1
|
Weiss T, Koslitz S, Nöllenheidt C, Caumanns C, Hedtmann J, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds and organophosphorus flame retardands in commercial aircrews after "fume and smell events". Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114381. [PMID: 38652941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Health risks to humans after "fume and smell events", short-term incidents on aircrafts that are accompanied by unpleasant odour or visible smoke, remain a subject of controversy. We assessed exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphorus compounds (OPC) by biomonitoring in 375 aircrew members after self-reported "fume and smell events" and in 88 persons of the general population. A total of 20 parameters were analysed in blood and urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Median levels of acetone in blood and urine and 2-propanol in blood were elevated in aircrews compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Additionally, elevated peak exposures, best estimated by the 95th percentiles, were observed in aircrews for n-heptane and n-octane in blood, and acetone, 2,5-hexanedione and o-cresol in urine. Only the maximum observed levels of 2,5-hexandione in urine (768 μg/L) and toluene in blood (77 μg/L) in aircrew members were higher than the current biological exposure indices (BEI® levels) (500 and 20 μg/L, respectively) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (US-ACGIH) for workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane and toluene, two well-accepted human neurotoxicants. Low-level exposures to n-hexane and toluene could be also observed in controls. The majority of OPC parameters in urine, including those of neurotoxic ortho-isomers of tricresylphosphate, were below the limit of quantitation in both aircrews and controls. Our comparative VOC and OPC analyses in biological samples of a large number of aircrew members and controls suggest that exposures are similar in both groups and generally low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Nöllenheidt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Caumanns
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hedtmann
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim YS, Park KY, Cho ES. Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1839-1845. [PMID: 34815948 PMCID: PMC8591338 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Propanol is a colorless volatile liquid at room temperature and is an important industrial alcohol. Workers are potentially exposed to it through inhalation during industrial activities, including manufacturing, sampling, filling, and mixing processes, as well as during cleaning, maintenance, and repair. Consequently, further information and/or testing for inhalation-related toxicological data is required to assess occupational risk. In this study, 80 (40 male and 40 female) F344 rats were exposed to 1-propanol vapors for 13 weeks (6 h a day, 5 days per week) at target concentrations of 0, 500, 1,600, and 5200 ppm in a whole-body inhalation chamber system. Clinical signs, mean body weight changes, food consumption, hematology, blood biochemistry, necropsy, organ weight, and histopathological findings were observed. The exposure concentrations in chambers were 501.30 ± 9.54 ppm, 1605.43 ± 66.55 ppm, and 5202.19 ± 102.74 ppm for the low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. No changes related to 1-propanol were observed, including histopathological findings, except for mean body weight changes. The significant decrease in mean body weight at a high dose was not considered to be an adverse effect. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect concentration of 1-propanol was estimated to be 5202.19 ppm.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang N, Davies S, Jiao Y, Blyth J, Butt H, Montelongo Y, Yetisen AK. Doubly Photopolymerized Holographic Sensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:915-924. [PMID: 33557517 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Holographic sensors are two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals that diffract narrow-band light in the visible spectrum to quantify analytes in aqueous solutions. Here, a holographic fabrication setup was developed to produce holographic sensors through a doubly polymerization system of a poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel film using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (λ = 355 nm, 5 ns, 100 mJ). Wavelength shifts of holographic Bragg peak in response to alcohol species (0-100 vol %) were characterized. Diffraction spectra showed that the holographic sensors could be used for short-chain alcohols at concentrations up to 60 vol %. The reversibility of the sensor was demonstrated, exhibiting a response time of 7.5 min for signal saturation. After 30 cycles, the Bragg peak and color remained the same in both 20 and 60 vol %. The fabrication parameters were simulated in MATLAB using a 2D finite-difference time-domain algorithm to model the interference pattern and energy flux profile of laser beam recording in the hydrogel medium. This work demonstrates a particle-free holographic sensor that offers continuous, reversible, and rapid colorimetric readouts for the real-time quantification of alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sam Davies
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Yimeng Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jeff Blyth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Yunuen Montelongo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., Colonia Lomas del campestre, PC, León 37150, Mexico
