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Kompf JM, Lachman ME. Daily Physical Activity: Associations With Memory and Affect. Am J Health Promot 2023; 37:602-613. [PMID: 36395070 PMCID: PMC10188651 DOI: 10.1177/08901171221139836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and resistance training on daily variations in memory and affect. This study examined the relationship of MVPA and resistance training to memory and affect in daily life. DESIGN Short-term longitudinal 7-day diary. SETTING Northeast; primarily Boston-area communities. SAMPLE Adults aged 25 to 94. MEASURES For seven days, MVPA was assessed with an Actigraph. and resistance training was self-reported. Each evening, memory failures, positive and negative affect were recorded in a written diary and objective memory performance was assessed by telephone. ANALYSIS Multilevel linear regression analyses examined the between and within person associations of MVPA and resistance training with memory performance, memory failures, and affect. RESULTS Those who engaged in more MVPA had better memory performance across the week (b = 0.0163, SE = 0.0076, f2 = 0.004, p = 0.033). Participants reported higher levels of positive affect on days in which they spent more time in MVPA than usual (b = 0.003, SE = 0.001, f2 = 0.144, p < .001) and on days they engaged in resistance training (b = 0.1547, SE = 0.079, f2 = 0.007; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Those who spent more time in MVPA had better memory performance, and on days with greater than usual MVPA time and resistance training, affect was more positive than on days with less activity. Implications for motivating physical exercise are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Kompf
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Schmid D, Qazi A, Scott NM, Tomporowski PD. The effects of physical activity timing and complexity on episodic memory: A randomized controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102332. [PMID: 37665816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of two types of acute physical activity (PA) bouts were assessed on young adults' free-recall and recognition memory in two experiments, which differed in the temporal relation of PA and word encoding. Before or following training on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, participants performed a simple two-step dance, a complex four-step dance, or remained seated. Hypotheses proposed that PA prior to encoding and complex PA would enhance PA's mnemonic benefits. Memory assessed post-PA, 24 h, and 7 days after training indicated that timing and complexity of PA did not impact free-recall or recognition memory. Findings differ from a previous study showing complex PA benefited motor learning more than simple PA (Tomporowski & Pendleton, 2018). The inconsistency may be due to different working memory processes underlying consolidation and retrieval of procedural or episodic information. Theory-based explanations regarding memory storage and retrieval are proposed to elucidate this selective process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Qazi
- Kinesiology Department, University of Georgia, USA
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Burdack J, Schöllhorn WI. Cognitive Enhancement through Differential Rope Skipping after Math Lesson. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:205. [PMID: 36612527 PMCID: PMC9819879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown cognitive enhancement through sport and physical exercise. Despite the variety of studies, the extent to which physical activity before or after a cognitive learning session leads to more effective cognitive enhancement remains largely unresolved. Moreover, little attention has been paid to the dependence of the motor learning approach then applied. In this study, we compare the influence of differential with uniformly rope skipping directly succeeding an acquisition phase in arithmetic mathematics. For three weeks 26 pupils, 14 female, 12 male, and 13.9 ± 0.7 years old, completed nine 15 min exercises in arithmetic math, each followed by 3 min rope skipping with heart rate measurement. Arithmetic performance was tested in a pre-, post- and retention test design. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the differential and the control groups within the development of arithmetic performance, especially in the retention test. There was no statistical difference in heart rate. It is suggested that the results provide evidence for sustainable improvements of cognitive learning performance by means of highly variable rope skipping.
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Acute and Chronic Exercise Effects on Human Memory: What We Know and Where to Go from Here. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214812. [PMID: 34768329 PMCID: PMC8584999 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of memories was once thought to happen within a single memory system with multiple processes operating on it, it is now believed that memory is comprised of both distinct and interacting brain systems [...].
