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Sharma D, Arora S, Singh J, Layek B. A review of the tortuous path of nonviral gene delivery and recent progress. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2055-2073. [PMID: 34087309 PMCID: PMC8266766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy encompasses the transfer of exogenous genetic materials into the patient's target cells to treat or prevent diseases. Nevertheless, the transfer of genetic material into desired cells is challenging and often requires specialized tools or delivery systems. For the past 40 years, scientists are mainly pursuing various viruses as gene delivery vectors, and the overall progress has been slow and far from the expectation. As an alternative, nonviral vectors have gained substantial attention due to their several advantages, including superior safety profile, enhanced payload capacity, and stealth abilities. Since nonviral vectors encounter multiple extra- and intra-cellular barriers limiting the transfer of genetic payload into the target cell nucleus, we have discussed these barriers in detail for this review. A direct approach, utilizing physical methods like electroporation, sonoporation, gene gun, eliminate the requirement for a specific carrier for gene delivery. In contrast, chemical methods of gene transfer exploit natural or synthetic compounds as carriers to increase cellular targeting and gene therapy effectiveness. We have also emphasized the recent advancements aimed at enhancing the current nonviral approaches. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on discussing the current evolving state of nonviral gene delivery systems and their future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA
| | - Sanjay Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA.
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2
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Naik S, Shreya AB, Raychaudhuri R, Pandey A, Lewis SA, Hazarika M, Bhandary SV, Rao BSS, Mutalik S. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) based gene silencing strategies for the treatment of glaucoma: Recent advancements and future perspectives. Life Sci 2020; 264:118712. [PMID: 33159955 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA-interference-based mechanisms, especially the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), have been under investigation for the treatment of several ailments and have shown promising results for ocular diseases including glaucoma. The eye, being a confined compartment, serves as a good target for the delivery of siRNAs. This review focuses on siRNA-based strategies for gene silencing to treat glaucoma. We have discussed the ocular structures and barriers to gene therapy (tear film, corneal, conjunctival, vitreous, and blood ocular barriers), methods of administration for ocular gene delivery (topical instillation, periocular, intracameral, intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal routes) and various viral and non-viral vectors in siRNA-based therapy for glaucoma. The components and mechanism of siRNA-based gene silencing have been mentioned briefly followed by the basic strategies and challenges faced during siRNA therapeutics development. We have emphasized different therapeutic targets for glaucoma which have been under research by scientists and the current siRNA-based drugs used in glaucoma treatment. We also mention briefly strategies for siRNA-based treatment after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Manali Hazarika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Director - Research, Directorte of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
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Melnikova E, Goryachev D, Chaplenko A, Vodyakova M, Sayfutdinova A, Merkulov V. Development of liposomal drug formulations: quality attributes and methods for quality control. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanostructured components in drug manufacturing and, more specifically, targeted drug delivery has recently become a major trend in the pharmaceutical industry. Nanodrugs encompass a wide range of pharmaceutical agents containing dendrimers, nanocrystals, micelles, liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles. Liposomes are the most well-studied nanoparticles and effective drug carriers. However, the more complex their structure is, the more process controls are needed and the more quality attributes have to be monitored, including the chemical properties of the liposomal fraction such as the shape, size and charge of the nanoparticle, conjugation efficacy, and distribution of the active ingredient. We believe that quality control of key liposome characteristics should rely on dynamic and laser light scattering coupled with electrophoresis, differential scanning calorimetry, cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, laser diffraction analysis, and gel filtration chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.V. Melnikova
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - D.V. Goryachev
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - A.A. Chaplenko
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - M.A. Vodyakova
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - A.R. Sayfutdinova
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - V.A. Merkulov
- Scientific center for expert evaluation of medicinal products of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, Moscow
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Oliveira AV, Rosa da Costa AM, Silva GA. Non-viral strategies for ocular gene delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1275-1289. [PMID: 28532005 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The success of gene therapy relies on efficient gene transfer and stable transgene expression. The in vivo efficiency is determined by the delivery vector, route of administration, therapeutic gene, and target cells. While some requirements are common to several strategies, others depend on the target disease and transgene product. Consequently, it is unlikely that a single system is suitable for all applications. This review examines current gene therapy strategies, focusing on non-viral approaches and the use of natural polymers with the eye, and particularly the retina, as their gene delivery target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira
