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Montoya RM, Kershaw C, Jurgens CT. The inconsistency of p-curve: Testing its reliability using the power pose and HPA debates. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305193. [PMID: 38990830 PMCID: PMC11239044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent works have called into question whether p-curve can reliably assess the presence of "evidential value" within a set of studies. To examine an as-yet unexplored issue, we examined the method used to identify p-values for inclusion in a p-curve analysis. We developed iterated p-curve analysis (IPA), which calculates and p-curves every permutation for a set of reported p-values, and applied it to the data reported in several published p-curve analyses. Specifically, we investigated two phenomena for which p-curves have been used to evaluate the presence of evidential value: the power pose and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity debates. The iterated p-curve analyses revealed that the p-curve method fails to provide reliable estimates or reproducible conclusions. We conclude that p-curve should not be used to make conclusions regarding the presence or absence of evidence for a specific phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Matthew Montoya
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christine Kershaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Mikkelsen MB, Tramm G, Michalak J, Mennin DS, Elkjær E, O'Toole MS. Bodies in action: Do contractive and expansive postures facilitate adaptive behavior? Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38877602 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of expansive and contractive body displays on adaptive behavior and affective outcomes. Addressing limitations in past research, the effects were investigated in two different contexts (i.e., fear context and sadness context), compared with two types of control conditions and the moderating effects of motivational traits and symptoms of psychopathology were accounted for. A sample of 186 adults completed a fear experiment involving a mock job interview and a sadness experiment involving sad mood induction. For each experiment, participants were randomly assigned to one of four body manipulations: (1) expansive; (2) contractive; (3) active control (i.e., running in place); or 4) passive control (i.e., doing nothing). The primary outcome was adaptive behavior (i.e., appropriate job-interview behavior and positive recall bias). Secondary affective outcomes were emotions, action tendencies, and appraisals. Results revealed small, non-significant effects of body displays on primary outcomes (ds = 0.19-0.28). For secondary outcomes, significant effects were identified for positive emotions (ds = 0.33). Across secondary outcomes, pairwise comparisons revealed that expansive displays led to more favorable outcomes than contractive displays. For participants with the highest levels of depression, body display conditions led to less favorable affective outcomes than control conditions. The results suggest that body displays do not influence adaptive behavior within the investigated contexts. When compared to contractive displays, expansive displays were found to yield more favorable affective changes. Lastly, the findings indicate that further investigations into body manipulations in the context of psychopathology are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai B Mikkelsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte Tramm
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johannes Michalak
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Douglas S Mennin
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Emma Elkjær
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mia S O'Toole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Schmidt EM, Smith RA, Fernández A, Emmermann B, Christensen JF. Mood induction through imitation of full-body movements with different affective intentions. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:148-180. [PMID: 37740117 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Theories of human emotion, including some emotion embodiment theories, suggest that our moods and affective states are reflected in the movements of our bodies. We used the reverse process for mood regulation; modulate body movements to regulate mood. Dancing is a type of full-body movement characterized by affective expressivity and, hence, offers the possibility to express different affective states through the same movement sequences. We tested whether the repeated imitation of a dancer performing two simple full-body dance movement sequences with different affective expressivity (happy or sad) could change mood states. Computer-based systems, using avatars as dance models to imitate, offer a series of advantages such as independence from physical contact and location. Therefore, we compared mood induction effects in two conditions: participants were asked to imitate dance movements from one of the two avatars showing: (a) videos of a human dancer model or (b) videos of a robot dancer model. The mood induction was successful for both happy and sad imitations, regardless of condition (human vs. robot avatar dance model). Moreover, the magnitude of happy mood induction and how much participants liked the task predicted work-related motivation after the mood induction. We conclude that mood regulation through dance movements is possible and beneficial in the work context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Madeleine Schmidt
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Language and Literature, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca A Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrés Fernández
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Birte Emmermann
- Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia F Christensen
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Language and Literature, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Rosa DCB, Lopes LW, Lopes-Herrera SA. Voice and Communication Training Program Improves Performance of University Students in Oral Presentations. Codas 2023; 35:e20220146. [PMID: 38055409 PMCID: PMC10723579 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20232022146pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of a voice and communication training program for oral presentations on higher education students. METHODS The proposed training program was based on the areas of social skills, voice projection techniques, and neurolinguistic programming. Thirty-eight students participated in the training with active learning methodologies at the university. Before and after the intervention, the participants recorded a short oral presentation on a topic of their choice. The recording was presented to the other participants and to a panel formed by three examiners (two articulation therapists and a psychologist), who evaluated the oral presentation performances. Moreover, each individual self-assessed their communication. The evaluation criteria covered the linguistic aspects, formal and non-formal, verbal and non-verbal communication, planning, and elaboration of the presentation. RESULTS All participants improved their performance in oral presentations regarding verbal and para-verbal aspects, ability to keep the audience, emotional control, planning, objective, content, approach, organization, visual resource, form of presentation, language, and general elements (general presentation). CONCLUSION The proposed training program is effective in improving the performance of university students in oral presentations.
