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Kopp T, Abdel-Tawab M, Mizaikoff B. Extracting and Analyzing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E320. [PMID: 32413969 PMCID: PMC7290370 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are distributed in plant families of Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae and serve in the chemical defense mechanism against herbivores. However, they became a matter of concern due to their toxicity associated with the high risk of intake within herbal preparations, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, medicinal teas, or other plant-derived drug products. In 1992, the German Federal Ministry of Health established the first limits of PA content for fourteen medicinal plants. Because of the toxic effects of PAs, the Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) established more stringent limits in 2011, whereby a daily intake <0.007 µg/kg body weight was recommended and valid until 2018. A threefold higher limit was then advised by BfR. To address consumer safety, there is the need for more efficient extraction procedures along with robust, selective, and sensitive analytical methods to address these concerns. With the increased prevalence of, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, this timely review comprehensively focuses on the most relevant extraction and analysis strategies for each of those fourteen plant genera. While a variety of extraction procedures has been reported, differences in PA content of up to 1110 ppm (0.11% (w/w)) were obtained dependent on the nature of the solvent and the applied extraction technique. It is evident that the efficient extraction of PAs requires further improvements or at least standardization of the extraction conditions. Comparing the various analytical techniques applied regarding selectivity and sensitivity, LC-MS methods appear most suited. This review shows that both standardized extraction and sensitive determination of PAs is required for achieving appropriate safety levels concerning public health in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kopp
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, 65760 Eschborn, Germany;
| | - Mona Abdel-Tawab
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, 65760 Eschborn, Germany;
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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Zhang X, He J, Huang W, Huang H, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang L, Wang G, Wang Y, Li Y. Antiviral Activity of the Sesquiterpene Lactones from Centipeda minima against Influenza a Virus in vitro. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of searching for antiviral agents from Chinese medicinal herbs, we found that the supercritical fluid extract (SFE) of Centipeda minima possessed good in vitro antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (PR8). Bioassay-guided isolation and identification led to the isolation from this extract of seven pseudoguaianolides (1-7). These, as well as nine other sesquiterpene lactones (8-16) previously isolated from this herb were all tested for their anti-PR8 activity using both the cytopathogenic effect (CPE) reduction and cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assays. As a result, eight pseudoguaianolides (1-8) possessing an α,β-unsaturated cyclopentenone moiety showed antiviral activity against PR8 to different extents. Of the active compounds, brevilin A (4) exhibited the strongest anti-PR8 activity, with an IC50 value much lower than that of the positive control ribavirin. Mechanistic study revealed that brevilin A affected the intracellular replication of PR8 via downregulating the expression of viral M2 protein. All these results suggest the potential application of the pseudoguaianolides containing an α,β-unsaturated cyclopentenone moiety (e.g. brevilin A) in the treatment of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guocai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou WB, Zeng GZ, Xu HM, He WJ, Zhang YM, Tan NH. Astershionones A–F, six new anti-HBV shionane-type triterpenes from Aster tataricus. Fitoterapia 2014; 93:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Astataricusones A-D and astataricusol A, five new anti-HBV shionane-type triterpenes from Aster tataricus L. f. Molecules 2013; 18:14585-96. [PMID: 24287992 PMCID: PMC6270206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new shionane-type triterpenes, astataricusones A-D (compounds 1-4) and astataricusol A (5), together with one known shionane-type triterpene 6 were obtained from the roots and rhizomes of Aster tataricus L. f. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, mainly NMR and MS data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 4 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and CD analysis. Compound 2 showed inhibitory activity on HBsAg secretion with an IC50 value of 23.5 μM, while 2 and 6 showed inhibitory activities on HBeAg secretion with IC50 values of 18.6 and 40.5 μM, and cytotoxicity on HepG 2.2.15 cells with CC50 values of 172.4 and 137.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 2 and 6 also exhibited inhibitory activities on HBV DNA replication with IC50 values of 2.7 and 30.7 μM, respectively.
