1
|
Xu X, Lin Y, Zeng X, Yang C, Duan S, Ding L, Lu W, Lin J, Pan X, Ma X, Liu S. PARP1 Might Substitute HSF1 to Reactivate Latent HIV-1 by Binding to Heat Shock Element. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152331. [PMID: 35954175 PMCID: PMC9367301 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the barrier to HIV-1 functional cure is the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs. The “shock (reversing latency) and kill (antiretroviral therapy)” strategy sheds light on reducing or eliminating the latent reservoir of HIV-1. However, the current limits of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are their toxicity or side effects, which limit their practicability pharmacologically and immunologically. Our previous research found that HSF1 is a key transcriptional regulatory factor in the reversion of HIV-1 latency. We then constructed the in vitro HSF1-knockout (HSF1-KO) HIV-1 latency models and found that HSF1 depletion inhibited the reactivation ability of LRAs including salubrinal, carfizomib, bortezomib, PR-957 and resveratrol, respectively. Furthermore, bortezomib/carfizomib treatment induced the increase of heat shock elements (HSEs) activity after HSF1-KO, suggesting that HSEs participated in reversing the latent HIV-1. Subsequent investigation showed that latent HIV-1-reversal by H2O2-induced DNA damage was inhibited by PARP1 inhibitors, while PARP1 was unable to down-regulate HSF1-depleted HSE activity, indicating that PARP1 could serve as a replaceable protein for HSF1 in HIV-1 latent cells. In summary, we succeeded in finding the mechanisms by which HSF1 reactivates the latent HIV-1, which also provides a theoretical basis for the further development of LRAs that specifically target HSF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Siqin Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Liqiong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Wanzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang XS, Luo RH, Hu XL, Chen H, Xiang SY, Tang CR, Zhang CT, Shen XN, Zheng YT. The New NNRTI ACC007 Combined with Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Show Synergy Anti-HIV Activity In Vitro. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:332-341. [PMID: 32562524 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200620211922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome can hardly be cured currently and people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) need lifelong treatment that may result in the emergence of drug resistance which leads to failed treatment. Thus, the development of new anti- HIV drugs and new treatment regimens are necessary. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the combined anti-HIV activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and ACC007, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. METHODS The antiviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and ACC007 alone or in combination against different HIV-1 strains was determined by the detection of HIV-1 p24 level through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT ACC007 showed EC50 of nanomolar range (from 3.03 nM to 252.59 nM) against all HIV-1 strains used in this study except the HIV-1A17, with EC50 of 1.57 μM. The combined antiviral activity of ACC007, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate showed synergy antiviral activity against all HIV-1 strains used in this study. The three-drug combination showed moderate synergism against HIV-1A17, HIV-14755-5, HIV-1K103N and HIV-1V106M, with a combination index value ranging from 0.71 to 0.87, and showed synergism against the other HIV-1 strains with combination index value from 0.35 to 0.67. The combination with ACC007 significantly increases the dose reduction index value of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, compared with two-drug combination. CONCLUSION ACC007 exhibits potent antiviral activity alone or with 3TC and TDF, and exerts synergistic effect against all HIV strains used in our investigation in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiong-Lin Hu
- Nanjing Accelas Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Ying Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Run Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Shen
- Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grande F, Ioele G, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Mazzotta E, Ragno G, Garofalo A, Muzzalupo R. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Nanosystems Designed for Drug Stability and Controlled Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E197. [PMID: 31035595 PMCID: PMC6572254 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of nanotechnology applications for the improvement of solubility, distribution, bioavailability and stability of reverse transcriptase inhibitors is reported. Current clinically used nucleoside and non-nucleoside agents, included in combination therapies, were examined in the present survey, as drugs belonging to these classes are the major component of highly active antiretroviral treatments. The inclusion of such agents into supramolecular vesicular systems, such as liposomes, niosomes and lipid solid NPs, overcomes several drawbacks related to the action of these drugs, including drug instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Overall results reported in the literature show that the performances of these drugs could be significantly improved by inclusion into nanosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arslan N. Molecular Docking Study of Four Chromene Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.478772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
5
|
Sun YZ, Zhang DH, Cai SB, Ming Z, Li JQ, Chen X. MDAD: A Special Resource for Microbe-Drug Associations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:424. [PMID: 30581775 PMCID: PMC6292923 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-associated microbiota is diverse and complex. It takes an essential role in human health and behavior and is closely related to the occurrence and development of disease. Although the diversity and distribution of microbial communities have been widely studied, little is known about the function and dynamics of microbes in the human body or the complex mechanisms of interaction between them and drugs, which are important for drug discovery and design. A high-quality comprehensive microbe and drug association database will be extremely beneficial to explore the relationship between them. In this article, we developed the Microbe-Drug Association Database (MDAD), a collection of clinically or experimentally supported associations between microbes and drugs, collecting 5,055 entries that include 1,388 drugs and 180 microbes from multiple drug databases and related publications. Moreover, we provided detailed annotations for each record, including the molecular form of drugs or hyperlinks from DrugBank, microbe target information from Uniprot and the original reference links. We hope MDAD will be a useful resource for deeper understanding of microbe and drug interactions and will also be beneficial to drug design, disease therapy and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhou Sun
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - De-Hong Zhang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Bin Cai
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Ming
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arca HÇ, Mosquera-Giraldo LI, Dahal D, Taylor LS, Edgar KJ. Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other’s Solution Concentrations. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3617-3627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hale Çiğdem Arca
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Laura I. Mosquera-Giraldo
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Durga Dahal
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kevin J. Edgar
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Machnowska P, Hauser A, Meixenberger K, Altmann B, Bannert N, Rempis E, Schnack A, Decker S, Braun V, Busingye P, Rubaihayo J, Harms G, Theuring S. Decreased emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in a cohort of Ugandan women initiating option B+ for PMTCT. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178297. [PMID: 28562612 PMCID: PMC5451067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2012, WHO guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings recommend the initiation of lifelong antiretroviral combination therapy (cART) for all pregnant HIV-1 positive women independent of CD4 count and WHO clinical stage (Option B+). However, long-term outcomes regarding development of drug resistance are lacking until now. Therefore, we analysed the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in women initiating Option B+ in Fort Portal, Uganda, at 12 and 18 months postpartum (ppm). METHODS AND FINDINGS 124 HIV-1 positive pregnant women were enrolled within antenatal care services in Fort Portal, Uganda. Blood samples were collected at the first visit prior starting Option B+ and postpartum at week six, month six, 12 and 18. Viral load was determined by real-time RT-PCR. An RT-PCR covering resistance associated positions in the protease and reverse transcriptase HIV-1 genomic region was performed. PCR-positive samples at 12/18 ppm and respective baseline samples were analysed by next generation sequencing regarding HIV-1 drug resistant variants including low-frequency variants. Furthermore, vertical transmission of HIV-1 was analysed. 49/124 (39.5%) women were included into the DRM analysis. Virological failure, defined as >1000 copies HIV-1 RNA/ml, was observed in three and seven women at 12 and 18 ppm, respectively. Sequences were obtained for three and six of these. In total, DRMs were detected in 3/49 (6.1%) women. Two women displayed dual-class resistance against all recommended first-line regimen drugs. Of 49 mother-infant-pairs no infant was HIV-1 positive at 12 or 18 ppm. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the WHO-recommended Option B+ for PMTCT is effective in a cohort of Ugandan HIV-1 positive pregnant women with regard to the low selection rate of DRMs and vertical transmission. Therefore, these results are encouraging for other countries considering the implementation of lifelong cART for all pregnant HIV-1 positive women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Machnowska