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5
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Moss J, De Bin R. Modelling publication bias and p-hacking. Biometrics 2023; 79:319-331. [PMID: 34510407 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Publication bias and p-hacking are two well-known phenomena that strongly affect the scientific literature and cause severe problems in meta-analyses. Due to these phenomena, the assumptions of meta-analyses are seriously violated and the results of the studies cannot be trusted. While publication bias is very often captured well by the weighting function selection model, p-hacking is much harder to model and no definitive solution has been found yet. In this paper, we advocate the selection model approach to model publication bias and propose a mixture model for p-hacking. We derive some properties for these models, and we compare them formally and through simulations. Finally, two real data examples are used to show how the models work in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Moss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Abstract
Pride is a self-conscious emotion, comprised of two distinct facets known as authentic and hubristic pride, and associated with a cross-culturally recognized nonverbal expression. Authentic pride involves feelings of accomplishment and confidence and promotes prosocial behaviors, whereas hubristic pride involves feelings of arrogance and conceit and promotes antisociality. Each facet of pride, we argue, contributes to a distinct means of attaining social rank: Authentic pride seems to promote prestige-a rank based on earned respect-whereas hubristic pride seems to promote dominance-a rank based on aggression and coercion. Both prestige and dominance are effective routes to power and influence in human groups, so both facets of pride are likely to be functional adaptations. Overall, the reviewed research suggests that pride is likely to be a human universal, critical for social relationships and rank attainment across human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Eric Mercadante
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Ian Hohm
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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7
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Elkjaer E, Mikkelsen MB, Tramm G, Michalak J, Mennin DS, O'Toole MS. Using bodily displays to facilitating approach action outcomes within the context of a personally relevant task. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2855. [PMID: 36571767 PMCID: PMC9847621 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable attention has been paid to the effect of bodily (expansive and contractive) displays on affective, behavioral, and hormonal outcomes. However, the majority of past studies are limited by a lack of control groups with neutral displays and low personal relevance of the experimental tasks employed. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of adopting different bodily displays, including neutral displays, within the context of a personally relevant task. METHODS In an experiment with healthy participants (N = 90), we investigated the effects of two different bodily manipulations (i.e., expansive and contractive), compared to a control group (i.e., neutral displays). Effects were evaluated in terms of completed valued action in addition to processes considered potentially helpful in preparing and motivating the individual to take valued action, including a change in emotion experience, action tendencies, and appraisals. RESULTS Several main effects were detected and only few significant interaction effects were revealed. In case of group differences, results showed that expansive bodily displays outperformed the control group, leading to more positive emotions, more approach action tendencies, less negative emotion variability, and less avoidance action tendencies toward threat. DISCUSSION These results mainly suggest that identifying a valued action and explicating the underlying motivational conflict may be beneficial regardless of bodily displays. This conclusion runs somewhat counter both to our hypotheses and to findings in recent meta-analytic work. However, previous experiments have not evaluated the effect of bodily displays within a personally relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Elkjaer
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mai B Mikkelsen
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte Tramm
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johannes Michalak
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Douglas S Mennin
- Department of Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mia S O'Toole
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Tajadura-Jiménez A, Crucianelli L, Zheng R, Cheng C, Ley-Flores J, Borda-Más M, Bianchi-Berthouze N, Fotopoulou A. Body weight distortions in an auditory-driven body illusion in subclinical and clinical eating disorders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20031. [PMID: 36414765 PMCID: PMC9681758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest a stronger influence of visual signals on body image in individuals with eating disorders (EDs) than healthy controls; however, the influence of other exteroceptive sensory signals remains unclear. Here we used an illusion relying on auditory (exteroceptive) signals to manipulate body size/weight perceptions and investigated whether the mechanisms integrating sensory signals into body image are altered in subclinical and clinical EDs. Participants' footstep sounds were altered to seem produced by lighter or heavier bodies. Across two experiments, we tested healthy women assigned to three groups based on self-reported Symptomatology of EDs (SED), and women with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and used self-report, body-visualization, and behavioural (gait) measures. As with visual bodily illusions, we predicted stronger influence of auditory signals, leading to an enhanced body-weight illusion, in people with High-SED and AN. Unexpectedly, High-SED and AN participants displayed a gait typical of heavier bodies and a widest/heaviest visualized body in the 'light' footsteps condition. In contrast, Low-SED participants showed these patterns in the 'heavy' footsteps condition. Self-reports did not show group differences. The results of this pilot study suggest disturbances in the sensory integration mechanisms, rather than purely visually-driven body distortions, in subclinical/clinical EDs, opening opportunities for the development of novel diagnostic/therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tajadura-Jiménez
- grid.7840.b0000 0001 2168 9183DEI Interactive Systems Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de, Av. de La Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Leganés, Spain ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Crucianelli
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Zheng
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Cheng
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Ley-Flores
- grid.7840.b0000 0001 2168 9183DEI Interactive Systems Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de, Av. de La Universidad, 30, 28911 Madrid, Leganés, Spain
| | - Mercedes Borda-Más
- grid.9224.d0000 0001 2168 1229Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Aikaterini Fotopoulou
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Elkjær E, Mikkelsen MB, Michalak J, Mennin DS, O'Toole MS. Motor alterations in depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 317:373-387. [PMID: 36037990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychomotor retardation has long been recognized as a major feature of depression, and anxiety disorders have been linked with freeze and flight motor responses. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed a) to synthesize available evidence of motor alterations comparing individuals with depression and anxiety disorders to healthy individuals and b) to evaluate the effect of experimental manipulations of motor displays within these clinical groups. METHOD The databases PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for studies either assessing motor differences between clinical and healthy control groups or manipulating the motor system within a clinical group. RESULTS The literature search yielded 87 relevant papers, comprising 82 studies comparing a clinical group to a healthy group and 5 studies investigating motor manipulations within a clinical sample. The results of the meta-analysis (K = 71) indicated a statistically significant combined estimate of differences between healthy and clinical groups (g = 0.38 [0.31, 0.45], adjusted for publication bias g = 0.26 [0.19, 0.33]) of a small size. This effect did not vary according to type of disorder (anxiety vs. depression, p = .468). From a narrative review of experimental studies within clinical groups, four out of five studies reported statistically significant effects of manipulating the motor system on affective outcomes. DISCUSSION This synthesis adds to the accumulating empirical evidence of motor alterations in depression and anxiety disorders. Future research will need to investigate how individuals suffering from depression or anxiety disorders could benefit from psychological, behavioral, and physical interventions directly aimed at the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Elkjær
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Mai B Mikkelsen
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Johannes Michalak
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
| | - Douglas S Mennin
- Department of Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mia S O'Toole
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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10
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Van Cappellen P, Ladd KL, Cassidy S, Edwards ME, Fredrickson BL. Bodily feedback: expansive and upward posture facilitates the experience of positive affect. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1327-1342. [PMID: 35924432 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Most emotion theories recognise the importance of the body in expressing and constructing emotions. Focusing beyond the face, the present research adds needed empirical data on the effect of static full body postures on positive/negative affect. In Studies 1 (N = 110) and 2 (N = 79), using a bodily feedback paradigm, we manipulated postures to test causal effects on affective and physiological responses to emotionally ambiguous music. Across both studies among U.S. participants, we find the strongest support for an effect of bodily postures that are expansive and oriented upward on positive affect. In addition, an expansive and upward pose also led to greater cardiac vagal reactivity but these changes in parasympathetic activity were not related to affective changes (Study 2). In line with embodied theories, these results provide additional support for the role of postural input in constructing affect. Discussion highlights the relevance of these findings for the study of religious practices during which the postures studied are often adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin L Ladd
