Changes in hope and power in lung cancer patients who exercise

Physical activity for cancer prehabilitation: A scoping review

This scoping review aims to synthesize the current landscape of physical activity in cancer prehabilitation and identify knowledge gaps. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE for exercise interventions and observational studies that measured exercise or physical activity before cancer treatment from inception to January 20, 2023. Fifty-one articles from 44 unique studies were reviewed, including 32 intervention and 12 observational studies. Surgery is the only treatment modality that has been investigated. Included studies used heterogeneous exercise interventions and measures for physical activity. Colorectal and other gastrointestinal, lung, and urologic cancers are the most studied cancer types. Exercise intervention in cancer prehabilitation is highly feasible. The evidence for improved fitness, functional, psychosocial, and clinical outcomes is promising yet limited. Although research has increased recently, prehabilitation exercise remains a relatively under-investigated area in oncology. We have provided research directions towards an ideal cancer prehabilitation design in the real-world setting.

The Effects of a Tripod Approach for Cancer Patients on Illness Stress, Health-Promoting Lifestyle, Hope, and Resilience

BACKGROUND

Health-related exercise and education program for cancer patients are necessary to provide physical and emotional support to enable efficient and appropriate self-management at home.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tripod approach including physical exercise, education, and emotional support program on illness stress, health promotion lifestyle, hope, and resilience in cancer patients.

INTERVENTIONS/METHODS

This was a quasi-experimental repeated-measures study using a pre-post design with a nonhomogeneous control group. A total of 72 cancer patients (experimental group = 37, control group = 35) who were currently receiving treatment and staying at home were enrolled.

RESULTS

The experimental group showed significantly lower illness stress scores (F = 17.35, P < .001) and increase in health promotion lifestyle scores (F = 4.05, P = .048) compared with the control group, especially social relationships (t = 1.85, P = .073) and stress management (t = 2.30, P = .027). However, there were no effects on hope and resilience. Also, illness stress showed significant changes after 6 weeks (t = -3.35, P = .001) and after 10 weeks (t = -5.04, P < .001). Overall health promotion lifestyle showed changes after 10 weeks (t = 2.25, P = .030), with meaning of life (t = 2.57, P = .014), stress management (t = 2.30, P = .027), and medical behaviors (t = 2.46, P = .019) especially showing significant changes.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that the tripod approach had positive effects on illness stress and health promotion lifestyle of cancer patients staying at home. Further study to improve positive emotions such as hope and resilience is needed.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Based on our findings, combining nursing intervention with physical exercise, education, and emotional support could be incorporated into cancer patients in community and early survivorship care plans in clinical practice.

The effectiveness of hope-fostering interventions in palliative care: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The concept of hope is an important theme in chronic illness and palliative care and has been associated with increased psycho-spiritual well-being and quality of life. Psycho-spiritual interventions have been described in this population, but no systematic review of hope-enhancing interventions or hopelessness-reducing interventions has been conducted for persons with palliative care diseases.

AIM

To describe and assess the effectiveness of interventions in palliative care that measure hope and/or hopelessness as an outcome.

DESIGN

This systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered (Prospero ID: CRD42019119956).

DATA SOURCES

Electronic databases, journals, and references were searched. We used the Cochrane criteria to assess the risk of bias within studies.

RESULTS

Thirty-five studies (24 randomized controlled trials, 5 quasi-experimental, 6 pre-post studies) involving a total of 3296 palliative care patients were included. Compared with usual/standard cancer care alone, interventions significantly increased hope levels at a medium effect size (g = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.28-0.93) but did not significantly reduce hopelessness (g = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.18 to 0.02). It was found that interventions significantly increase spirituality (g = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.02-1.37) and decrease depression (g = -0.29, 95% CI = -0.51 to -0.07), but had no significant effect over anxiety, quality of life, and symptom burden. Overall, quality of evidence across the included studies was rated as low.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence suggests that interventions can be effective in increasing hope in palliative care patients.

Prehabilitative Exercise for the Enhancement of Physical, Psychosocial, and Biological Outcomes Among Patients Diagnosed with Cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review summarizes the effects of prehabilitative exercise interventions on the physical, psychosocial, and biological outcomes among patients with cancer. Current gaps and future directions in prehabilitative exercise research will be addressed.

RECENT FINDINGS

Prehabilitative exercise mitigates the detrimental impact of cancer surgery on physical fitness, noted by increases in maximal oxygen consumption and 6-min walk distance. Beneficial effects on psychosocial and biological outcomes remain inconclusive. Aerobic exercise interventions were often prescribed and included low-, moderate-, or high-intensity exercise. Resistance exercise interventions were often performed in conjunction with aerobic exercise. Prehabilitative exercise elicits robust improvements in physical fitness; however, effect on psychosocial and biological outcomes remains inconclusive. Exercise prescription parameters varied greatly by frequency, intensity, time, and type across multiple cancer diagnoses. Future investigations are needed to systematically dose exercise for a wider variety of outcome measures, with an overall goal to set forth pre-operative exercise guidelines.