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Britta Altmann
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Rempis
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schnack
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Decker
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Braun
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - John Rubaihayo
- Department of Public Health, Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Gundel Harms
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Theuring
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Martino G, La Regina G, Ragno R, Coluccia A, Bergamini A, Ciaprini C, Sinistro A, Maga G, Crespan E, Artico M, Silvestri R. Indolyl Aryl Sulphones as HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Binding Mode Studies of New Derivatives at Indole-2-carboxamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 17:59-77. [PMID: 17042328 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that are active against the commonly occurring mutations of HIV are urgently needed for the treatment of AIDS. We synthesized new NNRTIs of the indolyl aryl sulphone (IAS) family, which are endowed with high antiviral potency against HIV-1 wt (wild-type), and the Y181C and K103N-Y181C drug resistant mutant strains. Several new compounds were highly active in lymphocytes infected with primary isolates carrying the K103N-V108I-M184V and L100I-V108I mutations. The design of new IASs was based on three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) studies and docking simulations. A cross-docking study was also undertaken to gain some insights in to the binding mode of the newly synthesized IASs in the wt and mutated isoforms of reverse transcriptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella De Martino
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poznanski J, Bretner M, Kulikowski T, Balzarini J, Van Aerschot A, De Clercq E. Synthesis, Solution Conformation and Anti-HIV Activity of Novel 3-Substituted-2′,3′-Dideoxy-5-Hydroxymethyl-Uridines and Their 4,5-Substituted Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:127-38. [PMID: 14521329 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To decrease the toxicity of potent anti-HIV nucleosides 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (3-FddThd, FLT), their new analogues, 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3-Az5HmddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluoro-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3′-F5HmddUrd), were synthesized. The reaction of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (3′-AzddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorouridine (3′-FddUrd) with formaldehyde, under strongly alkaline conditions and at elevated temperature, proceeded after 4 days to completion to afford the corresponding 5-hydroxymethyl derivatives 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd in good yield. These compounds were also prepared by oxidation of AZT and FLT with the use of K2S2O8. 1H NMR analyses were subjected to the series of 3′,4 and 5-substituted pyrimidine 2′-deoxy- and 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides involving 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd. Analysis of the sugar furanose ring puckering demonstrated that all 3′-fluorine derivatives exhibited strong domination of the S conformation (∼100%) while 3-substitution by electron-donating groups, such as NH2, increased population of the N conformation. Experimentally observed substituent effect on the furanose ring puckering equilibrium was reconstructed in the 100 ps molecular dynamic trajectories obtained for AZT, FLT, dThd, 2′,3′-ddThd and 3′-amino-2′,3′-ddThd. It may be concluded that anti-HIV activity is linked to a direct interaction of the 3′-sub-stituent with reverse transcriptase (RT) binding site. Anti-HIV activities of 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are lower than activity of AZT and FLT; however, 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are less toxic than AZT and FLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar A, Herbein G. The macrophage: a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 26056579 PMCID: PMC4452058 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a serious global health concern responsible for more than 25 million deaths in last three decades. More than 34 million people are living with HIV infection. Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are the principal targets of HIV-1. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 takes different routes in macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 and produce virus for longer periods of time. In addition, macrophages being present in every organ system thus can disseminate virus to the different anatomical sites leading to the formation of viral sanctuaries. Complete cure of HIV-1 needs better understanding of viral pathogenesis in these reservoirs and implementation of knowledge into robust therapeutic products. In this review we will focus on the unique relationship between HIV-1 and macrophages. Furthermore, we will describe how successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) is in suppressing HIV and novel molecular and cellular strategies against HIV-1 in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France ; Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, CHRU Besançon, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frey KM, Gray WT, Spasov KA, Bollini M, Gallardo-Macias R, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Structure-based evaluation of C5 derivatives in the catechol diether series targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:541-9. [PMID: 24289305 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a computationally driven approach, a class of inhibitors with picomolar potency known as the catechol diethers were developed targeting the non-nucleoside-binding pocket of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Computational studies suggested that halogen-bonding interactions between the C5 substituent of the inhibitor and backbone carbonyl of conserved residue Pro95 might be important. While the recently reported crystal structures of the reverse transcriptase complexes confirmed the interactions with the non-nucleoside-binding pocket, they revealed the lack of a halogen-bonding interaction with Pro95. To understand the effects of substituents at the C5 position, we determined additional crystal structures with 5-Br and 5-H derivatives. Using comparative structural analysis, we identified several conformations of the ethoxy uracil dependent on the strength of a van der Waals interaction with the Cγ of Pro95 and the C5 substitution. The 5-Cl and 5-F derivatives position the ethoxy uracil to make more hydrogen bonds, whereas the larger 5-Br and smaller 5-H position the ethoxy uracil to make fewer hydrogen bonds. EC50 values correlate with the trends observed in the crystal structures. The influence of C5 substitutions on the ethoxy uracil conformation may have strategic value, as future derivatives can possibly be modulated to gain additional hydrogen-bonding interactions with resistant variants of reverse transcriptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B350, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arylsulfone-based HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2141-56. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) represent one of the most significant classes of drugs for the treatment of AIDS/HIV infection. Over the past two decades several potent arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs and related analogs have been developed. This review provides an essential overview of the structure–activity relationships of the arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs. Furthermore, structural information useful for the design and development of new sulfur containing NNRTIs with enhanced antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 wild type and clinically relevant drug resistant HIV-1 mutant strains will be discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
QSAR modeling of bifunctional quinolonyl diketo acid derivatives as integrase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Mitchison DA. Prevention of drug resistance by combined drug treatment of tuberculosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:87-98. [PMID: 23090597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with a combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs is thought to work by the first drug killing mutants resistant to the second drug, while the second drug kills those resistant to the first drug. Combined treatment has been remarkably successful in preventing the emergence of resistance during the treatment of tuberculosis. This success has led to the introduction of multi-drug treatment for leprosy, HIV infections and cancer. Its success in tuberculosis depends on a number of conditions such as the chromosomal nature of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the absence of plasmids carrying resistance factors as well as the manner in which the bacterial population in tuberculosis does not come into contact with other potentially resistant bacteria. For multi-drug treatment to be effective in preventing resistance, the drugs must be sufficiently active so that each can inhibit all the bacteria in lesions. There must also be effective post-antibiotic lags in growth restarting to prevent growth between doses. Special bacterial populations that are drug tolerant or survive drug action unusually successfully are also a potential source of resistance.