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Megan E Edwards
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barbara L Fredrickson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Michinov N, Michinov E. Can Sitting Postures Influence the Creative Mind? Positive Effect of Contractive Posture on Convergent-Integrative Thinking. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2072557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Michinov
- Univ Rennes, LP3C (Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior and Communication)
| | - Estelle Michinov
- Univ Rennes, LP3C (Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior and Communication)
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12
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Berry M, Lewin S, Brown S. Correlated expression of the body, face, and voice during character portrayal in actors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8253. [PMID: 35585175 PMCID: PMC9117657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actors are required to engage in multimodal modulations of their body, face, and voice in order to create a holistic portrayal of a character during performance. We present here the first trimodal analysis, to our knowledge, of the process of character portrayal in professional actors. The actors portrayed a series of stock characters (e.g., king, bully) that were organized according to a predictive scheme based on the two orthogonal personality dimensions of assertiveness and cooperativeness. We used 3D motion capture technology to analyze the relative expansion/contraction of 6 body segments across the head, torso, arms, and hands. We compared this with previous results for these portrayals for 4 segments of facial expression and the vocal parameters of pitch and loudness. The results demonstrated significant cross-modal correlations for character assertiveness (but not cooperativeness), as manifested collectively in a straightening of the head and torso, expansion of the arms and hands, lowering of the jaw, and a rise in vocal pitch and loudness. These results demonstrate what communication theorists refer to as “multichannel reinforcement”. We discuss this reinforcement in light of both acting theories and theories of human communication more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Berry
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Sarah Lewin
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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13
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Stein JP, Cimander P, Appel M. Power-Posing Robots: The Influence of a Humanoid Robot’s Posture and Size on its Perceived Dominance, Competence, Eeriness, and Threat. Int J Soc Robot 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-022-00878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWhen interacting with sophisticated digital technologies, people often fall back on the same interaction scripts they apply to the communication with other humans—especially if the technology in question provides strong anthropomorphic cues (e.g., a human-like embodiment). Accordingly, research indicates that observers tend to interpret the body language of social robots in the same way as they would with another human being. Backed by initial evidence, we assumed that a humanoid robot will be considered as more dominant and competent, but also as more eerie and threatening once it strikes a so-called power pose. Moreover, we pursued the research question whether these effects might be accentuated by the robot’s body size. To this end, the current study presented 204 participants with pictures of the robot NAO in different poses (expansive vs. constrictive), while also manipulating its height (child-sized vs. adult-sized). Our results show that NAO’s posture indeed exerted strong effects on perceptions of dominance and competence. Conversely, participants’ threat and eeriness ratings remained statistically independent of the robot’s depicted body language. Further, we found that the machine’s size did not affect any of the measured interpersonal perceptions in a notable way. The study findings are discussed considering limitations and future research directions.
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14
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Infinite diameter confidence sets in Hedges’ publication bias model. J Korean Stat Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42952-022-00169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMeta-analysis, the statistical analysis of results from separate studies, is a fundamental building block of science. But the assumptions of classical meta-analysis models are not satisfied whenever publication bias is present, which causes inconsistent parameter estimates. Hedges’ selection function model takes publication bias into account, but estimating and inferring with this model is tough for some datasets. Using a generalized Gleser–Hwang theorem, we show there is no confidence set of guaranteed finite diameter for the parameters of Hedges’ selection model. This result provides a partial explanation for why inference with Hedges’ selection model is fraught with difficulties.
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15
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Brown M, McGrath RE, Sacco DF. Preliminary Evidence for an Association between Journal Submission Requirements and Reproducibility of Published Findings: A Pilot Study. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2022; 17:267-274. [PMID: 35225717 DOI: 10.1177/15562646221083384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic efforts have been employed to improve the reproducibility of published findings in psychology. To date, little research has been conducted evaluating how well these efforts work. In an effort to bridge this gap, the current study looked at journal submission requirements intended to encourage authors to engage in best practices for facilitating reproducible science and offers preliminary evidence for their potential efficacy. We calculated reproducibility indices (p-curves) for three randomly selected empirical studies published in each of 23 psychology journals in 2019 and correlated quantitative results from those analyzes with the number of submission requirements for each journal that intended to ensure compliance with best reporting practices. Results indicated a greater number of submission requirements at a given outlet was associated with indices indicating greater likelihood of reproducibility of findings. We frame findings as impetus for future, more extensive, research to identify causal links between submission requirements and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Brown
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Donald F Sacco
- 5104The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
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16
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Lopera-Auñón JA, Medina-Orcera L, Rodríguez-Jiménez RM. Emotions and flamenco dance: introducing the duende in dance movement therapy. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2021.1981447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lola Medina-Orcera
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad Autónoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Awad S, Debatin T, Ziegler A. Embodiment: I sat, I felt, I performed - Posture effects on mood and cognitive performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103353. [PMID: 34146977 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous embodiment findings indicate a relationship between physical posture and mood states, suggesting upright postures induce positive mood states. Findings also showed a relationship between moods and cognitive performance. While positive mood states were found to be related to increased processing speed, negative mood states were associated with higher processing accuracy in cognitive task performance. This implies that posture may affect the aforementioned sub-aspects of cognitive performance via mood states. Additionally, most studies on posture effects rely on explicit posture manipulation. With that in mind, our research explores the effects of implicitly manipulated postures on processing speed and accuracy and whether these effects are mediated by general mood. The results revealed that subjects in our sample (N = 82, M = 23.09years) who adopted an upright posture showed a more positive general mood (d = 0.50) and higher processing speed (d = 0.42) compared to those in stooped postures. Surprisingly, no differences in processing accuracy were found. There was no evidence of the proposed mediation in our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Awad
- Department of Educational Psychology and Research on Excellence, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Debatin
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albert Ziegler
- Department of Educational Psychology and Research on Excellence, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nuremberg, Germany
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18
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Tu M, Gilbert EK, Bono JE. Is beauty more than skin deep? Attractiveness, power, and nonverbal presence in evaluations of hirability. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Hsuan Tu
- Organization and Human Resources Department, School of Management University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo New York USA
| | - Elisabeth K. Gilbert
- Business Administration Department, Williams College of Commerce, Economics, and Politics Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia USA
| | - Joyce E. Bono
- Department of Management, Warrington College of Business Administration University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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19
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Körner R, Röseler L, Schütz A. Commentary on Elkjær et al.'s (2020) Meta-Analysis on Expansive Versus Contractive Nonverbal Displays. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:305-307. [PMID: 34160317 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620984474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We offer a critical perspective on the meta-analysis by Elkjær et al. (2020) by pointing out three constraints: The first refers to open-science practices, the second addresses the selection of studies, and the third offers a broader theoretical perspective. We argue that preregistration and adherence to the highest standards of conducting meta-analyses is important. Further, we identified several missing studies. Regarding the theoretical perspective, we suggest that it may be useful to tie body positions into the dominance-prestige framework and, on that basis, to distinguish two types of body positions. Such an approach has the potential to account for discrepancies in previous meta-analytical evidence regarding the effects of expansive versus contractive nonverbal displays. Future research may thus be able to provide not only methodological but also theoretical innovations to the field of body positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Körner