Exercise training as part of lung cancer therapy

Exercise training is playing an increasing role in lung cancer care. Lung cancer is associated with significant burden to the individual and healthcare system. There is now substantial evidence that exercise training is safe, feasible and effective at improving several outcomes in people with lung cancer, especially in those with NSCLC. Exercise is beneficial across the lung cancer disease and treatment pathway, including in patients with early stage disease before and after surgery, and in patients with advanced disease. This review describes the impact of lung cancer and lung cancer treatment on patient health outcomes and summarizes the aims, safety, feasibility and effects of exercise training in the context of both early stage and advanced stage lung cancer. The paper also includes a discussion of current topical discussion areas including the use of exercise in people with bone metastases and the potential effect of exercise on suppression of tumour growth. Finally, seven clinical questions are included, which are a priority to be addressed by future research over the next decade as we strive to progress the field of lung cancer and improve patient outcomes.

Hope and Physical Exercise: The Contributions of Hope, Self-Efficacy, and Optimism in Accounting for Variance in Exercise Frequency

We examine the relationship of hope with exercise using Snyder’s hope model, which defines hope as a combination of goal-directed planning (pathways) and motivation (agency). We surveyed 102 participants online via Amazon MTurk. The Adult Hope Scale and Goal-Specific Hope Scale assessed general hope and hope regarding exercise. The Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire assessed frequency of exercise and of any activity “long enough to work up a sweat.” We also measured optimism, exercise self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, and stress. Because hope emphasizes planning and motivation (both likely needed in fitness regimens), we expected it to relate to exercise frequency after controlling for these other variables. Indeed, exercise goal-specific hope was correlated with frequency of exercise and activity long enough to sweat, though general hope was not. This relationship held after controlling for all other variables. Future research may be useful in investigating causality, including whether hope-based interventions result in increased exercise engagement.

Precision-Exercise-Prescription in patients with lung cancer undergoing surgery: rationale and design of the PEP study trial

INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is a significant burden on societies worldwide, and the most common cause of death in patients with cancer overall. Exercise intervention studies in patients with lung cancer have consistently shown benefits with respect to physical and emotional functioning. However, to date, exercise training has not been consistently implemented into clinical practice given that interventions have been costly and not aligned with clinical care.

METHODS/DESIGN

The Precision-Exercise-Prescription (PEP) study is a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and feasibility of a personalised intervention exercise programme among patients with lung cancer undergoing surgery. Two-hundred patients who are diagnosed with stage primary or secondary lung cancer and are eligible to undergo surgical treatment at Huntsman Cancer Institute comprise the target population. Patients are randomised to either the (1) outpatient precision-exercise intervention group or (2) delayed intervention group. The intervention approach uses Motivation and Problem Solving, a hybrid behavioural treatment based on motivational interviewing and practical problem solving. The dosage of the exercise intervention is personalised based on the individual's Activity Measure for Post-Acute-Care outpatient basic mobility score, and incorporates four exercise modes: mobility, callisthenics, aerobic and resistance. Exercise is implemented by physical therapists at study visits from presurgery until 6 months postsurgery. The primary endpoint is the level of physical function assessed by 6 min walk distance at 2 months postsurgery. Secondary outcomes include patient-reported outcomes (eg, quality of life, fatigue and self-efficacy) and other clinical outcomes, including length of stay, complications, readmission, pulmonary function and treatment-related costs up to 6 months postsurgery.

ETHICS/DISSEMINATION

The PEP study will test the clinical effectiveness and feasibility of a personalised exercise intervention in patients with lung cancer undergoing surgery. Outcomes of this clinical trial will be presented at national and international conferences and symposia and will be published in international, peer-reviewed journals. Ethics approval was obtained at the University of Utah (IRB 00104671).

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT03306992.

Effectiveness of nursing intervention for increasing hope in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis

Objective:

to evaluate the efficacy of nursing interventions to increase the level of hope in cancer patients, in a meta-analysis.

Methods:

electronic databases were searched. Two of the authors independently extracted data from the eligible studies, and Stata 13.0 software was used to pool the data.

Results:

nine randomized controlled trials were included, and methodological quality of each randomized controlled trial (RCT) was evaluated using Cochrane handbook recommendations. A random effects model was used to combine results from eligible studies. The pooled results using the fixed effects model showed that scores to first effects increase significantly after the use of nursing intervention between the groups. Heterogeneity was observed among the studies for posttest (df = 8, P = 0.000; I² =76.1 %). The results indicated significant heterogeneity across the nine selected studies. The test for heterogeneity showed no homogeneity among studies for follow-up (df = 8, P = 0.328; I² = 12.9 %), and there was no statistical significance.

Conclusion:

the current evidence suggests that nursing intervention has a positive effect on hope in cancer patients. However, more large-scale and high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.

Integrating Palliative Care Into the Care of Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death due to malignancy. Although lung cancer mortality has been decreasing in recent years, it remains substantially higher than other causes of cancer death. Median survival for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, defined as lung cancer involving regional lymph nodes, is estimated to be approximately 10 to 17 months, and median survival for patients with metastatic disease is only 6 to 9 months. In addition, patients with advanced lung cancer often experience debilitating symptoms and poor quality of life. Pain, dyspnea, and fatigue are most frequently reported and affect at least 65% of patients with advanced lung cancer. Given this burden of symptoms and high mortality, patients and their families facing a diagnosis of advanced lung cancer are in need of support. Palliative care, with its focus on addressing the emotional, physical, and spiritual sources of suffering utilizing the expertise of an interdisciplinary team, can provide this comprehensive support. This review describes the role of supportive and palliative care integrated into the treatment of patients with a diagnosis of advanced lung cancer with sections focused on the evaluation and treatment of pain and dyspnea, approaches to challenging communication tasks, and the support of caregivers who care for patients with advanced lung cancer.