Collapse
|
15
|
La Regina G, Coluccia A, Silvestri R. Looking for an active conformation of the future HIV type-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 20:213-37. [PMID: 20710063 DOI: 10.3851/imp1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type-1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are key drugs of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the clinical management of AIDS/HIV infection. NNRTI-based HAART regimes effectively suppress viral reproduction, are not cytotoxic and show favourable pharmacokinetic properties. First-generation NNRTIs suffer the rapid selection of viral variants, hampering the binding of inhibitors into the reverse transcriptase (RT) non-nucleoside binding site (NNBS). Efforts to improve these first inhibitors led to the discovery of second-generation NNRTIs that proved to be effective against the drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 strains. The success of such agents launched a new season of NNRTI design and synthesis. This paper reviews the characteristics of second-generation NNRTIs, including etravirine, rilpivirine, RDEA-806, UK-453061, BIRL 355 BS, IDX 899, MK-4965 and HBY 097. In particular, the binding modes of these inhibitors into the NNBS of the HIV-1 RT and the most clinically relevant mutant RTs are analysed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Monforte AM, Logoteta P, De Luca L, Iraci N, Ferro S, Maga G, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Chimirri A. Novel 1,3-dihydro-benzimidazol-2-ones and their analogues as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1702-10. [PMID: 20097079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel benzimidazolones and their analogues, characterized by the presence of one or more methyl groups or other bioisosteric moieties at different positions of the phenyl ring at N-1, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Most of the new compounds proved to be highly effective in inhibiting both HIV-1 replication in MT4 cells with minimal cytotoxicity and RT enzyme at nanomolar concentrations. Some derivatives were also tested against RTs containing single amino acid mutations responsible for resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The different potencies displayed by the new compounds were studied using molecular modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Monforte
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Monforte AM, Logoteta P, Ferro S, Luca LD, Iraci N, Maga G, Clercq ED, Pannecouque C, Chimirri A. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one analogues as anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5962-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Piscitelli F, Coluccia A, Brancale A, La Regina G, Sansone A, Giordano C, Balzarini J, Maga G, Zanoli S, Samuele A, Cirilli R, La Torre F, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Silvestri R. Indolylarylsulfones bearing natural and unnatural amino acids. Discovery of potent inhibitors of HIV-1 non-nucleoside wild type and resistant mutant strains reverse transcriptase and coxsackie B4 virus. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1922-34. [PMID: 19281225 DOI: 10.1021/jm801470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New potent indolylarylsulfone (IAS) HIV-1 NNRTIs were obtained by coupling natural and unnatural amino acids to the 2-carboxamide and introducing different electron-withdrawing substituents at position 4 and 5 of the indole nucleus. The new IASs inhibited the HIV-1 replication in human T-lymphocyte (CEM) cells at low/subnanomolar concentration and were weakly cytostatic. Against the mutant L100I, K103N, and Y181C RT HIV-1 strains in CEM cells, sulfones 3, 4, 19, 27, and 31 were comparable to EFV. The new IASs were inhibitors to Coxsackie B4 virus at low micromolar (2-9 microM) concentrations. Superimposition of PLANTS docked conformations of IASs 19 and 9 revealed different hydrophobic interactions of the 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, for which a staking interaction with Tyr181 aromatic side chain was observed. The binding mode of 19 was not affected by the L100I mutation and was consistent with the interactions reported for the WT strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Universita di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arab Chamjangali M. Modelling of Cytotoxicity Data (CC50) of Anti-HIV 1-[5-Chlorophenyl) Sulfonyl]-1H-Pyrrole Derivatives Using Calculated Molecular Descriptors and Levenberg-Marquardt Artificial Neural Network. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:456-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Monforte AM, Rao A, Logoteta P, Ferro S, De Luca L, Barreca ML, Iraci N, Maga G, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Chimirri A. Novel N1-substituted 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-ones as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7429-35. [PMID: 18585918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zhou D, Lagoja IM, Van Aerschot A. Some novel aminopropyl nucleoside phosphonates. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:563-6. [PMID: 18066856 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701490050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aminopropyl nucleoside phosphonates 1-3 have an amino function within either the acyclic chain (series 2 and 3) or as substituent (series 1) of HPMPC (Cidofovir). Both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside anologs have been synthesized. In contrast to HPMPC, only a weak antiherpes virus activity could be demonstrated for 2b and 2c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vercauteren J, Deforche K, Theys K, Debruyne M, Duque LM, Peres S, Carvalho AP, Mansinho K, Vandamme AM, Camacho R. The incidence of multidrug and full class resistance in HIV-1 infected patients is decreasing over time (2001-2006) in Portugal. Retrovirology 2008; 5:12. [PMID: 18241328 PMCID: PMC2265747 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in HIV treatment, the prevalence of multidrug resistance and full class resistance is still reported to be increasing. However, to investigate whether current treatment strategies are still selecting for multidrug and full class resistance, the incidence, instead of the prevalence, is more informative. Temporal trends in multidrug resistance (MDR defined as at most 1 drug fully susceptible) and full class resistance (FCR defined as no drug in this class fully susceptible) in Portugal based on 3394 viral isolates genotyped from 2000 to 2006 were examined using the Rega 6.4.1 interpretation system. From July 2001 to July 2006 there was a significant decreasing trend of MDR with 5.7%, 5.2%, 3.8%, 3.4% and 2.7% for the consecutive years (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that for every consecutive year the odds of having a new MDR case decreased with 20% (P = 0.003). Furthermore, a decline was observed for NRTI- and PI-FCR (both P < 0.001), whereas for NNRTI-FCR a parabolic trend over time was seen (P < 0.001), with a maximum incidence in 2003–'04. Similar trends were obtained when scoring resistance for only one drug within a class or by using another interpretation system. In conclusion, the incidence of multidrug and full class resistance is decreasing over time in Portugal, with the exception of NNRTI full class resistance which showed an initial rise, but subsequently also a decline. This is most probably reflecting the changing drug prescription, the increasing efficiency of HAART and the improved management of HIV drug resistance. This work was presented in part at the Eighth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow (UK), 12-16 November 2006 (PL5.5); and at the Fifth European HIV Drug Resistance Workshop, Cascais (Portugal), 28-30 March 2007 (Abstract 1).