- Department of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg.,Department of Psychology, University of Halle
| | - Lukas Röseler
- Department of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg.,Department of Economics, Harz University of Applied Sciences
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg
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20
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Leaning forward to increase approach motivation! The role of joy, exercise, and posture in achieving goals. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Liu C, Liao J. Stand up to action: The postural effect of moral dilemma decision-making and the moderating role of dual processes. Psych J 2021; 10:587-597. [PMID: 33882619 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility that when people are in standing rather than sitting postures, they have a stronger cognitive control propensity, making them inclined to agree more to sacrificing one innocent person and saving more people. Furthermore, this postural effect can be moderated by dual processes. In three studies, participants read dilemma scenarios followed by a proposed behavior to sacrifice one innocent person and save five or more people. The participants in sitting or standing postures were asked whether the described action was morally acceptable (moral judgment) and whether they would perform the described action (moral action). The results demonstrated that participants were more approving of the behavioral proposal in the moral action perspective than in the moral judgment perspective across the three studies. The hypothesized postural effect was found in a field study (Study 1) and replicated in a preregistered replication study (Study 2), and was further supported in an experimental study (Study 3). Compared with those in sitting postures, participants in standing postures expressed higher approval of the behavioral proposal compared to their sitting counterparts. Furthermore, the postural effect was dismissed when participants made moral decisions with a dual task to increase cognitive load, and it was reversed when they made moral decisions after deliberate consideration of the behavioral proposal (Study 3). The present research supports and extends the dual-process morality theory by demonstrating that body posture can affect moral decision-making; it also offers novel evidence revealing the moderating role of dual process on embodiment effects. It enriches our knowledge that morality is evolutionarily embodied in postures and that the dual process can moderate embodiment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Liu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangqun Liao
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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22
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MacKrill K, Silvester C, Pennebaker JW, Petrie KJ. What makes an idea worth spreading? Language markers of popularity in
TED
talks by academics and other speakers. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate MacKrill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Connor Silvester
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Keith J. Petrie
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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23
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Edlund JE, Cuccolo K, Irgens MS, Wagge JR, Zlokovich MS. Saving Science Through Replication Studies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:216-225. [PMID: 33682522 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620984385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The scientific enterprise has long been based on the presumption of replication, although scientists have recently become aware of various corruptions of the enterprise that have hurt replicability. In this article, we begin by considering three illustrations of research paradigms that have all been subject to intense scrutiny through replications and theoretical concerns. The three paradigms are one for which the corpus of research points to a real finding, one for which the corpus of research points to a significantly attenuated effect, and one for which the debate is ongoing. We then discuss what scientists can learn-and how science can be improved-through replications more generally. From there, we discuss what we believe needs to be done to improve scientific inquiry with regard to replication moving forward. Finally, we conclude by providing readers with several different approaches to replication and how these approaches progress science. The approaches discussed include multilab replications of many effects, multilab replications of specific effects, adversarial collaborations, and stand-alone applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Kelly Cuccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota
| | | | | | - Martha S Zlokovich
- Psi Chi, the International Honor Society in Psychology, Chattanooga, Tennessee
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24
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Weineck F, Schultchen D, Dunker F, Hauke G, Lachenmeir K, Schnebel A, Karačić M, Meule A, Voderholzer U, Pollatos O. Discrepancies Between Explicit Feelings of Power and Implicit Power Motives Are Related to Anxiety in Women With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2021; 11:618650. [PMID: 33633629 PMCID: PMC7901641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies identified low subjective feelings of power in women with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about implicit power motives and the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives in AN. Aim The study investigated the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives and its relationship to anxiety in patients with AN. Method Fifty-three outpatients and inpatients with AN and 48 participants without AN were compared regarding subjective feelings of power and anxiety. Explicit power [investigated with the Personal Sense of Power Scale (trait focus) and a visual analog scale (state focus)], implicit power motives [investigated with the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG)] and trait anxiety [measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)], were assessed. Results Explicit feelings of power (state and trait level) were lower in patients with AN compared to non-AN participants. No differences in implicit power motives were found when comparing the groups against each other. However, looking at the groups separately, women with AN had similar levels of implicit fear of losing power and hope for power, whereas woman without AN had significantly lower fear of losing power than hope for power. Focusing on discrepancies between powerful feelings and power motives, results were mixed, depending on the subscale of the MMG. Lastly, discrepancies between implicit power motives and explicit feelings of power were positively correlated with trait anxiety in AN patients. Conclusion These findings underline that individuals with AN display significantly lower explicit feelings of power, however, they show similar implicit power motives compared to individuals without AN. The discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives is related to anxiety in AN and may represent a vulnerability factor to illness maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Weineck
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dana Schultchen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Freya Dunker
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gernot Hauke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Lachenmeir
- Treatment Center for Eating Disorders, Dritter Orden Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Meule
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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25
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Adolph D, Tschacher W, Niemeyer H, Michalak J. Gait Patterns and Mood in Everyday Life: A Comparison Between Depressed Patients and Non-depressed Controls. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Previous laboratory findings suggest deviant gait characteristics in depressed individuals (i.e., reduced walking speed and vertical up-and-down movements, larger lateral swaying movements, slumped posture). However, since most studies to date assessed gait in the laboratory, it is largely an open question whether this association also holds in more naturalistic, everyday life settings. Thus, within the current study we (1) aimed at replicating these results in an everyday life and (2) investigated whether gait characteristics could predict change in current mood.
Methods
We recruited a sample of patients (n = 35) suffering from major depressive disorder and a sample of age and gender matched non-depressed controls (n = 36). During a 2-day assessment we continuously recorded gait patterns, general movement intensity and repetitively assessed the participant’s current mood.
Results
We replicated previous laboratory results and found that patients as compared to non-depressed controls showed reduced walking speed and reduced vertical up-and-down movements, as well as a slumped posture during everyday life episodes of walking. Moreover, independent of clinical diagnoses, higher walking speed, and more vertical up-and-down movements significantly predicted more subsequent positive mood, while changes in mood did not predict subsequent changes in gait patterns.
Conclusion
In sum, our results support expectations that embodiment (i.e., the relationship between bodily expression of emotion and emotion processing itself) in depression is also observable in naturalistic settings, and that depression is bodily manifested in the way people walk. The data further suggest that motor displays affect mood in everyday life.
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Abstract
Recent research has found that a specific manipulation of body postures can influence psychological states associated with power, including an individual’s feeling of power and risk-taking tendency, but the results vary. The purpose of this study is to replicate previous studies. A pilot experiment examined the validity of 10 postures extracted from multiple former studies. Only 4 postures were consistent with former studies. Experiment 1 replicates the study conducted by Carney, Cuddy, and Yap ( 2010 ). The results revealed that posture manipulations did not affect the participants’ risk-taking tendency. Experiment 2 is a preregistered experiment to replicate the study of Carney et al. ( 2010 ). Different from Experiment 1, data were analyzed with a Bayesian approach. The results of the former study again failed to be replicated, which indicates that the posture manipulations could not yield any effect on both power feelings and individuals’ risk-taking tendency. Thus, we concluded that (a) holding a specific series of body posture perceived as high or low power does not affect individuals’ feeling of power, and (b) holding a specific series of body posture perceived as high or low power does not affect individuals’ risk-taking tendency.