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Xu HM, Zeng GZ, Zhou WB, He WJ, Tan NH. Astins K–P, six new chlorinated cyclopentapeptides from Aster tataricus. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Qiu LP, Chen KP. Anti-HBV agents derived from botanical origin. Fitoterapia 2012; 84:140-57. [PMID: 23164603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There are 350,000 hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers all over the world. Chronic HBV infection is at a high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC), and heavily threatened people's health. Two kinds of drugs approved by FDA for anti-HBV therapy are immunomodulators (interferon α, pegylated-interferon α) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate). These drugs have been proved to be far from being satisfactory due to their low specificity, side effects, and high rate of drug resistance. There is an urgent need to discover and develop novel effective anti-HBV drugs. With vast resources, various structures, diverse biological activities and action mechanisms, as well as abundant clinical experiences, botanical agents become a promising source of finding new anti-HBV drugs. This review summarizes the recent research and development of anti-HBV agents derived from botanical origin on their sources and active components, inhibitory effects and possible toxicities, as well as action targets and mechanisms, and also addresses the advantages and the existing shortcomings in the development of botanical inhibitors. This information may not only broaden the knowledge of anti-HBV therapy, and offer possible alternative or substitutive drugs for CHB patients, but also provides considerable information for developing new safe and effective anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Peng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
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Onozato T, Nakamura CV, Cortez DAG, Filho BPD, Ueda-Nakamura T. Tanacetum vulgare: antiherpes virus activity of crude extract and the purified compound parthenolide. Phytother Res 2009; 23:791-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu YP, Wen JK, Wu YB, Zhang J, Zheng B, Zhang DQ, Han M. 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactones inhibits IkappaB kinase beta-dependent NF-kappaB activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:156-60. [PMID: 18926678 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To determine the chemical constituents responsible for pharmacological effects of Inula britannica-F., three specific sesquiterpene lactones in Inula britannica were isolated from chloroform extract and identified, including britannilactone (BL), 1-O-acetylbritannilactone (ABLO), and 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone (ABLOO). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was performed to detect the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. The expressions of IkappaBalpha, pIkappaBalpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IkappaB kinase alpha/beta (IKKalpha/beta) and NF-kappaB kinase (NIK) were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. We found that acetyl side groups enhanced the inhibitory action of the agents on LPS/IFN-gamma-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Their inhibiting activity was positive correlation with the acetyl side group number. The effects of LPS/IFN-gamma were reversed by ABLOO, and BL without acetyl side groups showed only a weak inhibitory action. Further study indicated that ABLOO markedly inhibited the phosphorylation of IKKbeta down to based level, but not IKKalpha, corresponding with decreased in IkappaBalpha degradation and phosphorylation induced by LPS/IFN-gamma, resulting in the suppression of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and activity. These results suggest that the acetyl moieties add to the lipophilicity, and consequently enhance cellular penetration, so that ABLOO possess the most anti-inflammatory effect and may be a potent lead structure for the development of therapeutic and cytokine-suppressing remedies valuable for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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Chang JM, Huang KL, Yuan TTT, Lai YK, Hung LM. The Anti-hepatitis B Virus Activity of Boehmeria nivea Extract in HBV-viremia SCID Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 7:189-95. [PMID: 18955304 PMCID: PMC2862930 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Boehmeria nivea extract (BNE) is widely used in southern Taiwan as a folk medicine for hepato-protection and hepatitis treatment. In previous studies, we demonstrated that BNE could reduce the supernatant hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in HBV-producing HepG2 2.2.15 cells. In the present study, we established an animal model of HBV viremia and used it to validate the efficacy of BNE in vivo. In this animal model, serum HBV DNA and HBsAg were elevated in accordance with tumor growth. To evaluate the anti-HBV activity of BNE, HBV-viremia mice were built up after one subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 2.2.15 tumor cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice over 13 days. The levels of serum HBV DNA were elevated around 10(5)-10(6) copies per milliliter. Both oral and intraperitoneal administration of BNE were effective at inhibiting the production of HBsAg and HBV DNA, whereas tumor growth was not affected by all test articles. Intraperitoneal administration of BNE appeared to have greater potential to inhibit serum HBV DNA levels compared with oral administration under the same dosage. Notably, reduced natural killer cell activity was also observed after high dosage of BNE administration, and this correlated with reduced serum HBV DNA. In conclusion, BNE exhibited potential anti-HBV activity in an animal model of HBV viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Chang
- Division of Research and Development, Development Center for Biotechnology, Xizhi City, Taipei County, Taiwan 221, Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 and Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan 515, R.O.C
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N/A, 刘 树, 徐 贵. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1241-1246. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i13.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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