Collapse
|
24
|
Chiang CC, Mouscadet JF, Tsai HJ, Liu CT, Hsu LY. Synthesis and HIV-1 integrase inhibition of novel bis- or tetra-coumarin analogues. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 55:1740-3. [PMID: 18057750 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Present studies were undertaken on the preparation of synthetic analogues of bis- or tetra-coumarins and their activity against HIV-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN). Among these coumarin analogues, compounds 14, 16 and 18 were found to be potent molecules against HIV-1 IN at IC50 values of 0.96, 0.58, and 0.49 microM, respectively. The results provided a tool for guiding the further design of more potent antiviral agents and for predicting the affinity of related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Chiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Ta-shi, Tao-yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wan L, Zhang X, Pooyan S, Palombo MS, Leibowitz MJ, Stein S, Sinko PJ. Optimizing size and copy number for PEG-fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) nanocarrier uptake by macrophages. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:28-38. [PMID: 18092743 DOI: 10.1021/bc070066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Curing HIV-1 infection has remained elusive because of low and fluctuating drug levels arising from poor absorption, the development of viral reservoirs and sanctuary sites, toxicity, and patient nonadherence. The present study addresses the issue of insufficient drug exposure in macrophages. Viral reservoir sites such as macrophages are believed to be responsible for the viral rebound effect observed upon the discontinuation of anti-HIV drug therapy. In our proposed model, a drug can be covalently attached to a nanocarrier in order to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents to the site(s) of infection. As an initial step, we propose the covalent attachment of several copies of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), a known chemo-attractant for macrophages. In this article, one or more copies of fMLF were conjugated to multifunctional commercially available or novel, peptide-based PEG nanocarriers in which the structure was varied by appending PEGs with average molecular weights of 5, 20, and 40 kDa. U937 cell-specific binding and cellular uptake were analyzed. The results of uptake studies indicate that (i) uptake is energy dependent and mediated by a fMLF receptor, (ii) appending only 2 copies of the targeting ligand to the multifunctional nanocarrier appears sufficient for binding in vitro, and (iii) of the three configurations studied, the nanocarrier with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa, corresponding to a size of 20-60 nm, demonstrated the highest uptake. The results of the current studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeting macrophages and the suitability of using these synthetically versatile peptide--backbone PEG nanocarriers. The convenience, flexibility and possible limitations of this nanocarrier approach are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li P, Sergueeva ZA, Dobrikov M, Shaw BR. Nucleoside and Oligonucleoside Boranophosphates: Chemistry and Properties. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4746-96. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050009p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Zinaida A. Sergueeva
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Mikhail Dobrikov
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Barbara Ramsay Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hanes JW, Johnson KA. A novel mechanism of selectivity against AZT by the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6973-83. [PMID: 17940100 PMCID: PMC2175305 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Native nucleotides show a hyperbolic concentration dependence of the pre-steady-state rate of incorporation while maintaining concentration-independent amplitude due to fast, largely irreversible pyrophosphate release. The kinetics of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) incorporation exhibit an increase in amplitude and a decrease in rate as a function of nucleotide concentration, implying that pyrophosphate release must be slow so that nucleotide binding and incorporation are thermodynamically linked. Here we develop assays to measure pyrophosphate release and show that it is fast following incorporation of thymidine 5′-triphosphate (TTP). However, pyrophosphate release is slow (0.0009 s−1) after incorporation of AZT. Modeling of the complex kinetics resolves nucleotide binding (230 µM) and chemistry forward and reverse reactions, 0.38 and 0.22 s−1, respectively. This unique mechanism increases selectivity against AZT incorporation by allowing reversal of the reaction and release of substrate, thereby reducing kcat/Km (7 × 10−6 μ M−1 s−1). Other azido-nucleotides (AZG, AZC and AZA) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine-5′-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP) show this same phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W Hanes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wan L, Pooyan S, Hu P, Leibowitz MJ, Stein S, Sinko PJ. Peritoneal macrophage uptake, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of macrophage-targeted PEG-fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) nanocarriers for improving HIV drug delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2110-9. [PMID: 17701325 PMCID: PMC2682207 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess in vivo macrophage targeting potential of PEG-fMLF nanocarriers and to investigate their biodistribution, peritoneal macrophage uptake, and pharmacokinetics. METHODS Multiple copies of fMLF were conjugated to purchased and novel (branched, peptide-based) PEG nanocarriers. Peritoneal macrophage uptake was evaluated in mice 4 hours after IP administration of fluorescence-labeled PEG-fMLF nanocarriers. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were determined in rats after IV administration of tritiated PEG-fMLF nanocarriers. RESULTS Attachment of one, two, or four fMLF copies increased uptake in macrophages by 3.8-, 11.3-, and 23.6-fold compared to PEG without fMLF. Pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution also differed between nanocarriers with and without fMLF. Attachment of fMLF residues increased the t(1/2) of PEG(5K) by threefold but decreased the t(1/2) of PEG(20K) by 40%. Attachment of fMLF increased accumulation of nanocarriers into macrophages of liver, kidneys and spleen. However, on a molar basis, penetration was equivalent suggesting nanocarrier size and targeting moieties are important determinants. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the feasibility for targeting macrophages, a primary HIV reservoir site. However, these studies also suggest that balancing peripheral tissue penetration (a size-dependent phenomenon) versus target cell uptake specificity remains a challenge to overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Shahriar Pooyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Peidi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Michael J. Leibowitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Stanley Stein
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Patrick J. Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Murakami E, Bao H, Basavapathruni A, Bailey CM, Du J, Steuer HMM, Niu C, Whitaker T, Anderson KS, Otto MJ, Furman PA. Mechanism of action of (-)-(2R,4R)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) thymine as an anti-HIV agent. Antivir Chem Chemother 2007; 18:83-92. [PMID: 17542153 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-(2R,4R)-1-(2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4yl)thymine (DOT) is a thymidine analogue that has potent in vitro activity against wild-type and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant HIV. For nucleoside analogues to inhibit viral replication, they must be metabolized to the active triphosphate, which inhibits the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). Using purified enzymes, the kinetics of DOT phosphorylation, inhibition of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity, and excision of DOT-5'-monophosphate (DOT-MP) from a chain-terminated primer were examined. DOT was phosphorylated by human thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) but not by other pyrimidine nucleoside kinases, including the mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2). Resistance to NRTIs involves decreased binding/incorporation and/or increased excision of the chain-terminating NRTI. RTs containing the D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q or T695-SS/T215Y mutations show enhanced removal of DOT-MP from terminated primer as well as approximately four-fold decreased binding/incorporation. The Q151M and K65R mutations appear to cause decreased inhibition by DOT-TP. However, both the K65R and Q151M mutations show decreased excision, which would confer greater stability on the terminated primer. These opposing mechanisms could offset the overall resistance profile and susceptibility. Little or no resistance was observed with the enzymes harbouring mutations resistant to lamivudine (M184V) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (K103N).
