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Raimo S, Cropano M, Gaita M, Maggi G, Cavallo ND, Roldan-Tapia MD, Santangelo G. The Efficacy of Cognitive Training on Neuropsychological Outcomes in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1510. [PMID: 38002471 PMCID: PMC10669748 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder is an intermediate stage of cognitive impairment between normal cognitive aging and dementia. Given the absence of effective pharmacological treatments for MCI, increasing numbers of studies are attempting to understand how cognitive training (CT) could benefit MCI. This meta-analysis aims to update and assess the efficacy of CT on specific neuropsychological test performance (global cognitive functioning, short-term verbal memory, long-term verbal memory, generativity, working memory, and visuospatial abilities) in individuals diagnosed with MCI, as compared to MCI control groups. After searching electronic databases for randomized controlled trials, 31 studies were found including 2496 participants. Results showed that CT significantly improved global cognitive functioning, short-term and long-term verbal memory, generativity, working memory, and visuospatial abilities. However, no significant effects were observed for shifting, abstraction ability/concept formation, processing speed, and language. The mode of CT had a moderating effect on abstraction ability/concept formation. The findings provide specific insights into the cognitive functions influenced by CT and guide the development of tailored interventions for MCI. While CT holds promise, further research is needed to address certain cognitive deficits and assess long-term effects on dementia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Raimo
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Maria Cropano
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Mariachiara Gaita
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Gianpaolo Maggi
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Nicola Davide Cavallo
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
| | | | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.C.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (N.D.C.)
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2
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Sale A, Noale M, Cintoli S, Tognoni G, Braschi C, Berardi N, Maggi S, Maffei L. Long-term beneficial impact of the randomised trial 'Train the Brain', a motor/cognitive intervention in mild cognitive impairment people: effects at the 14-month follow-up. Age Ageing 2023; 52:7160021. [PMID: 37167616 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No treatment options are currently available to counteract cognitive deficits and/or delay progression towards dementia in older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The 'Train the Brain' programme is a combined motor and cognitive intervention previously shown to markedly improve cognitive functions in MCI individuals compared to non-trained MCI controls, as assessed at the end of the 7-month intervention. Here, we extended the previous analyses to include the long-term effects of the intervention and performed a data disaggregation by gender, education and age of the enrolled participants. We report that the beneficial impact on cognitive functions was preserved at the 14-month follow-up, with greater effects in low-educated compared to high-educated individuals, and in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sale
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marianna Noale
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Giustiniani 2, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Simona Cintoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and AOU Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Tognoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and AOU Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Braschi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Florence University, Via San Salvi, Florence 50100, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Giustiniani 2, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- Neuroscience Institute CNR (National Research Council), Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
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3
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Makri M, Christakidou A, Tsolaki M. A Novel Method of Teaching English to People with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Songs: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:529-546. [PMID: 36776046 PMCID: PMC10041446 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) need to prevent the further decline of their cognitive functions, and one way to do so is by learning a foreign language. OBJECTIVE This study describes the development of a protocol for a novel, non-pharmacological intervention for people with MCI that seeks to prevent or reduce cognitive decline by teaching English through songs. METHODS The development of this protocol follows a mixed-methodology approach, consisting of three stages: 1) development of the protocol of the intervention, 2) a randomized controlled trial study with two arms over six months that includes an intervention group and a control group, and 3) the evaluation of the protocol by trainers. In the second stage, we recruited a total of 128 people with MCI from the five participating countries of this study (Greece, Spain, Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy). This educational program will assess three main outcomes after 6 months of the English Lessons with the Use of Songs for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (E.L.So.M.C.I.) workshops. RESULTS Our primary outcome will hopefully be an improvement in general cognition in the intervention group compared to the control group from baseline to 6 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes include a decrease in participants' anxiety and depression and an improvement in their quality of life. Development of English language skills is the last outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Makri