- Center for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Ana M Rosa da Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Chemistry Research Centre (CIQA), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Gabriela A Silva
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Norouzi M, Boroujeni SM, Omidvarkordshouli N, Soleimani M. Advances in skin regeneration: application of electrospun scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1114-33. [PMID: 25721694 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The paucity of cellular and molecular signals essential for normal wound healing makes severe dermatological ulcers stubborn to heal. The novel strategies of skin regenerative treatments are focused on the development of biologically responsive scaffolds accompanied by cells and multiple biomolecules resembling structural and biochemical cues of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds provide similar architecture to the ECM leading to enhancement of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and neo tissue formation. This Review surveys the application of biocompatible natural, synthetic and composite polymers to fabricate electrospun scaffolds as skin substitutes and wound dressings. Furthermore, the application of biomolecules and therapeutic agents in the nanofibrous scaffolds viz growth factors, genes, antibiotics, silver nanoparticles, and natural medicines with the aim of ameliorating cellular behavior, wound healing, and skin regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Norouzi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering; Stem Cell Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Stephen SL, Freestone K, Dunn S, Twigg MW, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. Scavenger receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010:646929. [PMID: 20981357 PMCID: PMC2958427 DOI: 10.4061/2010/646929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors act as membrane-bound and soluble proteins that bind to macromolecular complexes and pathogens. This diverse supergroup of proteins mediates binding to modified lipoprotein particles which regulate the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. In vascular tissues, scavenger receptors are implicated in regulating intracellular signaling, lipid accumulation, foam cell development, and cellular apoptosis or necrosis linked to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. One approach is using gene therapy to modulate scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis. Ectopic expression of membrane-bound scavenger receptors using viral vectors can modify lipid profiles and reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Alternatively, expression of soluble scavenger receptors can also block plaque initiation and progression. Inhibition of scavenger receptor expression using a combined gene therapy and RNA interference strategy also holds promise for long-term therapy. Here we review our current understanding of the gene delivery by viral vectors to cells and tissues in gene therapy strategies and its application to the modulation of scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Stephen
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Reed SD, Fulmer A, Buckholz J, Zhang B, Cutrera J, Shiomitsu K, Li S. Bleomycin/interleukin-12 electrochemogenetherapy for treating naturally occurring spontaneous neoplasms in dogs. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:571-8. [PMID: 20414325 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogenetherapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. Intralesional bleomycin (BLM) and feline interleukin-12 DNA injection combined with translesional electroporation resulted in complete cure of two recurrent World Health Organization stage T(2b)N(0)M(0) oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and one T(2)N(0)M(0) acanthomatous ameloblastoma. Three remaining dogs, which had no other treatment options, had partial responses to ECGT; one had mandibular T(3b)N(2b)M(1) melanoma with pulmonary and lymph node metastases; one had cubital T(3)N(0)M(1) histiocytic sarcoma with spleen metastases; and one had soft palate T(3)N(0)M(0) fibrosarcoma. The melanoma dog had decrease in the size of the primary tumor before recrudescence and euthanasia. The histiocytic sarcoma dog had resolution of the primary tumor, but was euthanized because of metastases 4 months after the only treatment. The dog with T(3)N(0)M(0) fibrosarcoma had tumor regression with recrudescence. Treatment was associated with minimal side effects and was easy to perform, was associated with repair of bone lysis in cured dogs, improved quality of life for dogs with partial responses and extended overall survival time. ECGT seems to be a safe and resulted in complete responses in SCC and acanthomatous ameloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Reed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Reed SD, Fulmer A, Buckholz J, Zhang B, Cutrera J, Shiomitsu K, Li S. Bleomycin/interleukin-12 electrochemogene therapy for treating naturally occurring spontaneous neoplasms in dogs. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:457-64. [PMID: 20150931 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogene therapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. Intralesional bleomycin and feline interleukin-12 DNA (fIL-12 DNA) injection combined with translesional electroporation resulted in complete cure of two recurrent World Health Organization stage T(2b)N(0)M(0) oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and one T(2)N(0)M(0) acanthomatous ameloblastoma. Three remaining dogs, which had no other treatment options, had partial responses to ECGT; one had mandibular T(3b)N(2b)M(1) melanoma with pulmonary and lymph node metastases; one had cubital T(3)N(0)M(1) histiocytic sarcoma with spleen metastases; and one had soft palate T(3)N(0)M(0) fibrosarcoma. The melanoma dog had decrease in size of the primary tumor before recrudescence and euthanasia. The histiocytic sarcoma dog had resolution of the primary tumor, but was euthanized because of metastases 4 months after the only treatment. The dog with T(3)N(0)M(0) fibrosarcoma had tumor regression with recrudescence. Treatment was associated with minimal side effects and was easy to perform. It was associated with repair of bone lysis in cured dogs, it improved quality of life of dogs with partial responses and extended overall survival time. ECGT seems to be a safe and resulted in complete responses in SCC and acanthomatous ameloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Reed