Preoperative exercise therapy in lung surgery patients: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The impact of postoperative complications after lung surgery for cancer is substantial, with the increasing age of patients and the presence of comorbidities. This systematic review summarises the effects of Preoperative Exercise Therapy (PET) in patients scheduled for lung surgery on aerobic capacity, physical fitness, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, quality of life and recovery.

METHODS

A systematic search on PET prior to lung surgery was conducted. The methodological quality of the included studies was rated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The agreement between the reviewers was assessed with Cohen's kappa.

RESULTS

A total of eleven studies were included with a methodological quality ranging from poor to good. The agreement between the reviewers, assessed with the Cohen's kappa, was 0.79. Due to substantial heterogeneity in the interventions across the included studies, it was impossible to conduct a meta-analysis. The most important finding of this systematic review was that PET based on moderate to intense exercise in patients scheduled for lung surgery has beneficial effects on aerobic capacity, physical fitness and quality of life. Also PET may reduce postoperative complications and length of hospital stay.

CONCLUSION

PET may have beneficial effects on various physical fitness variables and postoperative complications in patients with lung cancer scheduled for surgery. Future research must focus on developing patient tailored exercise programs and investigate the influence of co-existing comorbidities on the outcome measures. Definitions of PET, including timing, (acceptable) duration, intensity and exercise training methods should be determined and compared.

College Exercise Class Climates, Physical Self-Concept, and Psychological Well-Being

This study examined the relationship between college students’ perceptions of the motivational climate (i.e., caring, task- and ego-involving) in physical activity courses to their physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. Midwestern university undergraduates (N = 412), enrolled in group physical activity classes, completed the following measures: class climate, physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that students who perceived a caring, task-involving climate were more likely to report high physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. A gender comparison found that while perceptions of the ego-involving climate were significantly higher for males, the ego climate did not significantly contribute to the males’ canonical correlation. In addition, while physical self-concept was positively associated with climate for both genders, males were more likely to experience higher physical self-concept than females. Results suggest positive and supportive exercise environments may not only help individuals reap the physical benefits of exercise but also the psychological benefits.

A systematic review of pre-surgical exercise intervention studies with cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Recent reviews suggest that enhancing fitness and functional capacity prior to surgery can accelerate post-surgery recovery and reduce mortality. However, the effect of pre-surgical exercise interventions in cancer patients is not fully explained. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the available literature regarding pre-surgery exercise training interventions in cancer patients and examine their effects on physiological outcomes as well as quality of life (QOL) and length of hospital stay.

METHODS

Relevant studies were identified through a search on MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, AMED, MEDLINE Daily Update, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that had some form of physical exercise undertaken prior to surgery were included. Descriptive characteristics such as participant characteristics, study design, types of cancer, length of study, and primary outcomes were extracted. Methodological rigour was assessed using a modified Delphi List. Due to the heterogeneity and the dearth of pre-surgical studies, we were limited to a systematic review rather than a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were included consisting of a total of 966 participants. Lung cancer studies were the predominant group represented. Most of the studies prescribed an aerobic intervention programs done prior to surgery. Mode, frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise intervention varied across the different cancer groups. The majority of studies showed preliminary positive change in clinical outcomes with significant improvements in the rate of incontinence, functional walking capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness.

CONCLUSION

Pre-surgical exercise may benefit cancer patients through positive effects on function and physical capacity. Surgical oncologists may consider pre-surgical exercise interventions as a potential adjuvant therapy to improve patients' outcomes.

Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors

BACKGROUND

Cancer survivors experience numerous disease and treatment-related adverse outcomes and poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Exercise interventions are hypothesized to alleviate these adverse outcomes. HRQoL and its domains are important measures for cancer survivorship.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effectiveness of exercise on overall HRQoL and HRQoL domains among adult post-treatment cancer survivors.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PEDRO, LILACS, SIGLE, SportDiscus, OTSeeker, and Sociological Abstracts from inception to October 2011 with no language or date restrictions. We also searched citations through Web of Science and Scopus, PubMed's related article feature, and several websites. We reviewed reference lists of included trials and other reviews in the field.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing exercise interventions with usual care or other nonexercise intervention to assess overall HRQoL or at least one HRQoL domain in adults. Included trials tested exercise interventions that were initiated after completion of active cancer treatment. We excluded trials including people who were terminally ill, or receiving hospice care, or both, and where the majority of trial participants were undergoing active treatment for either the primary or recurrent cancer.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Five paired review authors independently extracted information on characteristics of included trials, data on effects of the intervention, and assessed risk of bias based on predefined criteria. Where possible, meta-analyses results were performed for HRQoL and HRQoL domains for the reported difference between baseline values and follow-up values using standardized mean differences (SMD) and a random-effects model by length of follow-up. We also reported the SMDs between mean follow-up values of exercise and control group. Because investigators used many different HRQoL and HRQoL domain instruments and often more than one for the same domain, we selected the more commonly used instrument to include in the SMD meta-analyses. We also report the mean difference for each type of instrument separately.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 40 trials with 3694 participants randomized to an exercise (n = 1927) or comparison (n = 1764) group. Cancer diagnoses in study participants included breast, colorectal, head and neck, lymphoma, and other. Thirty trials were conducted among participants who had completed active treatment for their primary or recurrent cancer and 10 trials included participants both during and post cancer treatment. Mode of the exercise intervention included strength training, resistance training, walking, cycling, yoga, Qigong, or Tai Chi. HRQoL and its domains were measured using a wide range of measures.The results suggested that exercise compared with control has a positive impact on HRQoL and certain HRQoL domains. Exercise resulted in improvement in: global HRQoL at 12 weeks' (SMD 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.81) and 6 months' (0.46; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.84) follow-up, breast cancer concerns between 12 weeks' and 6 months' follow-up (SMD 0.99; 95% CI 0.41 to 1.57), body image/self-esteem when assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale at 12 weeks (MD 4.50; 95% CI 3.40 to 5.60) and between 12 weeks' and 6 months' (mean difference (MD) 2.70; 95% CI 0.73 to 4.67) follow-up, emotional well-being at 12 weeks' follow-up (SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.61), sexuality at 6 months' follow-up (SMD 0.40; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.68), sleep disturbance when comparing follow-up values by comparison group at 12 weeks' follow-up (SMD -0.46; 95% CI -0.72 to -0.20), and social functioning at 12 weeks' (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.87) and 6 months' (SMD 0.49; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.87) follow-up. Further, exercise interventions resulted in decreased anxiety at 12 weeks' follow-up (SMD -0.26; 95% CI -0.07 to -0.44), fatigue at 12 weeks' (SMD -0.82; 95% CI -1.50 to -0.14) and between 12 weeks' and 6 months' (SMD -0.42; 95% CI -0.02 to -0.83) follow-up, and pain at 12 weeks' follow-up (SMD -0.29; 95% CI -0.55 to -0.04) when comparing follow-up values by comparison group.Positive trends and impact of exercise intervention existed for depression and body image (when analyzing combined instruments); however, because few studies measured these outcomes the robustness of findings is uncertain.No conclusions can be drawn regarding the effects of exercise interventions on HRQoL domains of cognitive function, physical functioning, general health perspective, role function, and spirituality.Results of the review need to be interpreted cautiously owing to the risk of bias. All the trials reviewed were at high risk for performance bias. In addition, the majority of trials were at high risk for detection, attrition, and selection bias.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review indicates that exercise may have beneficial effects on HRQoL and certain HRQoL domains including cancer-specific concerns (e.g. breast cancer), body image/self-esteem, emotional well-being, sexuality, sleep disturbance, social functioning, anxiety, fatigue, and pain at varying follow-up periods. The positive results must be interpreted cautiously due to the heterogeneity of exercise programs tested and measures used to assess HRQoL and HRQoL domains, and the risk of bias in many trials. Further research is required to investigate how to sustain positive effects of exercise over time and to determine essential attributes of exercise (mode, intensity, frequency, duration, timing) by cancer type and cancer treatment for optimal effects on HRQoL and its domains.

Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer

BACKGROUND

This is an updated version of the original review published in Issue 4, 2004 of The Cochrane Library. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite advances in treatment, the outlook for the majority of patients remains grim and most face a pessimistic future accompanied by sometimes devastating effects on emotional and psychological health. Although chemotherapy is accepted as an effective treatment for advanced lung cancer, the high prevalence of treatment-related side effects as well the symptoms of disease progression highlight the need for high-quality palliative and supportive care to minimise symptom distress and to promote quality of life.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions delivered by healthcare professionals in improving symptoms, psychological functioning and quality of life in patients with lung cancer.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We ran a search in February 2011 to update the original completed review. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 2), MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED, British Nursing Index and Archive (accessed through Ovid) and reference lists of relevant articles; we also contacted authors.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials assessing the effects of non-invasive interventions in improving well-being and quality of life in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed relevant studies for inclusion. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment of relevant studies was performed by one author and checked by a second author.

MAIN RESULTS

Fifteen trials were included, six of which were added in this update. Three trials of a nursing intervention to manage breathlessness showed benefit in terms of symptom experience, performance status and emotional functioning. Four trials assessed structured nursing programmes and found positive effects on delay in clinical deterioration, dependency and symptom distress, and improvements in emotional functioning and satisfaction with care.Three trials assessed the effect of different psychotherapeutic, psychosocial and educational interventions in patients with lung cancer. One trial assessing counselling showed benefit for some emotional components of the illness but findings were not conclusive. One trial examined the effects of coaching sensory self monitoring and reporting on pain-related variables and found that although coaching increases the amount of pain data communicated to providers by patients with lung cancer, the magnitude of the effect is small and does not lead to improved efficacy of analgesics prescribed for each patient's pain level. One trial compared telephone-based sessions of either caregiver-assisted coping skills training (CST) or education/support involving the caregiver and found that patients in both treatment conditions showed improvements in pain, depression, quality of life and self efficacy.Two trials assessed exercise programmes; one found a beneficial effect on self empowerment and the other study showed an increase in quadriceps strength but no significant changes for any measure of quality of life. One trial of nutritional interventions found positive effects for increasing energy intake, but no improvement in quality of life. Two small trials of reflexology showed some positive but short-lasting effects on anxiety and pain intensity.The main limitations of the studies included were the variability of the interventions assessed and the approaches to measuring the considered outcomes, and the lack of data reported in the trials regarding allocation of patients to treatment groups and blinding.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Nurse follow-up programmes and interventions to manage breathlessness may produce beneficial effects. Counselling may help patients cope more effectively with emotional symptoms, but the evidence is not conclusive. Other psychotherapeutic, psychosocial and educational interventions can play some role in improving patients' quality of life. Exercise programmes and nutritional interventions have not shown relevant and lasting improvements of quality of life. Reflexology may have some beneficial effects in the short term.