Collapse
|
30
|
Arab Chamjangali M, Beglari M, Bagherian G. Prediction of cytotoxicity data (CC(50)) of anti-HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives by artificial neural network trained with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:360-7. [PMID: 17350867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm trained feed-forward artificial neural network in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was developed for modeling of cytotoxicity data for anti-HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives. A large number of descriptors were calculated with Dragon software and a subset of calculated descriptors was selected with a stepwise regression as a feature selection technique. The 28 molecular descriptors selected by stepwise regression, as the most feasible descriptors, were used as inputs for feed-forward neural network. The neural network architecture and its parameters were optimized. The data were randomly divided into 31 training and 11 validation sets. The prediction ability of the model was evaluated using validation data set and "one-leave-out" cross validation method. The root mean square errors (RMSE) and mean absolute errors for the validation data set were 0.042 and 0.024, respectively. The prediction ability of ANN model was also statistically compared with results of linear free energy related model. The obtained results show the validity of proposed model in the prediction of cytotoxicity data of corresponding anti-HIV drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arab Chamjangali
- College of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, P.O. Box 36155-316, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ragno R, Coluccia A, La Regina G, De Martino G, Piscitelli F, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Bergamini A, Ciaprini C, Sinistro A, Maga G, Crespan E, Artico M, Silvestri R. Design, molecular modeling, synthesis, and anti-HIV-1 activity of new indolyl aryl sulfones. Novel derivatives of the indole-2-carboxamide. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3172-84. [PMID: 16722636 DOI: 10.1021/jm0512490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling studies and an updated highly predictive 3-D QSAR model led to the discovery of exceptionally potent indolyl aryl sulfones (IASs) characterized by the presence of either a pyrrolidyn-2-one nucleus at the indole-2-carboxamide or some substituents at the indole-2-carbohydrazide. Compounds 7 and 9 were found active in the sub-nanomolar range of concentration in both MT-4 and C8166 cell-based anti-HIV assays. These compounds, and in particular compound 9, also showed excellent inhibitory activity against both HIV-112 and HIV-AB1 primary isolates in lymphocytes and against HIV WT in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ragno
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vercauteren J, Vandamme AM. Algorithms for the interpretation of HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance information. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:335-42. [PMID: 16782210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance testing has proven its use to guide treatment decisions in HIV-1 infected patients. Genotyping is the preferred technique for clinical drug resistance testing. Many factors complicate the interpretation of mutations towards therapy response, such that an interpretation system is necessary to help the clinical virologist. No consensus interpretation exists to date and experts often have quite different opinions. As a result, several algorithms for the interpretation of HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance information have been designed. Clinical evaluation of their genotypic interpretation is not always straightforward. We describe a few publicly available systems and their clinical evaluation. We also stress that in addition to drug resistance, for effective management of HIV infection the clinician needs to take into account all potential causes of treatment failure. Successful therapy heavily relies on the expertise of the clinician.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Vercauteren
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou D, Lagoja IM, Van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Aminopropyl Phosphonate Nucleosides with Purine and Pyrimidine Bases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20060015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiviral evaluation of new acyclic phosphonate nucleosides related to HPMPC (Cidofovir) has been described. These aminopropyl phosphonate nucleosides 1-3 have an amino function within either the acyclic chain (series 2 and 3) or as substituent (series 1). Both purine and pyrimidine nucleotide analogues have been synthesized. In contrast to HPMPC the oxygen analogue of 2c, only a weak antiherpes virus activity could be demonstrated for 2b and 2c.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ragno R, Artico M, De Martino G, La Regina G, Coluccia A, Di Pasquali A, Silvestri R. Docking and 3-D QSAR Studies on Indolyl Aryl Sulfones. Binding Mode Exploration at the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Non-Nucleoside Binding Site and Design of Highly Active N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)carboxamide and N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)carbohydrazide Derivatives. J Med Chem 2004; 48:213-23. [PMID: 15634015 DOI: 10.1021/jm040854k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3-D QSAR) studies and docking simulations were developed on indolyl aryl sulfones (IASs), a class of novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (Silvestri, et al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2482-2493) highly active against wild type and some clinically relevant resistant strains (Y181C, the double mutant K103N-Y181C, and the K103R-V179D-P225H strain, highly resistant to efavirenz). Predictive 3-D QSAR models using the combination of GRID and GOLPE programs were obtained using a receptor-based alignment by means of docking IASs into the non-nucleoside binding site (NNBS) of RT. The derived 3-D QSAR models showed conventional correlation (r(2)) and cross-validated (q(2)) coefficients values ranging from 0.79 to 0.93 and from 0.59 to 0.84, respectively. All described models were validated by an external test set compiled from previously reported pyrryl aryl sulfones (Artico, et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 522-530). The most predictive 3-D QSAR model was then used to predict the activity of novel untested IASs. The synthesis of six designed derivatives (prediction set) allowed disclosure of new IASs endowed with high anti-HIV-1 activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ragno
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tabarrini O, Stevens M, Cecchetti V, Sabatini S, Dell'Uomo M, Manfroni G, Palumbo M, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Fravolini A. Structure modifications of 6-aminoquinolones with potent anti-HIV activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5567-78. [PMID: 15481992 DOI: 10.1021/jm049721p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that 6-aminoquinolone derivatives could be valid leads for the development of new anti-HIV agents because of their new and diversified mode of action. In fact, studies carried out on the lead WM5 showed that this derivative is able to inhibit the Tat-mediated long terminal repeat driven transcription, an essential step in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Thus, starting from lead WM5, we performed the design and synthesis of an enlarged series of 6-aminoquinolones, which permitted some very potent anti-HIV 6-amino derivatives to be obtained and the structure-activity relationship to be delineated. Some derivatives, 26c, 26e, 26i, and 26j, proved to be highly effective in inhibiting HIV replication at 50% inhibitory concentration in the range of 0.0087-0.7 microg/mL in MT-4, PBMCs and CEM cell lines coupled with positive selectivity indexes that reach values higher than 1000 on CEM cell lines for compounds 26e and 26i. Time-of-addition experiments clearly confirm that the new, potent 6-aminoquinolones interact at a postintegration step in the replication cycle of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Tabarrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zapor MJ, Cozza KL, Wynn GH, Wortmann GW, Armstrong SC. Antiretrovirals, Part II: Focus on Non-Protease Inhibitor Antiretrovirals (NRTIs, NNRTIs, and Fusion Inhibitors). PSYCHOSOMATICS 2004; 45:524-35. [PMID: 15546830 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.45.6.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The second in a series reviewing the HIV/AIDS antiretroviral drugs. This review summarizes the non-protease inhibitor antiretrovirals: nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and cell membrane fusion inhibitors. In an overview format for primary care physicians and psychiatrists, this review presents the mechanism of action, side effects, toxicities, and drug interactions of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zapor
- Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Herbert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Silvestri R, Artico M, La Regina G, De Martino G, La Colla M, Loddo R, La Colla P. Anti-HIV-1 activity of pyrryl aryl sulfone (PAS) derivatives: synthesis and SAR studies of novel esters and amides at the position 2 of the pyrrole nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:201-10. [PMID: 14987983 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A SAR study has been performed in order to evaluate how much the ester function could be a determinant for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1 activity of pyrryl aryl sulfones (PASs), a potent family of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors discovered in the last years. Twenty-three new esters were prepared with the aim to enhance the inhibitory potency of 4a and 4c, two PAS agents endowed with good activity (EC50 = 0.14 microM) and deprived of cytotoxicity up to >200 microM. None of test derivatives was as potent as 4a and 4c and lacked of selectivity due to their higher cytotoxicity (compounds 22-25). Antiviral activity correlate with an ester ramified chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romano Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang Z, Trillo-Pazos G, Kim SY, Canki M, Morgello S, Sharer LR, Gelbard HA, Su ZZ, Kang DC, Brooks AI, Fisher PB, Volsky DJ. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2004; 10 Suppl 1:25-32. [PMID: 14982736 DOI: 10.1080/753312749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and dementia caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the brain are common complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduced the incidence of HIV-1-associated dementia, but so far had no effect on the high frequency of milder neurological disorders caused by HIV-1. This indicates that some neuropathogenic processes persist during limited HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). The authors are evaluating the hypothesis that interaction of HIV-1 with astrocytes, which bind HIV-1 but support limited productive HIV-1 infection, may contribute to these processes by disrupting astrocyte functions that are important for neuronal activity or survival. Using laser-capture microdissection on brain tissue samples from HIV-1-infected individuals, we found that HIV-1 DNA can be detected in up to 1% of cortical and basal ganglia astrocytes, thus confirming HIV-1 infection in astrocytes from symptomatic patients. Using rapid subtraction hybridization, the authors cloned and identified 25 messenger RNAs in primary human fetal astrocytes either up-regulated or down-regulated by native HIV-1 infection or exposure to gp120 in vitro. Extending this approach to gene microarray analysis using Affymetrix U133A/B gene chips, the authors determined that HIV-1 alters globally and significantly the overall program of gene expression in astrocytes, including changes in transcripts coding for cytokines, G-coupled protein receptors, transcription factors, and others. Focusing on a specific astrocyte function relevant to neuropathogenesis, the authors showed that exposure of astrocytes to HIV-1 or gp120 in vitro impairs the ability of the cells to transport L-glutamate and the authors related this defect to transcriptional inhibition of the EAAT2 glutamate transporter gene. These findings define new pathways through which HIV-1 may contribute to neuropathogenesis under conditions of limited virus replication in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuying Wang
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stevens M, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibitors that have a dual mode of anti-HIV action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3109-16. [PMID: 14506017 PMCID: PMC201129 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.10.3109-3116.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that novel pyridine oxide derivatives are inhibitors of a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 strains in CEM cell cultures. Some of the compounds showed inhibitory activities against recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), whereas others were totally inactive against this viral protein in vitro. Partial retention of anti-HIV-1 activity against virus strains that contain a variety of mutations characteristic of those for resistance to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors and a lack of inhibitory activity against recombinant HIV-2 RT suggested that these pyridine oxide derivatives possess a mode of antiviral action independent from HIV RT inhibition. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that these pyridine oxide derivatives interact at a postintegration step in the replication cycle of HIV. Furthermore, it was shown that these compounds are active not only in acutely HIV-1-infected cells but also in chronically HIV-infected cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of virus particle release and viral protein expression was observed upon exposure to the pyridine oxide derivatives. Finally, inhibition of HIV-1 long terminal repeat-mediated green fluorescence protein expression in quantitative transactivation bioassays indicated that the additional target of action of the pyridine oxide derivatives may be located at the level of HIV gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Stevens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee KH. Current developments in the discovery and design of new drug candidates from plant natural product leads. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:273-283. [PMID: 14987069 DOI: 10.1021/np030373o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review article will emphasize recent research in the Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, on various classes of plant-derived compounds that possess potent antitumor or anti-HIV activity. These compounds were obtained by bioactivity- and mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization coupled with rational drug design-based modification and analogue synthesis. Structural modification, SAR, and mechanism of action studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kabadi UM, Kabadi MU. Weight Gain, Improvements in???Metabolic Profiles and Immunogenicity with Insulin or Sulphonylurea Administration in AIDS. Clin Drug Investig 2004; 24:287-94. [PMID: 17503890 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200424050-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
42
|