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27
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Abele AE, Yzerbyt V. Body posture and interpersonal perception in a dyadic interaction: A Big Two analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Do Behavioral Observations Make People Catch the Goal? A Meta-Analysis on Goal Contagion. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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van Geest J, Samaritter R, van Hooren S. Move and Be Moved: The Effect of Moving Specific Movement Elements on the Experience of Happiness. Front Psychol 2021; 11:579518. [PMID: 33584414 PMCID: PMC7874178 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic body feedback is used in dance movement therapy (DMT), with the aim to facilitate emotional expression and a change of emotional state through movement and dance for individuals with psychosocial or psychiatric complaints. It has been demonstrated that moving in a specific way can evoke and regulate related emotions. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of executing a unique set of kinetic movement elements on an individual mover's experience of happiness. A specific sequence consisting of movement elements that recent studies have related to the feeling of happiness was created and used in a series of conditions. To achieve a more realistic reflection of DMT practice, the study incorporated the interpersonal dimension between the dance movement therapist (DMTh) and the client, and the impact of this interbodily feedback on the emotional state of the client. This quantitative study was conducted in a within-subject design. Five male and 20 female participants (mean age = 20.72) participated in three conditions: a solo executed movement sequence, a movement sequence executed with a DMTh who attuned and mirrored the movements, and a solo executed movement sequence not associated with feelings of happiness. Participants were only informed about the movements and not the feelings that may be provoked by these movements. The effects on individuals were measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and visual analog scales. Results showed that a specific movement sequence based on movement elements associated with happiness executed with a DMTh can significantly enhance the corresponding affective state. An additional finding of this study indicated that facilitating expressed emotion through movement elements that are not associated with happiness can enhance feelings such as empowerment, pride, and determination, which are experienced as part of positive affect. The results show the impact of specific full-body movement elements on the emotional state and the support outcome of DMT on emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenneke van Geest
- Faculty of Health Care, Academy of Arts Therapies, Zuyd University of Applied Science, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Rosemarie Samaritter
- KenVaK Research Centre for the Arts Therapies and Psychomotricity, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Department of Arts Therapies, Codarts University of the Arts, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan van Hooren
- Faculty of Health Care, Academy of Arts Therapies, Zuyd University of Applied Science, Heerlen, Netherlands
- KenVaK Research Centre for the Arts Therapies and Psychomotricity, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
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30
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Using bodily postures to reduce anxiety and improve interoception: A comparison between powerful and neutral poses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242578. [PMID: 33296377 PMCID: PMC7725306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that anxiety syndromes are highly prevalent among university students. Effective treatments are needed to reduce the burden of anxiety in this population. Powerful postures have been found to impact affective states, as well as interoception (i.e. the ability to perceive inner bodily signals). However, no previous study has compared the effects of powerful- and neutral postures in regards to anxiety and interoceptive ability. METHODS The first part of the study measured the single-session effect of adopting powerful- vs. neutral postures on students' (n = 57) interoceptive ability and state anxiety. The second part of the study measured the effect of adopting powerful or neutral postures twice daily for two weeks, on individuals' interoceptive ability and trait anxiety. RESULTS State anxiety decreased in both conditions whereas interoceptive accuracy only increased in the power posing condition after a single session. Interoceptive accuracy increased in both groups after two weeks of training. LIMITATIONS The study included no comparison to a condition where individuals adopted their natural (i.e. usual) bodily posture. CONCLUSIONS Embodiment interventions that include elements of adopting an open or expansive bodily posture whilst maintaining a self-focus, can help to reduce state anxiety and improve interoceptive accuracy in student populations. Power posing does not seem to be superior to holding a neutral posture to improve interoceptive accuracy or anxiety. One reason therefore could be that both conditions include the manipulation of self-focus and a postural change that diverges from individuals' normal posture.
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31
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Weineck F, Hauke G, Lindemann H, Lachenmeir K, Schnebel A, Karačić M, Meule A, Voderholzer U, Pollatos O. Using bodily postures in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Effects of power posing on interoception and affective states. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 29:216-231. [PMID: 33252788 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Power posing involves the adoption of an expansive bodily posture. This study examined whether power posing could benefit individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and women with normal weight in regards to interoceptive ability and affective states. METHOD Participants included 50 inpatients and outpatients with AN as well as 51 normal-weight women. Interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), measured by the heartbeat tracking task and interoceptive sensibility (IS), measured by confidence ratings, were assessed at baseline, after a single power posing session and after 1 week of daily training. Also, the short-term effects of power posing on subjective feelings of dominance, pleasantness, and arousal were investigated. RESULTS Both groups increased in their IAcc after one power posing session. Also, there was a significant main effect of time on feelings of dominance and pleasantness in the short-term. Women with AN displayed lower levels of IS, dominance, and pleasantness as well as higher levels of arousal than women without AN. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that power posing has the potential to increase IAcc, subjective feelings of power and pleasant affect in the short-term. Further research should investigate which mechanisms foster the effectiveness of this intervention to tailor it to the needs of women with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Weineck
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gernot Hauke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Lindemann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Lachenmeir
- Treatment Center for Eating Disorders (TCE), Dritter Orden Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Meule
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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32
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Miragall M, Borrego A, Cebolla A, Etchemendy E, Navarro-Siurana J, Llorens R, Blackwell SE, Baños RM. Effect of an upright (vs. stooped) posture on interpretation bias, imagery, and emotions. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 68:101560. [PMID: 32078947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adopting an upright (vs. stooped) posture has been related to positive effects on emotional and cognitive processes. However, there is no evidence concerning the effect of posture on two key processes associated with the maintenance of depression: interpretation bias and vividness of mental imagery. The objectives were to investigate the effect of adopting an upright (vs. stooped) posture on interpretation bias and vividness of positive and negative mental imagery, and to explore the interplay between these processes and depression-related emotions. METHODS The sample consisted of 54 participants (Mage = 22.00, 64.8% women), who were randomly assigned to the upright or stooped condition. Participants answered self-report measures while they were adopting a specific posture. Posture was monitored through inertial technology. RESULTS Main results were that: upright (vs. stooped) posture led to more positive interpretations of ambiguous information and increased positive emotions related to depression (happiness, optimism and vigor); time in an upright position was associated with change in interpretation bias and vividness of positive mental imagery; and level of depressive symptomatology moderated the effect of posture on the change in interpretation bias. LIMITATIONS Limitations are related to the use of non-clinical sample, the use of short-term measurements, and the lack of an experimental condition adopting the usual posture. CONCLUSIONS Posture interacts with mechanisms involved in the maintenance of depression, as well as with depression-related emotions. This study has clinical implications that should be continued explored in order to clarify the role of manipulating the posture in individuals with depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miragall
