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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Nah SY, Cho IH. Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates demyelination by inhibiting infiltration and activation of immune cells in cuprizone-administrated mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:672-680. [PMID: 37720568 PMCID: PMC10499591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng, has pharmacological activities for immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. But, the role of KRGE in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Purpose To determine whether KRG extract (KRGE) could inhibit demyelination in corpus callosum (CC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model of MS. Methods Male adult mice were fed with a standard chow diet or a chow diet supplemented with 0.2% (w/w) CPZ ad libitum for six weeks to induce demyelination while were simultaneously administered with distilled water (DW) alone or KRGE-DW (0.004%, 0.02 and 0.1% of KRGE) by drinking. Results Administration with KRGE-DW alleviated demyelination and oligodendrocyte degeneration associated with inhibition of infiltration and activation of resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages as well as downregulation of proinflammatory mediators in the CC of CPZ-fed mice. KRGE-DW also attenuated the level of infiltration of Th1 and Th17) cells, in line with inhibited mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, in the CC. These positive effects of KRGE-DW mitigated behavioral dysfunction based on elevated plus maze and the rotarod tests. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that KRGE-DW may inhibit CPZ-induced demyelination due to its oligodendroglial protective and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting infiltration/activation of immune cells. Thus, KRGE might have potential in therapeutic intervention for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jo
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Ha
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1-3 deteriorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:240. [PMID: 34666785 PMCID: PMC8527776 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors involved in many physiological functions in the central nervous system. However, the role of the LPARs in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly defined yet. Methods Here, we investigated the roles of LPARs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Results Pre-inhibition with LPAR1–3 antagonist Ki16425 deteriorated motor disability of EAElow. Specifically, LPAR1–3 antagonist (intraperitoneal) deteriorated symptoms of EAElow associated with increased demyelination, chemokine expression, cellular infiltration, and immune cell activation (microglia and macrophage) in spinal cords of mice compared to the sham group. This LPAR1–3 antagonist also increased the infiltration of CD4+/IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD4+/IL-17+ (Th17) cells into spinal cords of EAElow mice along with upregulated mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 and impaired blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the spinal cord. The underlying mechanism for negative effects of LPAR1–3 antagonist was associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) 2 and NOX3. Interestingly, LPAR1/2 agonist 1-oleoyl-LPA (LPA 18:1) (intraperitoneal) ameliorated symptoms of EAEhigh and improved representative pathological features of spinal cords of EAEhigh mice. Conclusions Our findings strongly suggest that some agents that can
stimulate LPARs might have potential therapeutic implications for autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as MS.
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Afshar B, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Khalifezadeh Esfahani Z, Eskandari N, Shaygannajad V, Hosseininasab F, Alsahebfosoul F. Evaluating the Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on HIF-1α Protein and RORC Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:533-540. [PMID: 35154593 PMCID: PMC8817175 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the chronic inflammation of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and autoimmune disease. MS is most widely considered to be mediated by the activation of myelin-specific T CD4+ cells as well as TH1 and TH17 cells. TH17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS in various manners. HIF-1α and RORC are required for the natural differentiation of TH17; they are essential transcription factors for the evolution of TH17 cells. Numerous studies indicated that Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) presents immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the effects of EGCG on normoxic HIF-1α and RORC2 expression in PBMCs among MS patients. Methods: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the whole blood of new cases of MS. The cells were cultured in the presence of a different concentration of EGCG (25, 50,100μM) for 18 and 48 hours. Next, HIF-1α and RORC2 level expressions were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Real-Time PCR, respectively. Results: The results showed that EGCG significantly decreased RORC2 gene expression. EGCG did not affect the level of HIF-1α. Conclusion: However, EGCG did not influence the level of HIF-1α. Our present data has led us to conclude that EGCG could be considered as an anti-inflammatory agent may serve as an achievable therapeutic agent for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshra Afshar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannajad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseininasab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Freshteh Alsahebfosoul
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Choi JH, Oh J, Lee MJ, Ko SG, Nah SY, Cho IH. Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:384-398. [PMID: 33309911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin (GT), a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from ginseng, exerts neuroprotective effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the in vivo role of GT in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly resolved. We investigated the effect of GT in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. GT alleviated behavioral symptoms of EAE associated with reduced demyelination, diminished infiltration and activation of immune cells (microglia and macrophage), and decreased expression of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord of the EAE group compared to that of the sham group. GT reduced the percentages of CD4+/IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD4+/IL-17+ (Th17) cells but increased the population of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ (Treg) cells in the spinal cord, in agreement with altered mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and TGF-ß in the spinal cord in concordance with mitigated blood-brain barrier disruption. The underlying mechanism is related to inhibition of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the stabilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) via increased expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) 1-3. Impressively, these beneficial effects of GT were completely neutralized by inhibiting LPARs with Ki16425, a LPAR1/3 antagonist. Our results strongly suggest that GT may be able to alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities through LPARs. Therefore, GT is a potential therapeutic option for treating autoimmune disorders including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Silymarin Restores Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients In Vitro. Inflammation 2019; 42:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Lee SJ, Cho IH. Oriental Medicine Samhwangsasim-tang Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Th1 Cell Responses and Upregulating Treg Cell Responses. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28458638 PMCID: PMC5394181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental medicine Samhwangsasim-tang (SHSST) has traditionally been used in East Asia to treat hypertension and its complications. However, little is known about its potential value regarding the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated whether SHSST has a beneficial effect in treating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Onset-treatment with SHSST was found to alleviate neurological symptoms as well as demyelination and glial activation in the spinal cords from the EAE mice. The SHSST also attenuated the mRNA or protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta and tumor necrotic factor-alpha); chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha); inducible nitric oxide synthase; and cyclooxygenase-2 in correspondence with the down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signal pathways in the spinal cords from EAE mice. Interestingly, the protective effect of the SHSST was related to a decreased number of Th1 cells and an increased number of Treg cells in spinal cords from EAE mice. Taken together, our finding firstly suggested that SHSST could delay or mitigate EAE with a wide therapeutic time-window by suppressing Th1 cell responses and upregulating Treg cell responses. Also, our findings are strong enough to warrant further investigation of SHSST as a treatment for chronic autoimmune diseases including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min J Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jong H Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung J Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Bee Venom Acupuncture Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Upregulating Regulatory T Cells and Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Responses. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1419-1445. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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