Benefits of wellness interventions for persons with chronic and disabling conditions: a review of the evidence

BACKGROUND

Persons living with the effects of chronic and disabling conditions are often at increased risk for the development of secondary conditions and disabilities that can lead to further decline in health status, independence, functional status, life satisfaction, and overall quality of life.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to review the evidence for the benefits of wellness/health promotion interventions for persons with chronic and disabling conditions.

METHODS

The authors conducted a Medline search (1990-2007) using terms related to wellness and health promotion cross-referenced with general terms for chronic and disabling conditions, as well as 15 specific chronic and/or disabling conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury). Selection of studies was limited to those published in English that reported randomized controlled trails or prospective studies that involved adult human subjects with a chronic and/or disabling condition. All selected studies focused on some aspect of a wellness or health promotion intervention and involved a comparison or control group. Of the 5,847 studies initially identified in the search using medical subject heading terms, 190 met the criteria for full review. Data were extracted from these publications and summarized using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Almost all studies (95%) explored the effects of wellness intervention in a sample diagnosed with a single condition (e.g., cancer, stroke, arthritis). Although the mean sample size was 100, the range in sample size varied widely (6-688); 25% of the studies had sample of 30 or fewer. Almost all studies (89.5%) reported positive effects of the wellness intervention, although the delivery and content of interventions as well as the measurement of outcomes, varied greatly.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support an immediate post-intervention positive impact of wellness interventions across persons with a wide variety of chronic and disabling conditions. Future research that clearly specifies primary study outcomes and follows the CONSORT guidelines will strengthen future reviews of the evidence and facilitate application of the evidence of practice.

Exercise intervention to improve exercise capacity and health related quality of life for patients with Non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review

CONTEXT

The role of exercise intervention for patients with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been systematically reviewed to date.

OBJECTIVE

To identify, evaluate and synthesize the evidence examining (1) the effect of exercise intervention on exercise capacity, health related quality of life (HRQoL), physical activity levels, cancer symptoms and mortality for patients with NSCLC; and (2) the safety and feasibility of exercise intervention for a population with NSCLC.

DATA SOURCES

A systematic review of articles using the electronic databases MEDLINE (1950-2010), CINAHL (1982-2010), EMBASE (1980-2010), TRIP (1997-2010), Science Direct (1994-2010), PubMed (1949-2010), Cochrane Library (2010), Expanded Academic ASAP (1994-2010), Meditext Informit (1995-2010), PEDRO (1999-2010) and DARE (2010). Additional studies were identified by manually cross referencing all full text reports and personal files were searched. No publication date restrictions were imposed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), case-control studies and case series assessing exercise intervention to improve exercise capacity, HRQoL, level of daily physical activity, cancer symptoms or mortality of patients with NSCLC were included. Only articles available in English and published in a peer reviewed journal were included.

DATA EXTRACTION

A data collection form was developed by one reviewer and data extracted. Data extraction was cross checked by a second reviewer. RESULTS AND DATA SYNTHESIS: 16 studies on 13 unique patient groups totalling 675 patients with NSCLC met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were case series (n=9) and two RCTs were included. Studies exercising participants pre-operatively reported improvements in exercise capacity but no change in HRQoL immediately post exercise intervention. Studies exercising participants post-treatment (surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy) demonstrated improvements in exercise capacity but conflicting results with respect to the impact on HRQoL immediately post exercise intervention. Heterogeneity among studies was observed and a meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate. PRISMA guidelines were followed in reporting this systematic review.

CONCLUSION

Exercise intervention for patients with NSCLC is safe before and after cancer treatment. Interventions pre-operatively or post-cancer treatment are associated with positive benefits on exercise capacity, symptoms and some domains of HRQoL. The majority of studies are small case series therefore results should be viewed with caution until larger RCTs are completed. Further research is required to establish the effect of exercise during and after cancer treatment and in the advanced stage of disease, the optimum type of exercise training and the optimum setting for delivery.

An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 11.1 million cancer survivors are alive in the United States. Activity prescriptions for cancer survivors rely on evidence as to whether exercise during or after treatment results in improved health outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the extent to which physical activity during and post treatment is appropriate and effective across the cancer control continuum.

METHODS

A systematic quantitative review of the English language scientific literature searched controlled trials of physical activity interventions in cancer survivors during and post treatment. Data from 82 studies were abstracted, weighted mean effect sizes (WMES) were calculated from 66 high quality studies, and a systematic level of evidence criteria was applied to evaluate 60 outcomes. Reports of adverse events were abstracted from all studies.