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Adrián Borrego
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ausiàs Cebolla
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Ernestina Etchemendy
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jéssica Navarro-Siurana
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Roberto Llorens
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación y Daño Cerebral de los Hospitales Vithas-NISA. Fundación Hospitales NISA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
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33
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Brown P, Waite F, Rovira A, Freeman D. Power posing for paranoia: A double-blind randomised controlled experimental test using virtual reality. Behav Res Ther 2020; 132:103691. [PMID: 32688047 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paranoia is theorised to build upon feelings of inferior social rank. Power posing has been shown to increase feelings of power, and hence could reduce paranoia. One hundred participants with current paranoia and 50 individuals without paranoia were recruited. Using a double-blind randomised controlled experimental design, participants twice held powerful or neutral postures before entering neutral virtual reality social environments. In the paranoid sample, those who held a powerful pose did not significantly increase in feelings of power by the end of testing in comparison to controls (group difference = 0.67, C.I. = -1.12; 1.46; p = 0.098), or decrease in paranoia (group difference = -0.23, C.I. = -1.17; 0.72; p = 0.634). In the non-paranoid sample, there was a small significant increase in powerful feelings by the end of testing in the powerful group (group difference = 1.13, C.I. = 0.23; 2.02; p = 0.013), but no significant decrease in paranoia (group difference = -0.71, C.I. = -2.16; 0.74; p = 0.338). Paranoia status was not a modifier on the relationship between condition and feelings of power. We conclude that power posing results in only very small changes in self-reported feelings of power and has no subsequent effect on paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Aitor Rovira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Körner R, Schütz A. Dominance or prestige: A review of the effects of power poses and other body postures. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Körner
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg Germany
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg Germany
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35
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Elkjær E, Mikkelsen MB, Michalak J, Mennin DS, O'Toole MS. Expansive and Contractive Postures and Movement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Motor Displays on Affective and Behavioral Responses. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 17:276-304. [PMID: 32569503 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620919358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review and meta-analysis explores the experimental effects of expansive and contractive motor displays on affective, hormonal, and behavioral responses. Experimental studies were located through systematic literature searches. Studies had to manipulate motor displays to either expansive or contractive displays and investigate the effect of the displays on affect, hormones, or overt behavior. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the pooled, standardized mean differences between the effects of motor displays on affective, hormonal, and behavioral responses. From 5,819 unique records, 73 relevant studies were identified. Robust differences between expansive and contractive displays emerged for affective responses and overt behavioral responses across contexts, type of manipulation, and methods of measurement. The results suggest that the effects are driven by the absence of contractive motor displays (contractive vs. neutral displays: Hedges's g = 0.45) rather than the presence of expansive displays (expansive vs. neutral displays: g = 0.06). The findings stand as a corrective to previous research, as they indicate that it is the absence of contractive displays rather than the presence of expansive displays that alters affective and behavioral responding. Future research should include neutral control groups, use different methods to assess hormonal change, and investigate these effects in the context of ideographic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Elkjær
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University
| | - Mai B Mikkelsen
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University
| | - Johannes Michalak
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University
| | | | - Mia S O'Toole
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University
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Wyatt TD. Reproducible research into human chemical communication by cues and pheromones: learning from psychology's renaissance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190262. [PMID: 32306877 PMCID: PMC7209928 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of evidence that the 'putative human pheromones' androstadienone and estratetraenol ever were pheromones, almost 60 studies have claimed 'significant' results. These are quite possibly false positives and can be best seen as potential examples of the 'reproducibility crisis', sadly common in the rest of the life and biomedical sciences, which has many instances of whole fields based on false positives. Experiments on the effects of olfactory cues on human behaviour are also at risk of false positives because they look for subtle effects but use small sample sizes. Research on human chemical communication, much of it falling within psychology, would benefit from vigorously adopting the proposals made by psychologists to enable better, more reliable science, with an emphasis on enhancing reproducibility. A key change is the adoption of study pre-registration and/or Registered Reports which will also reduce publication bias. As we are mammals, and chemical communication is important to other mammals, it is likely that chemical cues are important in our behaviour and that humans may have pheromones, but new approaches will be needed to reliably demonstrate them. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram D Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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37
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Lin E, Schmid PC. The Experience of Power Could Facilitate Healthy Food Consumption. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Replication is an important contemporary issue in psychological research, and there is great interest in ways of assessing replicability, in particular, retrospectively via prior studies. The average power of a set of prior studies is a quantity that has attracted considerable attention for this purpose, and techniques to estimate this quantity via a meta-analytic approach have recently been proposed. In this article, we have two aims. First, we clarify the nature of average power and its implications for replicability. We explain that average power is not relevant to the replicability of actual prospective replication studies. Instead, it relates to efforts in the history of science to catalogue the power of prior studies. Second, we evaluate the statistical properties of point estimates and interval estimates of average power obtained via the meta-analytic approach. We find that point estimates of average power are too variable and inaccurate for use in application. We also find that the width of interval estimates of average power depends on the corresponding point estimates; consequently, the width of an interval estimate of average power cannot serve as an independent measure of the precision of the point estimate. Our findings resolve a seeming puzzle posed by three estimates of the average power of the power-posing literature obtained via the meta-analytic approach.
