence including harassment, bullying, and sexual assault. Research documents a number of important risk factors but less understood are protective factors like sense of mattering or how combinations of strengths may reduce perpetration risk. The current study examined how protective factors (i.e., positive social norms), including a diversity of strengths (termed poly-strengths), influenced the perpetration of harassment, bullying, and sexual assault for young people, while accounting for the use of alcohol both cross-sectionally and over time. Youth (N = 2232, 52.6% female) in grades 7-10 enrolled in a study using active parental consent (53% response rate) and completed online surveys in school that asked about bullying and harassment, alcohol use, positive social norms related to violence prevention, and a composite of intra-personal strengths. Follow-up surveys took place 6 months later (N = 2150). Logistic regression analyses examined how social norms and poly-strengths influenced odds of perpetration after accounting for demographic variables and the risk factor of alcohol use. Use of alcohol increased the odds of perpetrating all forms of violence. Strengths were significantly related to lower perpetration at Time 1 but not Time 2. Positive social norms reduced perpetration at both time points. The findings suggest adolescent perpetration of bullying, harassment, and sexual violence is lower in the presence of positive social norms over time and more proximally, in the presence of a diverse strengths portfolio. Prevention efforts that incorporate positive social norms and alcohol reduction strategies may reduce peer violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Banyard
- School of Social Work, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA.
| | - Katie Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lisa Jones
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly Mitchell
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Thapalia R, Dhungana RR, Adhikari SK, Pandey AR. Understanding, Experience and Response to Sexual Harassment among the Female Students: A Mixed Method Study. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2020; 17:424-430. [PMID: 32001843 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v17i4.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual harassment has received global attention and has been recognized as a public health problem with increased physical and mental health risks among the victims. This study attempted to assess understanding, experience, response and effect of sexual harassment among the secondary school female students in Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS It was a mixed method study conducted among 441 secondary level female students. In quantitative component, a structured questionnaire was used to collect information relating to socio-demographic characteristics, and understanding, experience, response and effect of sexual harassment from 441 participants from three clusters (schools) of Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu. For qualitative method, two focused group discussions were conducted to assess the understanding of and response to sexual harassment. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using Chi square test and thematic analysis method respectively. RESULTS Around 76% of the participants had experienced some forms of sexual harassment in their life. Sexual harassment was significantly associated with religion and parental occupation. Majority of participants who faced sexual harassment reported that the perpetrators were strangers and they either ignored it or did nothing at the time of events. School, roads and public places were the most common settings where participants encountered sexual harassment. CONCLUSIONS Sexual harassment is prevalent among female secondary students in Kathmandu. However, they lacked a clear understating of and ways to respond to sexual harassment. Raising awareness to recognize and respond to different forms of harassment and to change the victim-blaming attitudes can be a potential strategy for tackling the problem in Nepalese society.
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Tan MPC, Kwan SSM, Yahaya A, Maakip I, Voo P. The importance of organizational climate for psychosocial safety in the prevention of sexual harassment at work. J Occup Health 2020; 62:e12192. [PMID: 33368878 PMCID: PMC7759722 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Workplace sexual harassment is a prominent issue in Malaysia. Although the subject of sexual harassment has been researched for over two decades, information on how organizations could effectively prevent workplace sexual harassment is limited. The researchers investigated the importance of organizational climate for psychosocial safety of workplace sexual harassment prevention. METHODS Purposive random sampling was utilized to recruit participants in the study. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with Malaysian employees (N = 20) from various organizations. The study applied the Grounded Theory Approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1976) to identify the participants' coping strategies in dealing with sexual harassment that occurred at their workplace. RESULTS The interviews revealed that both genders were potential victims or witnesses of workplace sexual harassment. Since many Malaysian organizations do not implement any workplace sexual harassment prevention, most of the victims and witnesses tend to use passive self-coping approaches. Typically, policy and guidelines implementation would encourage employees to voice their concerns; however, we discovered that participants' motivation to use active coping strategies depended on organizational role rather than the policy and guidelines implementation. Surprisingly, we also found out that participants from zero policy organizations used active coping strategies when the sexual harassment reached intolerable levels. CONCLUSION Organizations play a critical role in helping and supporting both victims and witnesses deal with sexual harassment at the workplace. Organizational climate for psychosocial safety is therefore crucial in the primary and secondary prevention of sexual harassment at work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Sam Mee Kwan
- Faculty of Psychology and EducationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
- Centre for Workplace Excellence, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social PolicyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Azizi Yahaya