RESULTS

Quantitative evidence shows a large effect of physical activity interventions post treatment on upper and lower body strength (WMES = 0.99 & 0.90, p < 0.0001 & 0.024, respectively) and moderate effects on fatigue and breast cancer-specific concerns (WMES = -0.54 & 0.62, p = 0.003 & 0.003, respectively). A small to moderate positive effect of physical activity during treatment was seen for physical activity level, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, functional quality of life, anxiety, and self-esteem. With few exceptions, exercise was well tolerated during and post treatment without adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Current evidence suggests many health benefits from physical activity during and post cancer treatments. Additional studies are needed in cancer diagnoses other than breast and with a focus on survivors in greatest need of improvements for the health outcomes of interest.

Is exercise an acceptable and practical therapy for people with or cured of cancer? A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Therapeutic exercise, although potentially beneficial, does not appear acceptable to many cancer patients. A greater understanding of the reasons for this is required. We have systematically reviewed the use of exercise in this group, identifying rates of uptake, adherence and completion along with factors influencing acceptability.

METHODS

Searches were completed using relevant key words. Data on study design, patient group, exercise intervention, patient flow data and reasons for declining or withdrawing from a programme were independently extracted by two researchers. Rates of study uptake, completion and adherence were compared according to dichotomised patient or programme characteristics using Mann Whitney U test (p=0.05). Reasons provided when declining or withdrawing from a study were categorised.

RESULTS

Sixty five studies were included. The majority contained groups made up entirely or predominantly of patients with breast cancer offered an aerobic or resistance exercise programme. The median [IQR] rates of uptake, adherence and completion were 63 [33-80]%, 84 [72-93]% and 87 [80-96]%, respectively. No characteristic influenced the proportion of patients taking up or completing a programme. The main reasons for refusal were disinterest or the impracticality of undertaking the programme and for withdrawal, medical complication or deterioration.

CONCLUSIONS

The invitation to undertake a programme of therapeutic exercise is accepted by about two-thirds of patients. Rates of adherence and completion are relatively high, but overall, only about half of patients offered a programme complete one. There is a need to modify exercise programmes if they are to be acceptable for the majority of patients.

Lung cancer: challenges and solutions for supportive care intervention research

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. It is associated with a high level of morbidity, particularly fatigue, pain, breathlessness, and coughing. These symptoms can have a substantial impact on psychosocial functioning. It is critical to have effective interventions demonstrated to improve quality of life particularly for those with advanced disease. However there is a paucity of high quality intervention research to guide practice in this area. This article discusses the challenges in conducting supportive care research in this group, including the patient's level of literacy in English, poor performance status, rapidly fluctuating health status, and familial or professional "gate-keeping." Many of these challenges can be overcome by broadening eligibility criteria, permitting some flexibility in relation to recruitment and data collection procedures, working closely with the treatment team, involving the patient's family, minimizing practical difficulties associated with intervention delivery, and reducing study burden in other ways, such as limiting the amount of data collected from the patient and shortening follow-up time intervals. We explore these potential solutions drawing on the experience of conducting a randomized controlled trial of a support intervention for people with lung cancer and their family.

The Relation of Power and Well-Being in Korean Adults

The researchers examined the relation of power and well-being in a sample of 881 men and women living in South Korea. Rogers' science of unitary human beings, Barrett's theory of power, and Gueldner's theoretical perspective of well-being served as the theoretical rationale. The hypothesis was supported by a significant positive correlation between power and well-being (r = .52, p < .001). Reliabilities by Cronbach's alpha were .96 for the Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool and .84 for the Well-Being Picture Scale. Well-being can be facilitated by enhancing person's power as knowing participation in change.

Exercise intervention research for patients with cancer on treatment

OBJECTIVES

To review the literature and summarize the findings of exercise intervention research for patients with cancer undergoing treatment.

DATA SOURCES

Electronic databases of the Ovid Medline and CINAHL from 1980 to present. Reference lists from retrieved articles were reviewed and relevant articles included.

CONCLUSION

Exercise programs have been primarily aerobic. Participants exercised anywhere from 3 to 7 days a week, for 2 to 52 weeks, 10 to 45 minutes per session, at 50% to 85% of heart rate reserve. Exercise has shown to improve almost all aspects of physiologic and psychological functioning.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Nurses can confidently suggest exercise as part of a patient's therapy and guide the patient to a safe program.

Integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions for the management of cancer-related fatigue

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating, multi-faceted biopsychosocial symptom experienced by the majority of cancer survivors during and after treatment. CRF begins after diagnosis and frequently persists long after treatments end, even when the cancer is in remission. The etiological pathopsychophysiology underlying CRF is multifactorial and not well delineated. Mechanisms may include abnormal accumulation of muscle metabolites, dysregulation of the homeostatic status of cytokines, irregularities in neuromuscular function, abnormal gene expression, inadequate ATP synthesis, serotonin dysregulation, abnormal vagal afferent nerve activation, as well as an array of psychosocial mechanisms, including self-efficacy, causal attributions, expectancy, coping, and social support. An important first step in the management of CRF is the identification and treatment of associated comorbidities, such as anemia, hypothyroidism, pain, emotional distress, insomnia, malnutrition, and other comorbid conditions. However, even effective clinical management of these conditions will not necessarily alleviate CRF for a significant proportion of cancer survivors. For these individuals, intervention with additional therapeutic modalities may be required. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend that integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions be implemented for the effective management of CRF. These types of interventions may include exercise, psychosocial support, stress management, energy conservation, nutritional therapy, sleep therapy, and restorative therapy. A growing body of scientific evidence supports the use of exercise and psychosocial interventions for the management of CRF. Research on these interventions has yielded positive outcomes in cancer survivors with different diagnoses undergoing a variety of cancer treatments. The data from trials investigating the efficacy of other types of integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral therapies for the management of CRF, though limited, are also encouraging. This article provides an overview of current research on the relative merits of integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions for the effective clinical management of CRF and makes recommendations for future research. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