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Körner R, Köhler H, Schütz A. Powerful and confident children through expansive body postures? A preregistered study of fourth graders. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034320912306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Do expansive body postures increase self-esteem in children? Power posing is a popular but also controversial topic. Still, there has been no research on the possible effects in children. To investigate the influence of power posing in children, 108 German fourth graders were randomly assigned to a high versus a low power posing group. Self-esteem was self-reported; feelings were assessed indirectly. There was an effect of power posing on self-reported global and school self-esteem. Furthermore, children who had performed high power poses in comparison with those who had performed low power poses mentioned more positive feelings, higher power feelings, and a more positive student–teacher relationship. Results are interpreted with regard to the context and the cultural dependency of the power posing effect. Implications for school practice are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Körner
- Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Germany; Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Köhler
- Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Lasselin J, Sundelin T, Wayne PM, Olsson MJ, Paues Göranson S, Axelsson J, Lekander M. Biological motion during inflammation in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:147-153. [PMID: 31785395 PMCID: PMC7010549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological motion is a powerful perceptual cue that can reveal important information about the inner state of an individual. Activation of inflammatory processes likely leads to changes in gait, posture, and mobility patterns, but the specific characteristics of inflammation-related biological motion have not been characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inflammation on gait and motion in humans. Systemic inflammation was induced in 19 healthy volunteers with an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg body weight). Biological motion parameters (walking speed, stride length and time, arm, leg, head, and shoulder angles) were assessed during a walking paradigm and the timed-up-and-go test. Cytokine concentrations, body temperature, and sickness symptoms were measured. During inflammation, compared to placebo, participants exhibited shorter, slower, and wider strides, less arm extension, less knee flexion, and a more downward-tilting head while walking. They were also slower and took a shorter first step in the timed-up-and-go test. Higher interleukin-6 concentrations, stronger sickness symptoms, and lower body temperature predicted the inflammation-related alterations in biological motion. These findings show that biological motion contains clear information about the inflammatory status of an individual, and may be used by peers or artificial intelligence to recognize that someone is sick or contagious.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lasselin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - T Sundelin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, 10003 New York, NY, USA
| | - P M Wayne
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Stress, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Paues Göranson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 18288 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Harris DA. Dance/Movement Therapy in Cross-Cultural Practice: Fostering Assertiveness with Torture Survivors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DANCE THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10465-019-09318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kniffin KM, Bogan VL, Just DR. "Big men" in the office: The gender-specific influence of weight upon persuasiveness. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222761. [PMID: 31710625 PMCID: PMC6844468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Height has been closely studied as a factor that influences myriad measures of leadership; however, the potential influence of weight on socially beneficial traits has been neglected. Using the anthropological concept of "big men" who relied on influence to lead their communities, we examine the role of weight upon persuasiveness. We present the results of six studies that suggest a tendency for raters to expect larger body mass to correspond with more persuasiveness among men. In the sixth, pre-registered study, we find evidence that fits the hypothesis that weight among men is positively associated with perceived persuasiveness. While the "big man" leadership concept is based on studies of pre-industrial societies where weight embodied status, our findings suggest an evolved bias to favor moderately big men-with respect to perceived persuasiveness-even in environments where there is no reason to interpret over-consumption of food and conservation of energy as a signal of wealth. Our studies contribute novel perspectives on the relevance of weight as an understudied dimension of "big" and offer an important qualification informed by evolutionary perspectives for the stigmatizing effects of relatively large body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Kniffin
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Bogan
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - David R. Just
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Erdfelder E, Heck DW. Detecting Evidential Value and p-Hacking With the p-Curve Tool. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Simonsohn, Nelson, and Simmons (2014a) proposed p-curve – the distribution of statistically significant p-values for a set of studies – as a tool to assess the evidential value of these studies. They argued that, whereas right-skewed p-curves indicate true underlying effects, left-skewed p-curves indicate selective reporting of significant results when there is no true effect (“ p-hacking”). We first review previous research showing that, in contrast to the first claim, null effects may produce right-skewed p-curves under some conditions. We then question the second claim by showing that not only selective reporting but also selective nonreporting of significant results due to a significant outcome of a more popular alternative test of the same hypothesis may produce left-skewed p-curves, even if all studies reflect true effects. Hence, just as right-skewed p-curves do not necessarily imply evidential value, left-skewed p-curves do not necessarily imply p-hacking and absence of true effects in the studies involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Erdfelder
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel W. Heck
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany
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Laborde S, Strack N, Mosley E. The influence of power posing on cardiac vagal activity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 199:102899. [PMID: 31387061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of power posing on hormonal reactions such as testosterone and cortisol have been widely investigated, however, its effects on the autonomic nervous system are rather unknown. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of power posing on cardiac vagal activity (CVA), as indexed by heart rate variability. It was hypothesized that high power poses (HPP) would increase CVA, whereas low power poses (LPP) would decrease CVA, given power posing is expected to decrease stress. Participants (N = 56) performed a total of four power poses, a combination of two power conditions (high vs. low) and two body positions (sitting vs. standing) for 1 min each, in a randomized order. In addition, for each power pose participants were given a role description. Contrary to our hypothesis, CVA decreased significantly during HPP in comparison to the resting measures before and after HPP, and CVA did not change during LPP. Moreover, while holding the power pose, CVA was higher in the LPP than in the HPP condition. Regarding subjective measures our hypotheses were confirmed, felt power was significantly higher after HPP than after LPP. Additionally, perceived stress was higher after LPP than after HPP. Taken together, these results suggest that the immediate impact of PP on the autonomic nervous system is more likely to influence a higher state of activation within the body instead of increasing resources to cope with stress as indexed by CVA, which may be seen only on a more long-term basis.