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Medicine, School of Neuroscience, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Christakidou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Philosophy, School of English Language and Literature, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Medicine, School of Neuroscience, Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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Lanza G. "Mind" versus "Body" in Mild Cognitive Impairment Rehabilitation: Does a Multicomponent Physical Exercise Program Have a Dichotomous Effect on Cognitive Functions and Physical Performance? J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:261-264. [PMID: 37867320 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In the relevant study by Boulares and colleagues, the importance of a multicomponent physical activity program in improving balance skills and leading to falling risk and fear reduction in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is highlighted, despite the lack of cognitive effects. Given this apparent discrepancy between "body" and "mind" in MCI rehabilitation, the present commentary faces and discusses these findings within the existing literature and poses the question whether there were actually no cognitive results or if the program design and evaluation tool used were not sensitive enough to detect them, at least at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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Tawfik HM, Tsatali M, Hassanin HI. Pilot feasibility study of cognitive training exercises for Egyptian adults: Proof of concept. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 37. [PMID: 34569644 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive training exercises (CTE) are promising and effective interventions to enhance cognitive reserve and slowdown cognitive deterioration in people with subjective memory impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of CTE among Egyptian adults. METHODS Eighteen participants above 40 years old were recruited. They underwent baseline neuropsychological assessment and functional assessment. However, after receiving a 6 weeks' cognitive training, eight participants (seven with MCI and one was cognitively intact) dropped out from the study. Finally, 10 participants (8 participants with MCI, 1 with SCI and 1 was cognitively intact) completed 12 weeks of CTE and undergone the post-assessment afterward. CTE included visual, verbal, memory, executive function, visuospatial, attention, and psychokinetic exercises through onsite and home-based sessions. RESULTS For the 10 participants who completed 12 weeks of CTE, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a statistically significant change in the scores of mini-mental state examination (Z = -2.546, p = 0.011), semantic fluency test (Z = -2.913, p = 0.004), subjective memory complaint questionnaire (Z = -2.913, p = 0.004), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word List (first trial: Z = -2.641, p = 0.008; Word list recall: Z = -2.825, p = 0.005), construction abilities (immediate: Z = -2.121, p = 0.034; delayed recall: Z = -2.414, p = 0.016), and Digit span test (forward: Z = -2.724, p = 0.006; backward: Z = -2.724, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that CTE are feasible among Egyptian adults, especially those with MCI, and potentially effective in enhancing global cognition and after 12 weeks of training. Future research should shed light on the efficacy of longitudinal CTE implementation in Arab adults' populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Tawfik
- Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Ain Shams Ageing Research Center, Ain Shams Cognitive Training Lab, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marianna Tsatali
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece
- City College, University of York Europe campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hany I Hassanin
- Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Ain Shams Ageing Research Center, Ain Shams Cognitive Training Lab, Cairo, Egypt
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Tsolaki M, Tsatali M, Gkioka M, Poptsi E, Tsolaki A, Papaliagkas V, Tabakis IM, Lazarou I, Makri M, Kazis D, Papagiannopoulos S, Kiryttopoulos A, Koutsouraki E, Tegos T. Memory Clinics and Day Care Centers in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece: 30 Years of Clinical Practice and Experience. Front Neurol 2021; 12:683131. [PMID: 34512506 PMCID: PMC8425245 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.683131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This review describes the diagnostic and interventional procedures conducted in two university memory clinics (established network of G. Papanikolaou Hospital: 1988–2017 and AHEPA hospital: 2017–today) and 2 day care centers (established network of DCCs: 2005–today) in North Greece and their contribution in the scientific field of dementia. The aims of this work are (1) to provide a diagnosis and treatment protocol established in the network of memory clinics and DCCs and (2) to present further research conducted in the aforementioned network during the last 30 years of clinical practice. Methods: The guidelines to set a protocol demand a series of actions as follows: (1) set the diagnosis criteria, neuropsychological assessment, laboratory examinations, and examination of neurophysiological, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and genetic markers; and (2) apply non-pharmacological interventions according to the needs and specialized psychosocial interventions of the patient to the caregivers of the patient. Results: In addition to the guidelines followed in memory clinics at the 1st and 3rd Department of Neurology and two DCCs, a database of patients, educational programs, and further participation in international research programs, including clinical trials, make our contribution in the dementia field strong. Conclusion: In the current paper, we provide useful guidelines on how major and minor neurocognitive disorders are being treated in Thessaloniki, Greece, describing successful practices which have been adapted in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Tsolaki