Hope and Related Variables in Italian Cancer Patients

Hope, long considered an essential element for life, has been shown to be important among cancer patients in coping, perceived control over the illness, and psychologic adjustment to the illness. The purpose of this study was (a) to describe the level of hope in Italian cancer patients; (b) to compare the levels of hope during and after hospitalization; (c) to determine whether hope was correlated with quality of life and several symptoms; and (d) to determine whether the variables from the international literature also pertain to Italian cancer patients. A descriptive correlational design using repeated measures was chosen to study 80 Italian cancer patients during hospitalization and then at home. The following instruments were used: a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Hope Related Variable Questionnaire, the Nowotny Hope Scale, the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Overall, patients were moderately hopeful and the level of hopefulness was similar in the hospital and at home. Hope was positively correlated with quality of life, self-esteem, coping, adjustment to the illness, well-being, comfort in the hospital, satisfaction with information received, relationship with, and support from family, healthcare professional, and friends. Hope was negatively correlated with anxiety, depression, and boredom during hospitalization. Time since diagnosis, illness stage, and knowing or not knowing the diagnosis and treatment were not correlated with hope. Similarities and differences with the international literature are discussed, and implications for caring for Italian cancer patients are drawn.

Dyspnea

Dyspnea, defined as uncomfortable or labored breathing, is a common and often devastating cause of distress for patients and their caregivers with advanced cancer and other life-threatening illnesses. The mechanism by which dyspnea develops is not fully understood, but it involves integration of the central respiratory complex with the sensory (perceptual) cortex. The gold standard of diagnosis is patient self-report. Careful assessment should be undertaken to identify reversible existing causes. Systemic opioids are the first-line therapy for symptomatic management, along with other general comfort measures (positioning, cool air, calming environment). Medical or surgical management can be directed toward underlying causes. Advanced care planning should include discussions concerning the burdens and benefits of medical/surgical management of underlying causes of dyspnea to more effectively direct goals of care. This article reviews current literature on dyspnea, with a focus on items published since 2000.

Hope seen through the eyes of 10 Australian young people

AIM

The aim of this paper is to report the findings of a phenomenological study that explored hope in 10 young people in Australia.

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests many Australian young people are in crisis. Examination of key reports that detail the incidence of suicide, early drug-taking behaviours, homelessness, self-harm behaviours, joblessness, depressive disorders, crime statistics and alcohol abuse suggest that many of today's young people have lost resilience as well as vital connections to their community.

METHOD

Two methods were employed to encourage the participants to reflect on their experiences of hope - what it is and what it meant to them. The first was to supply participants with a disposable colour film camera and ask them to take pictures that, in their view, showed hope. The second was participation in an in-depth interview that was prompted in part, by their photographs. Interview audiotapes were transcribed verbatim and analysis of the text used the Turner method. The data were collected in 2002.

FINDINGS

Four horizons of hope were revealed: at-one-with; a driving force; having choices; and connecting and being connected. These horizons are discussed, showing how, or if, the literature treats these dimensions of hope. Perspectives are offered on how they might be considered by nurses who are charged with caring for today's young people.

CONCLUSION

Registered Nurses who work with young people must understand the phenomenon of hope from their unique perspective before they can offer appropriate hope-facilitating strategies.

Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer—A systematic review of the evidence

Despite advances in lung cancer treatment, the outlook for most patients remains grim. Many of them face a short survival time during which they may suffer physical and psychological problems related with the cancer and the treatment side-effects. There is a need for a high quality care to support patients and reduce symptoms as much as possible. This systematic review found that a specialised nursing programme to reduce breathlessness was effective and that after patients' treatment had finished, those cared by nurses did as well or even better than those cared by doctors.

Controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Approximately 9.8 million cancer survivors are alive in the United States today. Enthusiasm for prescribing physical activity for cancer survivors depends on evidence regarding whether physical activity during or after completion of treatment results in improved outcomes such as cardiorespiratory fitness, fatigue, symptoms, quality of life, mental health, or change in body size.

METHODS

A systematic qualitative and quantitative review of the English language scientific literature identified controlled trials of physical activity interventions in cancer survivors during and after treatment. Data from 32 studies were abstracted, weighted mean effect sizes (WMES) were calculated from the 22 high-quality studies, and a systematic level of evidence criteria was applied to evaluate 25 outcomes.

RESULTS

There was qualitative and quantitative evidence of a small to moderate effect of physical activity interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness (WMES = 0.51 and 0.65 during and after treatment respectively, P < 0.01), physiologic outcomes and symptoms during treatment (WMES = 0.28, P < 0.01 and 0.39, P < 0.01, respectively), and vigor posttreatment (WMES = 0.83, P = 0.04). Physical activity was well tolerated in cancer survivors during and after treatment, but the available literature does not allow conclusions to be drawn regarding adverse events from participation.

CONCLUSIONS

Physical activity improves cardiorespiratory fitness during and after cancer treatment, symptoms and physiologic effects during treatment, and vigor posttreatment. Additional physical activity intervention studies are needed to more firmly establish the range and magnitude of positive effects of physical activity among cancer survivors.