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Körner R, Petersen LE, Schütz A. Do expansive or contractive body postures affect feelings of self-worth? High power poses impact state self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Melzer A, Shafir T, Tsachor RP. How Do We Recognize Emotion From Movement? Specific Motor Components Contribute to the Recognition of Each Emotion. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1389. [PMID: 31333524 PMCID: PMC6617736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Are there movement features that are recognized as expressing each basic emotion by most people, and what are they? In our previous study we identified sets of Laban movement components that, when moved, elicited the basic emotions of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness. Our current study aimed to investigate if movements composed from those sets would be recognized as expressing those emotions, regardless of any instruction to the mover to portray emotion. Our stimuli included 113 video-clips of five Certified Laban Movement Analysts (CMAs) moving combinations of two to four movement components from each set associated with only one emotion: happiness, sadness, fear, or anger. Each three second clip showed one CMA moving a single combination. The CMAs moved only the combination's required components. Sixty-two physically and mentally healthy men (n = 31) and women (n = 31), ages 19–48, watched the clips and rated the perceived emotion and its intensity. To confirm participants' ability to recognize emotions from movement and to compare our stimuli to existing validated emotional expression stimuli, participants rated 50 additional clips of bodily motor expressions of these same emotions validated by Atkinson et al. (2004). Results showed that for both stimuli types, all emotions were recognized far above chance level. Comparing recognition accuracy of the two clip types revealed better recognition of anger, fear, and neutral emotion from Atkinson's clips of actors expressing emotions, and similar levels of recognition accuracy for happiness and sadness. Further analysis was performed to determine the contribution of specific movement components to the recognition of the studied emotions. Our results indicated that these specific Laban motor components not only enhance feeling the associated emotions when moved, but also contribute to recognition of the associated emotions when being observed, even when the mover was not instructed to portray emotion, indicating that the presence of these movement components alone is sufficient for emotion recognition. This research-based knowledge regarding the relationship between Laban motor components and bodily emotional expressions can be used by dance-movement and drama therapists for better understanding of clients' emotional movements, for creating appropriate interventions, and for enhancing communication with other practitioners regarding bodily emotional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Melzer
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Shafir
- The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Metzler H, Grèzes J. Repeatedly adopting power postures does not affect hormonal correlates of dominance and affiliative behavior. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6726. [PMID: 31245173 PMCID: PMC6585898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adopting expansive vs. constrictive postures related to high vs. low levels of social power has been suggested to induce changes in testosterone and cortisol levels, and thereby to mimic hormonal correlates of dominance behavior. However, these findings have been challenged by several non-replications recently. Despite this growing body of evidence that does not support posture effects on hormone levels, the question remains as to whether repeatedly holding postures over time and/or assessing hormonal responses at different time points would yield different outcomes. The current study assesses these methodological characteristics as possible reasons for previous null-findings. Additionally, it investigates for the first time whether expansive and constrictive postures impact progesterone levels, a suggested correlate of affiliative motives and behavior. By testing the effects of repeated but short posture manipulations in between the blocks of a social task while using a cover story, it further fulfills the conditions previously raised as potentially necessary for the effects to occur. Methods A total of 82 male participants repeatedly adopted an expansive or constrictive posture for 2 min in between blocks of a task that consisted in categorizing faces based on first impressions. Saliva samples were taken at two different time points in a time window in which hormonal responses to stress, competition and other manipulations are known to be strongest. Results Neither testosterone and cortisol levels linked to dominance behaviors, nor progesterone levels related to affiliative tendencies, responded differently to adopting expansive as opposed to constrictive postures. The present results suggest that even repeated power posing in a context where social stimuli are task-relevant does not elicit changes in hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Metzler
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives et computationnelles, INSERM U960, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives et computationnelles, INSERM U960, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
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Tsachor RP, Shafir T. How Shall I Count the Ways? A Method for Quantifying the Qualitative Aspects of Unscripted Movement With Laban Movement Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:572. [PMID: 31001158 PMCID: PMC6455080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant clinical evidence showing that creative and expressive movement processes involved in dance/movement therapy (DMT) enhance psycho-social well-being. Yet, because movement is a complex phenomenon, statistically validating which aspects of movement change during interventions or lead to significant positive therapeutic outcomes is challenging because movement has multiple, overlapping variables appearing in unique patterns in different individuals and situations. One factor contributing to the therapeutic effects of DMT is movement's effect on clients' emotional states. Our previous study identified sets of movement variables which, when executed, enhanced specific emotions. In this paper, we describe how we selected movement variables for statistical analysis in that study, using a multi-stage methodology to identify, reduce, code, and quantify the multitude of variables present in unscripted movement. We suggest a set of procedures for using Laban Movement Analysis (LMA)-described movement variables as research data. Our study used LMA, an internationally accepted comprehensive system for movement analysis, and a primary DMT clinical assessment tool for describing movement. We began with Davis's (1970) three-stepped protocol for analyzing movement patterns and identifying the most important variables: (1) We repeatedly observed video samples of validated (Atkinson et al., 2004) emotional expressions to identify prevalent movement variables, eliminating variables appearing minimally or absent. (2) We use the criteria repetition, frequency, duration and emphasis to eliminate additional variables. (3) For each emotion, we analyzed motor expression variations to discover how variables cluster: first, by observing ten movement samples of each emotion to identify variables common to all samples; second, by qualitative analysis of the two best-recognized samples to determine if phrasing, duration or relationship among variables was significant. We added three new steps to this protocol: (4) we created Motifs (LMA symbols) combining movement variables extracted in steps 1-3; (5) we asked participants in the pilot study to move these combinations and quantify their emotional experience. Based on the results of the pilot study, we eliminated more variables; (6) we quantified the remaining variables' prevalence in each Motif for statistical analysis that examined which variables enhanced each emotion. We posit that our method successfully quantified unscripted movement data for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Shafir
- The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Kang SK, Kaplan S. Working toward gender diversity and inclusion in medicine: myths and solutions. Lancet 2019; 393:579-586. [PMID: 30739693 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Women's representation in science and medicine has slowly increased over the past few decades. However, this rise in numbers of women, or gender diversity, has not been matched by a rise in gender inclusion. Despite increasing representation, women still encounter bias and discrimination when compared with men in these fields across a variety of outcomes, including treatment at school and work, hiring, compensation, evaluation, and promotion. Individual and systemic biases create unwelcome environments for women, particularly for those who additionally identify with other traditionally devalued groups (eg, women of colour). This Review draws on several decades of research in the field of management and its cognate disciplines to identify five myths that continue to perpetuate gender bias and five strategies for improving not only the number of women in medicine, but also their lived experiences, capacity to aspire, and opportunity to succeed. We argue for a move away from a singular focus on interventions aimed at targeting individual attitudes and behaviour to more comprehensive interventions that address structural and systemic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia K Kang
- Institute for Management and Innovation, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Institute for Gender and the Economy, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sarah Kaplan
- Institute for Gender and the Economy, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mack Institute for Innovation Management, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Editor’s Perspective
What We Know about This Topic
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Background
Patient perception of physician competence is important. The role of body language and physician sex on patient perceptions has not been investigated. The authors hypothesized that patients perceive anesthesiologists displaying confident body language as more competent and that patients would prefer male anesthesiologists.
Methods
Two hundred adult patients presenting to the Preanesthesia Evaluation and Testing Center at the University of Virginia Health System were recruited to participate using consecutive sampling. Patients viewed four 90-s videos in random order. Each video featured a male or female actor displaying confident, high-power poses or unconfident, low-power poses. Each actor recited the same script describing general anesthesia. Patients were randomized (100 per group) to view one of two sets of videos to account for any actor preferences. Participants ranked each actor anesthesiologist on perceived confidence, intelligence, and likelihood of choosing that anesthesiologist to care for their family member. Participants also chose the one actor anesthesiologist who seemed most like a leader.
Results
Two hundred patients watched the videos and completed the questionnaire. Actor anesthesiologists displaying confident, high-power body language had greater odds of being ranked as more confident (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.76 to 2.92; P < 0.0001), more intelligent (odds ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.18; P < 0.0001), more likely chosen to care for one’s family member (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.82 to 3.02; P < 0.0001), and more likely to be considered a leader (odds ratio, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.86 to 3.65; P < 0.0001). Actor anesthesiologist sex was not associated with ranking for any response measures.
Conclusions
Patients perceive anesthesiologists displaying confident body language as more confident, more intelligent, more like a leader, and are more likely to choose that anesthesiologist to care for their family member. Differences in patient perceptions based on sex of the anesthesiologist were not detected.
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