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Ren JL, Wang ZG, Zhang Y, Zheng YY, Li XS, Zhang QX, Wang ZX, Xu CS. Transfection efficiency of TDL compound in HUVEC enhanced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2008; 34:1857-1867. [PMID: 18524464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the gene transfection efficiency of Tat peptide/plasmid DNA/ liposome (TDL) compound combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Tat peptide, plasmid DNA (pIRES2-EGFP-HGF) and Lipofectamine 2000 were used to prepare the TDL compound. Microbubbles were prepared using mechanic vibration. The expression of the report gene enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was observed using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The viability of HUVEC was measured by MTT assay. mRNA and protein of HGF was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot. The intensity of green fluorescence and the gene transfection efficiency of TDL compound + microbubbles + ultrasound group were higher than those of other groups, and no significantly different viability was found between TDL compound + microbubbles + ultrasound group and the other groups. The HGF mRNA and HGF protein of TDL compound + microbubbles + ultrasound group were higher than those of other groups. Our finding demonstrated that UTMD could enhance the transfection efficiency of TDL compound without obvious effects on the cell viability of HUVEC, suggesting that the combination of UTMD and TDL compound might be a useful tool for the gene therapy of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Ren
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
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Niu L, Xu YC, Xie HY, Dai Z, Tang HQ. Expression of human insulin gene wrapped with chitosan nanoparticles in NIH3T3 cells and diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1342-9. [PMID: 18954529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of human insulin gene wrapped with chitosan nanoparticles in NIH3T3 cells and diabetic rats. METHODS pCMV.Ins, an expression plasmid of the human insulin gene, was constructed. In total, 100 microg pCMV.Ins wrapped with chitosan nanoparticles (chitosan-pCMV.Ins) was transfected to NIH3T3 cells and diabetes rats through lavage and coloclysis, respectively. The transfected cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, containing G418, for 72 h after transfection. The clones were selected and continued to grow in G418 medium for 24 d. The expression of human insulin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Human insulin in the culture medium of transfected cells was measured. Fasting blood glucose and plasma human insulin of diabetic rats were measured for 5 d after transfection. RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to confirm the expression of the human insulin gene in diabetic rats. RESULTS Approximately 10% of NIH3T3 cells transfected by chitosan-pCMV.Ins expressed human insulin. Human insulin in the culture medium of NIH3T3 cells transfected by chitosan-pCMV.Ins significantly increased compared with that of the control group (P<0.01). Fasting blood glucose levels of the lavage group and the coloclysis group decreased significantly in 5 d (P<0.01) in comparison, while plasma insulin levels were much higher (P<0.01). The human insulin gene mRNA and human insulin were only detected in the lavage and the coloclysis groups. CONCLUSION The human insulin gene can be transfected and expressed successfully by chitosan- pCMV.Ins in NIH3T3 cells and diabetes rats, which indicates that chitosan is a promising, non-viral vector for gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Saxena R. Pathogenesis and treatment of peritoneal membrane failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:695-703. [PMID: 17891546 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a viable treatment option for end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients worldwide. PD may provide a survival advantages over hemodialysis (HD) in the early years of treatment. However, the benefits of PD are short-lived, as peritoneal membrane failure ensues in many patients, owing mainly to structural and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane from the use of conventional bio-incompatible PD solutions, which are hyperosmolar, acidic, have lactate buffer and contain high concentrations of glucose and glucose degradation products (GDPs). Current data suggest that chronic exposure of the peritoneum to contemporary PD fluids provokes activation of various inflammatory, fibrogenic and angiogenic cytokines, interplay of which leads to progressive peritoneal fibrosis, vasculopathy and neoangiogenesis. There is emerging evidence that peritoneal vascular changes are mainly responsible for increased solute transport and ultrafiltration failure in long-term PD. However, the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms initiating and propagating peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis remain elusive. The protection of the peritoneal membrane from long-term toxic and metabolic effects of high GDP-containing, conventional, glucose-based solutions is a prime objective to improve PD outcome. Recent development of new, more biocompatible, PD solutions should help to preserve peritoneal membrane function, promote ultrafiltration, improve nutritional status and, hopefully, preserve peritoneal membrane and improve overall PD outcomes. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular responses leading to peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis spurs new therapeutic strategies that might protect the peritoneal membrane against the consequences of longstanding PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Saxena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8856, USA.