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Exercise Improves Cognitive Function-A Randomized Trial on the Effects of Physical Activity on Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060530. [PMID: 34207584 PMCID: PMC8229798 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lifestyle habits strongly influence health. It is strongly believed that physical activity may improve cognitive function. We examined the association between two kinds of physical activity and cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Using a random allocation sequence, 49 patients with type 2 diabetes (metformin, insulin, and diet-controlled) were randomized to a 12-week intervention of either walking 40 min three times a week (n = 17), performing pedometer-controlled activity (E-health, goal 10,000 steps a day, n = 17), or receiving standard care (n = 16 controls). We prospectively examined cognitive function, metabolic parameters, height, and weight. The groups were compared using linear regression adjusted for age. Results: Compared with the control group (n = 16), nonverbal memory improved significantly after the intervention in the walking group (n = 16) (28.2 (+/−6.1) vs. 35.3 (+/−5.3) p < 0.001) and the E-health (pedometer) group ((n = 17) (29.7 (+/−3.9) vs. 35.6 (+/−3.8) p < 0.001). The verbal memory test showed improvement in the walking and E-health groups. Cognitive attention/performance measured by the FAIR-test was also significantly enhanced in the walking group (252.4/304.3 p < 0.001, 51.87 (CI 27.13–76.62)) and the E-health-group (85.65 (CI: 52.04–119.26, p < 0.001)). Abdominal circumference (−3 cm (CI: −9.69–3.31, p < 0.001)), heart rate (−6.50 (CI: −9.69, −3.31, p < 0.001)) and fat percentage (−2.74 (CI: −4.71, −0.76, p < 0.007)) changed significantly in only the walking group. Conclusions: This is the first intervention study in patients with type 2 diabetes that shows that pedometer-supported training significantly improves brain function. Walking additionally improves body composition and waist circumference. Physical activity is an inexpensive treatment with substantial preventative and restorative properties for cognitive and memory brain function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Crawford LK, Caplan JB, Loprinzi PD. The Impact of Acute Exercise Timing on Memory Interference. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1215-1234. [PMID: 33573522 DOI: 10.1177/0031512521993706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the timing of acute exercise can attenuate a memory interference effect. Across two experiments, participants completed an AB/AC memory task. Participants studied eight word pairs; four denoted AB (e.g., Hero - Apple) and four control (DE) pairs. Following this List 1, participants studied eight additional word pairs (List 2); four denoted AC, re-using words from the AB pairs (e.g., Hero - Project) and four control (FG) pairs. Following their study of both lists, participants completed a cued recall assessment. In Experiment 1 (N = 100), an acute exercise bout occurred before the AB/AC memory interference task, and the participants' three lab visits (successive conditions) were control, moderate-intensity (50% HRR; heart rate reserve) exercise, and vigorous-intensity (80% HRR) exercise. In Experiment 2 (N = 68), the acute exercise occurred between List 1 and List 2, and the participants' two lab visits (successive conditions) were a (80% HRR) vigorous-intensity exercise visit and a control visit. Across both experiments, we observed evidence of both proactive and retroactive interference (p < .05), but acute exercise, regardless of intensity, did not attenuate this interference (p > .05). Acute moderate-intensity exercise was better than control or vigorous-intensity exercise in enhancing associative memory (p < .05), independent of interference. In Experiment 2, vigorous intensity exercise was associated with more pronounced interference (p < .05). Our results suggest that acute exercise can enhance associative memory performance, with no attenuation of interference by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
| | - Jeremy B Caplan
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
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Jung M, Brizes I, Wages S, Ponce P, Kang M, Loprinzi PD. Combined effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on memory. Physiol Int 2020; 107:337-348. [PMID: 32644939 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
No previous studies have evaluated the potential combined effects of acute exercise and acute hypoxia exposure on memory function, which was the purpose of this study. Twenty-five participants (Mage = 21.2 years) completed two laboratory visits in a counterbalanced order, involving 1) acute exercise (a 20-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise) and then 30 min of exposure to hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.12), and 2) exposure to hypoxia alone (FIO2 = 0.12) for 30 min. Following this, participants completed a cued-recall and memory interference task (AB/AC paradigm), assessing cued-recall memory (recall 1 and recall 2) and memory interference (proactive and retroactive interference). For cued-recall memory, we observed a significant main effect for condition, with Exercise + Hypoxia condition having significantly greater cued-recall performance than Hypoxia alone. Memory interference did not differ as a function of the experimental condition. This experiment demonstrates that engaging in an acute bout of exercise prior to acute hypoxia exposure had an additive effect in enhancing cued-recall memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jung
- 1Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,2Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - I Brizes
- 1Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - S Wages
- 1Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - P Ponce
- 1Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - M Kang
- 2Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - P D Loprinzi
- 1Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Crawford LK, Li H, Zou L, Wei GX, Loprinzi PD. Hypothesized Mechanisms Through Which Exercise May Attenuate Memory Interference. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56030129. [PMID: 32183249 PMCID: PMC7143729 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we introduce a mechanistic model through which exercise may enhance episodic memory, specifically via attenuating proactive and retroactive memory interference. We discuss the various types of memory, different stages of memory function, review the mechanisms behind forgetting, and the mechanistic role of exercise in facilitating pattern separation (to attenuate memory interference).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Hong Li
- School of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
- Correspondence: (P.D.L.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise & Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (P.D.L.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Gao-Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Paul D. Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (P.D.L.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
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