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Xu W, Wu X, Wen Q, Li S, Song Y, Shi B. Effects of collagen fiber addition on the combustion and thermal stability of natural rubber. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Collagen fiber (CF) and silane coupling agent-modified collagen fiber (MCF) were used as flame retardant filler for natural rubber (NR) modification. The combustion phenomena and properties of composites blended with different dosages of CF or MCF were compared to elucidate the flame retardant mechanism of the composites. The flame retardancy of NR can be enhanced effectively by increasing nitrogen content (the nitrogen content of CF is about 18%), creating air pockets, and structuring the flame retardant network in the composites. MCF failed to structure a flame retardant network in the composite, indicating that its modification effects of MCF are weaker than those of CF. When CF dosage was 30 wt%, the composite can achieve the best flame retardancy, with limited oxygen index of 29.4% and without smoke and dripping during burning. This study demonstrated a new method for the flame retardant modification of NR.
Graphical abstract
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Peng Y, Niu M, Qin R, Xue B, Shao M. Study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PET by the synergy between Fe2O3 and new phosphorus-containing silicone flame retardant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320914365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the environmental hazard from the flame retardant, a halogen-free phosphorus-containing silicone flame-retardant poly N, N dimethylene phosphate aminopropyl siloxane (PDPSI) was prepared following the Mannich reaction. Then, PDPSI and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were used for the preparation of synergistic flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame-retardant test results revealed that at 2% PDPSI/Fe2O3 content and 1:2 mass ratio of PDPSI to Fe2O3, the limit oxygen index value of the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composite material was 27.9%, reaching the flame-retardant level and passing the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. In addition, the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composites had a char residue content of 17.5% at 700°C, an increase of 30.6% compared to that of the pristine PET. In the cone calorimeter test, the addition of PDPSI/Fe2O3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) rate, and total smoke production (TSP) value of the resulting PET composites. PHRR and THR decreased by 66.05% and 14.3%, respectively. The TSP value decreased from 14.4 m2 to 8.1 m2, a decrease of 43.8%. The scanning electron microscopy images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the char residue showed a significant synergy between Fe2O3 and PDPSI, changing the structure of the carbon layer in continuous and dense form, thus the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PET composites improved. In addition, the tensile strength of the PET composite was 42.11 MPa, which was only 1.84% less than that of the pristine PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mei Niu
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihong Qin
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baoxia Xue
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingqiang Shao
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Zhang S, Ji W, Han Y, Gu X, Li H, Sun J. Flame-retardant expandable polystyrene foams coated with ethanediol-modified melamine-formaldehyde resin and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wenfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Yang S, Hu Y, Zhang Q. Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318756496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yefa Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Cao B, Gu X, Song X, Jin X, Liu X, Liu X, Sun J, Zhang S. The flammability of expandable polystyrene foams coated with melamine modified urea formaldehyde resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education; Beijing 100029 China
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