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Jo JI, Tabata Y. Non-viral gene transfection technologies for genetic engineering of stem cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68:90-104. [PMID: 17870447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress of molecular biology together with the steady progress of genome projects has given us some essential and revolutionary information about DNA and RNA to elucidate various biological phenomena at a genetic level. Under these circumstances, the technology and methodology of gene transfection have become more and more important to enhance the efficacy of gene therapy for several diseases. In addition, gene transfection is a fundamental technology indispensable to the further research development of basic biology and medicine regarding stem cells. Stem cells genetically manipulated will enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cell transplantation. In this paper, the carrier and technology of gene delivery are briefly overviewed while the applications to the basic researches of biology and medicine as well as regenerative medical therapy are introduced. A new non-viral carrier and the cell culture system are described to efficiently manipulate stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Jo
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Ultrasound-contrast agent mediated naked gene delivery in the peritoneal cavity of adult rat. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1712-20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Guo H, Leung JCK, Lam MF, Chan LYY, Tsang AWL, Lan HY, Lai KN. Smad7 transgene attenuates peritoneal fibrosis in uremic rats treated with peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2689-703. [PMID: 17855642 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the peritoneal fibrosis that complicates long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). We studied the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway in peritoneal fibrosis induced in uremic rats treated with PD and explored the therapeutic potential of Smad7 to prevent fibrogenesis. After subtotal nephrectomy, uremic rats were treated with peritoneal dialysis using 4.25% dextrose-containing fluid. The peritoneum of uremic rats treated with PD demonstrated fibrosis, increased TGF-beta expression, increased Smad2/3 activation, decreased Smad7 expression, and increased expression of fibrogenic and angiogenic factors. In addition, peritoneal function was impaired and its structure was altered, including a thickened submesothelial layer. In rats transfected with a Smad7 transgene using an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated system, peritoneal fibrosis was attenuated, peritoneal function was improved, and Smad2/3 activation was inhibited. We suggest that administration of Smad7 inhibits peritoneal fibrogenesis in uremic rats treated with PD by correcting the imbalance between downregulated Smad7 and activated Smad2/3. Blockade of the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent peritoneal fibrosis in patients treated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Kimura Y, Tabata Y. Experimental tissue regeneration by DDS technology of bio-signaling molecules. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 47:189-99. [PMID: 17507205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medical therapy of tissue regeneration achieved by biomaterial-based tissue engineering has been currently expected as the third option following reconstructive surgery and organ transplantation. The basic idea of this regenerative therapy is to assist the self-healing potentials of body to induce the natural regeneration and repairing of defective or injured tissue. To this end, it is practically important to create a local environment which enables cells to promote their proliferation and differentiation, resulting in the induction of cell-based tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering is a biomedical technology or methodology to build up this regeneration environment by making use of biomaterials. Drug delivery system (DDS) is a biomaterial technology to enhance the in vivo biological functions of bio-signaling molecules (growth factors and genes) for promoted tissue regeneration. This paper overviews the recent status of tissue regeneration therapy based on the DDS technology of bio-signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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