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI - AUTh) Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,3rd University Department of Neurology "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianna Tsatali
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mara Gkioka
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Poptsi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthoula Tsolaki
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Biomedical Sciences International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene-Maria Tabakis
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioulietta Lazarou
- 1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Makri
- Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kazis
- 3rd University Department of Neurology "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios Papagiannopoulos
- 3rd University Department of Neurology "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Kiryttopoulos
- 1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efrosyni Koutsouraki
- 1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Tegos
- 1st University Department of Neurology UH "AHEPA", School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Tsatali M, Moraitou D, Poptsi E, Sia E, Agogiatou C, Gialaouzidis M, Tabakis IM, Avdikou K, Bakoglidou E, Batsila G, Bekiaridis-Moschou D, Chatziroumpi O, Diamantidou A, Gavra A, Kouroundi E, Liapi D, Markou N, Ouzouni F, Papasozomenou C, Soumpourou A, Tsolaki M. Are There Any Cognitive and Behavioral Changes Potentially Related to Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD Dementia? A Longitudinal Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091165. [PMID: 34573186 PMCID: PMC8472805 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine potential cognitive, mood (depression and anxiety) and behavioral changes that may be related to the quarantine and the lockdown applied during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greek older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia in mild and moderate stages. Method: 407 older adults, diagnosed either with MCI or AD dementia (ADD), were recruited from the Day Centers of the Greek Association of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD). Neuropsychological assessment was performed at baseline (at the time of diagnosis) between May and July of 2018, as well as for two consecutive follow-up assessments, identical in period, in 2019 and 2020. The majority of participants had participated in non-pharmacological interventions during 2018 as well as 2019, whereas all of them continued their participation online in 2020. Results: Mixed measures analysis of variance showed that participants’ ‘deterioration difference—D’ by means of their performance difference in neuropsychological assessments between 2018–2019 (D1) and 2019–2020 (D2) did not change, except for the FUCAS, RAVLT, and phonemic fluency tests, since both groups resulted in a larger deterioration difference (D2) in these tests. Additionally, three path models examining the direct relationships between performance in tests measuring mood, as well as everyday functioning and cognitive measures, showed that participants’ worsened performance in the 2019 and 2020 assessments was strongly affected by NPI performance, in sharp contrast to the 2018 assessment. Discussion: During the lockdown period, MCI and ADD patients’ neuropsychological performance did not change, except from the tests measuring verbal memory, learning, and phonemic fluency, as well as everyday functioning. However, the natural progression of the MCI as well as ADD condition is the main reason for participants’ deterioration. Mood performance became increasingly closely related to cognition and everyday functioning. Hence, the role of quarantine and AD progression are discussed as potential factors associated with impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tsatali
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh) Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloni, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh) Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloni, Greece
- Lab of Psychology, Section of Experimental & Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Poptsi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh) Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloni, Greece
- Lab of Psychology, Section of Experimental & Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Sia
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Christina Agogiatou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Moses Gialaouzidis
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Irene-Maria Tabakis
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Konstantina Avdikou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Evaggelia Bakoglidou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Georgia Batsila
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Bekiaridis-Moschou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Ourania Chatziroumpi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Alexandra Diamantidou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Andromachi Gavra
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Eleni Kouroundi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Despina Liapi
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Nefeli Markou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Fani Ouzouni
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Chrysa Papasozomenou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Aikaterini Soumpourou
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalini Tsolaki
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (E.P.); (E.S.); (C.A.); (M.G.); (I.-M.T.); (K.A.); (E.B.); (G.B.); (D.B.-M.); (O.C.); (A.D.); (A.G.); (E.K.); (D.L.); (N.M.); (F.O.); (C.P.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh) Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloni, Greece
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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