Shao XW, Malmsten A, Lennerstrand J, Sönnerborg A, Unge T, Gronowitz JS, Källander CF. Use of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase recovered from human plasma for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. AIDS 2003; 17:1463-71. [PMID: 12824784 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200307040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the use of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) recovered directly from plasma for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. METHODS Plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals with and without drug resistance-associated mutations were selected for the study. The blind coded plasmas were treated to inactivate cellular enzymes. The virions were immobilized on a gel and washed to remove antiretroviral drugs and RT activity blocking antibodies. The immobilized virions were lysed; the viral RT eluted and quantified, all according to the ExaVir Load procedure. The drug sensitivity profiles of each RT were determined using serially diluted drugs and modified Cavidi HS Lenti RT kits. RESULTS The phenotypic drug sensitivity profiles of the RT and the patterns of drug resistance mutations were highly concordant. Plasma RT from virions devoid of mutations associated with drug resistance had average 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 1.5 +/- 0.93 microM for nevirapine, 0.21 +/- 0.099 microM for efavirenz, 7.1 +/- 3.2 microM for delavirdine, 0.42 +/- 0.15 microM for azidothymidine triphosphate and 0.059 +/- 0.018 microM for didehydrothymidine triphosphate. The increase in IC(50) value for RT with drug resistance associated substitutions was from 3- to more than 65-fold for non-nucleoside inhibitors and between 2- and 30-fold for thymidine analogue drugs. CONCLUSION RT derived from virions recovered from the plasma of HIV infected individuals can be used for analysis of phenotypic drug susceptibility. The methods presented provide rapid alternatives for analysing phenotypic drug susceptibility especially when the therapy is based on non-nucleoside RT inhibitors and thymidine-analogue drugs.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gavriliu D, Fossey C, Ciurea A, Delbederi Z, Sugeac E, Ladurée D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of [d4U]-[trovirdine analogue] and [d4T]-[trovirdine analogue] heterodimers as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 21:505-33. [PMID: 12484448 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120015066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of eleven heterodimers containing both a nucleoside analogue (d4U, d4T) and a non-nucleoside type inhibitor (Trovirdine analogue) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV replication. Unfortunately, the (N-3)d4U-Trovirdine conjugates (9a-e) and (N-3)d4T-Trovirdine conjugates (10a-f) were found to be inactive suggesting that the two individual inhibitor compounds do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gavriliu
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 5 Rue Vaubénard, 14032 Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Katner HP, Paar DP, Nadler JP, Jensen EH, Wilson HM, Finn TS, Petruschke RA, Zeldin RK. Open-label study of a twice-daily indinavir 800-mg/ritonavir 200-mg regimen in HIV-infected adults failing a protease inhibitor regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:483-7. [PMID: 12473836 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200212150-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is no standard treatment of HIV-infected patients who fail protease inhibitor (PI)-containing antiretroviral therapy. This open-label, noncomparative 24-week study with a 24-week extension evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of twice-daily indinavir/ritonavir 800/200 mg plus 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in this population. Presented here are the results of the 24-week study. Patients were HIV-infected adults who had prior viral RNA (vRNA) suppression (<400 copies/mL), subsequent failure (> or =400 and < or =100,000 copies/mL) on antiretroviral therapy, and at least one new NRTI available for treatment. The proportions of patients achieving plasma vRNA <400 and <50 copies/mL were analyzed with data as observed (DAO) and intention-to-treat (ITT) models using generalized estimating equations (GEE) or counting noncompleters as failures (NC = F). Mean changes from baseline in vRNA and CD4 cell count were evaluated using DAO and an ITT mixed-model approach. Sixty-three patients (87% male) with a mean age of 42 years and mean baseline vRNA and CD4 cell counts of 3.8 log(10) copies/mL and 360 cells/mm(3), respectively, were enrolled. The proportion (95% confidence interval) of patients achieving vRNA <400 and <50 copies/mL at week 24 were 76% (61%, 87%) and 50% (35%, 65%) for DAO, 64% (50%, 75%) and 43% (30%, 56%) for GEE, and 56% (43%, 68%) and 37% (25%, 50%) for NC = F, respectively. At Week 24, baseline vRNA decreased by >1.0 log(10) copies/mL and CD4 cell counts increased by approximately 90 cells/mm(3). Three patients (5%) experienced serious drug-related adverse events. Seven patients (11%) discontinued treatment due to clinical or laboratory adverse events. In this study, the enhanced, twice-daily regimen of indinavir/ritonavir 800/200 mg plus 2 NRTIs provided suppression of HIV in many patients who had failed a PI-containing regimen and was generally well tolerated.
Collapse
|
45
|
Roy J, Paquette JS, Fortin JF, Tremblay MJ. The immunosuppressant rapamycin represses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3447-55. [PMID: 12384349 PMCID: PMC128699 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.11.3447-3455.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive macrolide rapamycin is used in humans to prevent graft rejection. This drug acts by selectively repressing the translation of proteins that are encoded by an mRNA bearing a 5'-polypyrimidine tract (e.g., ribosomal proteins, elongation factors). The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) carries a polypyrimidine motif that is located within the tat exon 2. Treatment of human T lymphoid cells with rapamycin resulted in a marked diminution of HIV-1 transcription when infection was performed with luciferase reporter T-tropic and macrophage-tropic viruses. Replication of fully infectious HIV-1 particles was abolished by rapamycin treatment. The rapamycin-mediated inhibitory effect on HIV-1 production was reversed by FK506. The anti-HIV-1 effect of rapamycin was also seen in primary human cells (i.e., peripheral blood lymphocytes) from different healthy donors. Rapamycin was shown to diminish basal HIV-1 long terminal repeat gene expression, and the observed effect of rapamycin on HIV-1 replication seems to be independent of the virus-specific transactivating Tat protein. A constitutive beta-actin promoter-based reporter gene vector was unaffected by rapamycin treatment. Kinetic virus infection studies and exposure to reporter viruses pseudotyped with heterologous envelope proteins (i.e., amphotropic murine leukemia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus G) suggested that rapamycin is primarily affecting the life cycle of HIV-1 at a transcriptional level. Northern blot analysis confirmed that this compound is selectively targeting HIV-1 mRNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Hôpital CHUL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Walter H, Löw P, Harrer T, Schmitt M, Schwingel E, Tschochner M, Helm M, Korn K, Uberla K, Schmidt B. No evidence for persistence of multidrug-resistant viral strains after a 7-month treatment interruption in an HIV-1-infected individual. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:137-46. [PMID: 12394791 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200210010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of HIV-1-infected patients harboring multidrug-resistant viruses is increasing. Since new antiretroviral drugs with favorable resistance profiles are limited, innovative strategies are urgently needed. Treatment interruptions can lead to a loss in HIV resistance followed by improved response to reinitiated therapy. The authors report the case of a patient with sustained antiretroviral response for 3.5 years after a 7-month treatment interruption. Concomitant with an increase in replication capacity, multidrug-resistant viruses gradually disappeared during treatment interruption. Resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) was completely lost, and resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors was still present when therapy was reinitiated. PI-resistant variants were not detected at four time points after treatment reinitiation. The alignment of the nucleic acid sequences from all different time points suggested that the viruses obtained after treatment reinitiation evolved from less-resistant variants prior to treatment interruption. This was supported by in vitro propagation of the viral plasma population and an individual clone derived from the time point of treatment interruption. This is consistent with a model favoring reversible binding of HIV-1 to reservoirs, as has recently been proposed for follicular dendritic cells. Understanding of this process could help to exploit the reduced fitness of drug-resistant viruses for treatment interruptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Walter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, German National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Van Vaerenbergh K, De Geest S, Derdelinckx I, Bobbaers H, Carbonez A, Deschamps A, De Graeve V, De Saar V, Ceunen H, De Smet K, Maes B, Peetermans W, Schrooten Y, Desmyter J, De Clercq E, Van Ranst M, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandamme AM. A combination of poor adherence and a low baseline susceptibility score is highly predictive for HAART failure. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:231-40. [PMID: 12495211 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between adherence, virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the presence and development of genotypic resistance was assessed in 41 HIV-infected patients on HAART. Four adherence parameters (drug taking adherence, dosing adherence, timing adherence and drug holidays) were scored prospectively using electronic event monitoring. Genotypic resistance at baseline and after therapy failure was scored retrospectively and a genotype-based susceptibility score was calculated. Overall median adherence rates were high. All adherence parameters were better in virological responders (n=31) compared to non-responders (n=10), drug taking adherence and number of drug holidays being significantly different. Responders had a significantly higher susceptibility score. Stepwise logistic regression showed that the number of drug holidays and a low susceptibility score were highly predictive for therapy failure. Despite the presence of a limited number of baseline resistance mutations, perfectly adherent patients can control virus replication for a prolonged period.
Collapse
|
48
|
Van Vaerenbergh K, Harrer T, Schmit JC, Carbonez A, Fontaine E, Kurowski M, Grünke M, Löw P, Rascu A, Schmidt B, Schmitt M, Thoelen I, Walter H, Van Laethem K, Van Ranst M, Desmyter J, De Clercq E, Vandamme AM. Initiation of HAART in drug-naive HIV type 1 patients prevents viral breakthrough for a median period of 35.5 months in 60% of the patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:419-26. [PMID: 11958685 DOI: 10.1089/088922202753614182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of potent combinations of antiviral drugs is a major breakthrough in the treatment of HIV. We investigated the long-term virologic outcome and the development of resistance after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in drug-naive patients in daily clinical practice. Twenty-five treatment-naive HIV-1 patients were started on HAART. Fifteen patients responded with a drop in viral load below the limit of detection during 35.5 (interquartile range: 7) months of therapy. In 6 of 10 patients with virologic failure, virus with resistance-related mutations against the received drugs emerged. Compared with responders (R), nonresponding (NR) patients were in a later disease stage at therapy start (p = 0.0089) with lower CD4 cell counts at baseline (p = 0.040), and a lower proportion of nonresponders showed protease inhibitor (PI) levels above C(min) (p = 0.049). More NR patients showed secondary PI mutations at baseline (p = 0.079), and the CCR2-64I coreceptor polymorphism was absent among NR patients, compared with 38.5% of R patients displaying CCR2-64I (p = 0.053), although the differences were not significant. In conclusion, starting HAART in antiretroviral drug-naive HIV-infected patients followed in daily clinical practice prevented viral breakthrough for up to 44 months in 60% of the patients. Virologic failure was associated with the development of resistance-related mutations, a later stage of disease at start of therapy and lower PI drug levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Van Vaerenbergh
- Rega Institute for Medical Research and University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Poirier JM, Robidou P, Jaillon P. Simultaneous determination of the six HIV protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) plus M8 nelfinavir metabolite and the nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor efavirenz in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:302-9. [PMID: 11897976 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200204000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the determination of the six currently protease inhibitors approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) plus the M8 active metabolite of nelfinavir and the nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor efavirenz in a single run. Pretreatment of 1-mL plasma sample spiked with internal standard was made by a solid-phase extraction procedure using a polymeric reversed-phase sorbent. Liquid chromatography was performed using a narrow-bore C18 reversed-phase column and gradient elution. Double ultraviolet detection at 265 nm (amprenavir) and at 210 nm (all other assayed drugs and internal standard) was used. Calibration curves were linear in the range 25 to 10,000 ng/mL, and the assay has been validated over the range 25 to 5,000 ng/mL. Average accuracies at four concentrations were in the range 92.4% to 103.0% and 94.4% to 103.0% for within-day and between-day, respectively, and the coefficients of variation were less than 8%. Mean absolute recoveries varied from 72.8% (ritonavir) to 93.7% (indinavir). No metabolite of the protease inhibitors was found to coelute with the drugs of interest or with the internal standard. At this time, among the tested drugs, especially all the currently licensed nucleosides and the other nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor nevirapine that can be used in combination with the protease inhibitors, none was found to interfere with the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Poirier
- Department of Pharmacology, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 27 rue Chaligny, 77571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Re MC, Borderi M, Monari P, Bon I, Gorini R, Gibellini D, Verucchi G, Fortunato L, Chiodo F, La Placa M. Prevalence of multiple dideoxynucleoside analogue resistance (MddNR) in a cohort of Italian HIV-1 seropositive patients extensively treated with antiretroviral drugs. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:519-23. [PMID: 11738338 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the emergence of highly resistant virus might compromise antiretroviral regimens in HIV-1 infected patients, a constant analysis of genotypic mutations should be performed to establish the magnitude of mutation prevalence and gauge their impact in patients treated extensively with combination therapy. The frequency of multiple dideoxynucleoside analogue resistance (MddNR) was evaluated in a group of Italian HIV-1 seropositive patients who failed to respond to therapy despite a long-lasting drug treatment. Results showed the presence of one or more mutations (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y and Q151M) able to confer resistance to all NRTIs in a relatively high percentage (7.9%) of patients enrolled in the study. Moreover, a significantly lower HIV-1 viral replication in patients with MddNR, suggested the importance of monitoring HIV-1 subjects not only by viral load, but also by drug resistance testing, so that a correct drug regimen may be chosen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Re
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|