Exercise interventions for cancer patients: systematic review of controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise interventions in cancer patients.

METHODS

Studies were located through searching seven electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CancerLit, PsycInfo, Cinahl, SportDiscus), scanning reference lists of relevant articles, contacting experts (n = 20), and checking the contents lists of journals available through ZETOC (Electronic Table of Contents). To be included, trials had to be prospective, controlled, involve participants diagnosed with cancer and test an exercise intervention. Types of outcome were not restricted. Two reviewers independently applied the selection criteria.

RESULTS

Thirty-three controlled trials (including 25 randomized trials) were included in the review. There was some evidence that physical function was increased among those who exercised. Furthermore, symptoms of fatigue did not appear to be increased and there were few adverse effects reported. There was insufficient evidence to determine effects on other outcomes, such as quality of life, with results hampered by the heterogeneity between studies as well as poor methodological quality. Data were also lacking on the long term effects of exercise relating to cancer recurrence or survival.

CONCLUSIONS

There is preliminary evidence that exercise interventions for cancer patients can lead to moderate increases in physical function and are not associated with increased symptoms of fatigue. However, it is impossible from current evidence to determine whether exercise has long term beneficial effects on survival or quality of life.

Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite advances in treatment, outlook for the majority of patients remains grim and most face a pessimistic outlook accompanied by sometimes devastating effects on emotional and psychological health. Although chemotherapy is accepted as an effective treatment for advanced lung cancer, the high prevalence of treatment-related side effects as well the symptoms of disease progression highlight the need for high quality palliative and supportive care to minimise symptom distress and to promote quality of life.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions delivered by healthcare professionals in improving symptoms, psychological functioning and quality of life in patients with lung cancer.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (1966-March 2003), EMBASE (1974-March 2003), CINAHL (1982-September 2002), CancerLit (1975-October 2002), PsycINFO (1873-March 2003), reference lists of relevant articles and contact with authors.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials assessing the effects of non-invasive interventions in improving well-being and quality of life in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two reviewers independently assessed relevant studies for inclusion. Data extraction and quality assessment of relevant studies was performed by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer.

MAIN RESULTS

Nine trials were included and categorised into six groups. Two trials of a nursing intervention to manage breathlessness showed benefit on symptom experience, performance status and emotional functioning. Three trials assessed structured nursing programmes and found positive effects on delay in clinical deterioration, dependency and symptom distress, and improvements in emotional functioning and satisfaction with care. One trial assessing counselling showed benefit on some emotional components of the illness but findings were not conclusive. One trial assessing an exercise programme, found a beneficial effect on self-empowerment. One trial of nutritional interventions found positive effects for increasing energy intake, but no improvement in quality of life. One trial of reflexology showed some positive, but short-lasting effects on anxiety.

REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS

Nurse follow-up programmes and a nurse intervention to manage breathlessness may produce beneficial effects. Psychotherapeutic study indicates that counselling may help patients cope more effectively with emotional symptoms, but the evidence is not conclusive. Findings from the included studies reinforce the necessity for increased training and education of healthcare professionals giving in these interventions. More research, of higher methodological quality is needed in this area to explore possible underlying explanatory mechanisms.

Framework PEACE: an organizational model for examining physical exercise across the cancer experience

The primary purpose of this article is to provide a framework for organizing research on physical exercise and cancer control. A secondary purpose is to use this framework to provide an overview of the extant literature and to offer directions forr future research. The proposed framework, entitled Physical Exercise Across the Cancer Experience (PEACE), divides the cancer experience into 6 time periods: 2 prediagnosis (i.e., prescreening and screening/diagnosis) and 4 postdiagnosis (i.e., pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and resumption). Based on these time periods, 8 general cancer control outcomes are highlighted. Two cancer control outcomes occur prediagnosis (i.e., prevention and detection), and 6 occur postdiagnosis (i.e., buffering, coping, rehabilitation, health promotion, palliation, and survival). An overview of the physical exercise literature indicates that only I time period (i.e., prescreening) and cancer control outcome (i.e., prevention) has received significant research attention. Some time periods (i.e., treatment and resumption) and cancer control outcomes (i.e., coping and health promotion) have received modest research attention, whereas other time periods (i.e., screening/diagnosis, pretreatment, and posttreatment) and cancer control outcomes (i.e., detection, buffering, rehabilitation, palliation, and survival) have received only minimal attention. It is hoped that Framework PEACE will stimulate a more comprehensive and in-depth inquiry into the role of physical exercise in cancer control.

Ambiguous opportunity: toiling for truth of nursing art and science

This article questions traditional boundaries between nursing art and nursing science and explores how nurses build knowledge and truth. A brief overview of familiar notions about nursing art is followed by questions that are meant to deepen understanding about nursing and the knowledge required for a discipline. Authors describe understanding as an event that heralds human creation of meaning and potential action. Art is then shown to be a way to enhance understanding and meaningful knowledge when woven with nursing theory to guide practice. Findings from Parse's research method are described as artistic expressions, and borders that have served to separate notions about nursing art and science are challenged. The hermeneutics of human becoming are presented as beacons for truth and understanding. Authors call for tolerance of ambiguity and openness to support dialogue and discovery.