- Faculty of Psychology and EducationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Ismail Maakip
- Faculty of Psychology and EducationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Peter Voo
- Faculty of Psychology and EducationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
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Christensen M, Craft J, White S. Nurse academics' experience of contra-power harassment from under-graduate nursing students in Australia. Nurse Educ Today 2020; 84:104220. [PMID: 31715473 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing concern around inappropriate behaviour being perpetrated by under-graduate nursing students towards nursing academics. Coined contra-power harassment, is defined as the harassment of individuals in formal positions of power and authority by those that are not. The type of harassment behaviours reported include: verbal and physical violence, character assassination through social media, stalking and sexually motivated behaviours. The most often cited reasons for the escalation in these behaviours are seen with course progression and the awarding of grades. AIM The aim of this study is to better understand the extent to which nursing academics experience contra-power harassment from under-graduate nursing students. METHOD A convenience sample of nursing academics were in Australia were contacted and provided with an introductory letter, a participant information sheet and a link to an online questionnaire. A 41-item Likert scale (Strongly agree-strongly disagree) was used to elicit responses to statements on academics' experiences of and the contributing factors associated with contra-power harassment. RESULTS The main contributing factor identified from this study was seen as the consumerism of higher education; in particular paying for a degree gave a sense of entitlement with academics experiencing the highest levels of student harassment around grades. CONCLUSIONS Contra-power harassment is becoming common place in higher education especially in nursing education. The competitive nature of obtaining employment post-university has meant that some nursing student's behaviours are becoming increasingly uncivil, challenging and unprofessional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christensen
- Western Sydney University, South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Locked Bag 7103, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia.
| | - Judy Craft
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Caboolture Campus, Caboolture, Queensland 4510, Australia.
| | - Sara White
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth BH1 3LH, UK.
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Abstract
Street harassment is recognized as an 'everyday' form of violence against women. Influenced by contemporary sociologies of everyday life, this article examines women responses to street harassment, drawing on over 500 first person narratives submitted to the website of Hollaback London. The narrative structure highlights women's actions, which (like street harassment) have generally been considered inconsequential. Quantitative content analysis reveals the extent and variety of strategies employed by women, including speaking back, calling on others for help, physically fighting back, walking away and an array of 'small', everyday actions and gestures that aim to resist harassment. I argue that these responses comprise everyday self-defence practice. Furthermore, the notion of narrative habitus is employed to argue that Hollaback narratives do not just describe harassment, but that reading narratives can generate dispositions for self-defence. Narrative analysis reveals the way that satire is employed to make space for women's successful self-defence. I argue that Hollaback narratives do not just offer storylines or scripts for resisting street harassment but foster a style for doing so. Analysis considers the limits to narratively motivated self-defence. This research demonstrates that, in order to 'see' women's resistance, we need to pay close attention to the everyday as the site of both oppression and moments of liberation.
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Banducci AN, McCaughey VK, Gradus JL, Street AE. The associations between deployment experiences, PTSD, and alcohol use among male and female veterans. Addict Behav 2019; 98:106032. [PMID: 31336265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Alcohol use is common following traumatic military deployment experiences. What is less clear is why, and for whom, particular deployment experiences lead to alcohol use. METHOD The current study explored associations between deployment stressors (Warfare, Military Sexual Trauma, and Concerns about Life and Family Disruptions-"Life Disruptions"), PTSD (PCL-5), and alcohol use (CAGE) post-deployment, stratified by gender among 2344 male and female veterans (1137 men; Mage = 35). Conditional process analyses examined the indirect effect of traumatic deployment experiences on alcohol use, via PTSD symptom severity, with Life Disruptions as a moderator. RESULTS More severe Warfare and military sexual trauma (MST) were associated with greater PTSD symptom severity, which was associated with higher problematic alcohol use. PTSD symptom severity accounted for the associations between trauma type (i.e., MST or Warfare) and alcohol use. Among women, but not men, Life Disruptions moderated the associations between trauma type (i.e., MST, Warfare) and PTSD symptom severity, such that elevated Life Disruptions amplified the associations between trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Moderated mediation was significant for MST among women, indicating that the strength of the indirect effect (MST ➔ PTSD ➔ problematic alcohol use) was moderated by Life Disruptions; problematic alcohol use was highest for women with greater PTSD symptom severity following exposure to more severe Life Disruptions and MST (Est. = 0.0007, SE = 0.0001, CI = 0.0002 to 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, alcohol use following potentially traumatic deployment experiences can be understood by considering PTSD symptom severity, gender, and Life Disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N Banducci
- The National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy E Street
- The National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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