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Phillips T, Schulte JM, Smith EA, Roth B, Kleinschmidt KC. COVID-19 and contamination: impact on exposures to alcohol-based hand sanitizers reported to Texas Poison Control Centers, 2020. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:926-931. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1887491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Phillips
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joann M. Schulte
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Dallas County Health & Human Services, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric Anthony Smith
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brett Roth
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt C. Kleinschmidt
- North Texas Poison Control Center, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Toxicology Division, Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim YS, Cho ES, Park KY, Lim CH. Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:285-292. [PMID: 33005587 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Propanol is used as a solvent for waxes, vegetable oils, resins, cellulose esters, and ethers, and is not considered harmful to humans by food and non-occupational exposures. However, workers are potentially exposed to 1-propanol by inhalation when it is used in the workplace. Thus, inhalation toxicity data are needed to assess the hazard of 1-propanol for workers safety. Five male and five female F344 rats were exposed to 1-propanol vapor for 4-weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week) at concentrations of 0, 100, 400, and 1600 ppm in a whole-body inhalation chamber system. The actual exposure concentrations were 100.11 ± 5.10, 403.19 ± 12.31, and 1598.08 ± 139.58 ppm for the low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. No clinical signs, significant mean body weight changes, significant changes of hematology or blood biochemistry results, or histopathological abnormalities were seen related to exposure to the test substance. Under the conditions of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 1-propanol was over 1600 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Kim
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Cho
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Young Park
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Lim
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cho ES, Lee YH, Han JH, Kim SJ, Park KY, Jo JM, Lee SB. Evaluation of 1-Propanol Toxicity in B6C3F1 Mice via Repeated Inhalation over 28 and 90 Days. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:9172569. [PMID: 33029140 PMCID: PMC7532428 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9172569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the toxicity of 1-propanol exposure following repeated inhalation over 28- and 90-day periods in male and female B6C3F1 mice to confirm the potential target organs and to determine the no-observable-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs). Five mice of each sex were exposed to 1-propanol at concentrations of 0, 100, 400, or 1600 ppm for 28 days and showed no consequent toxicity. Following this, ten mice of each sex were exposed at concentrations of 0, 500, 1600, or 5200 ppm for 90 days. We observed no effects on food consumption, body weight, organ weight, clinical signs, hematology and biochemistry parameters, or gross or histological features even at the maximum concentration. Therefore, the NOAEL of inhaled 1-propanol was defined as 5200 ppm (12.8 mg/L) for male and female mice under study conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sang Cho
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Han
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-jin Kim
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-young Park
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-min Jo
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Lee
- Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hjalmarsson LB, Hagberg J, Schollin J, Ohlin A. Leakage of isopropanol from port protectors used in neonatal care-Results from an in vitro study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235593. [PMID: 32634171 PMCID: PMC7340296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To decrease contamination of needleless catheter hubs, caps or port protectors impregnated with isopropanol (IPA) have been developed and shown to be superior to other disinfection methods. The safety of the caps has been questioned, as they can be associated with alcohol leakage across the hub membrane. Objectives We evaluated the use of IPA caps and the scrub-the-hub method from the safety standpoint of possible alcohol leakage across the hub membrane. Methods Circuits imitating an intravenous line were constructed. Circuits with an IPA cap were flushed with sodium chloride after the hub had been exposed to the cap for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 7 days. At the end of each period the fluid was collected and amounts of IPA in it were measured, using gas chromatography. Scrub circuits without IPA caps were also tested and ethanol from these was measured using the same method. Results In this in vitro study, IPA was detected in all samples from cap circuits, and ethanol was detected from all scrub circuits. Leakage increased over time in IPA circuits. After 24 hours and 7 days of exposure, the first injection resulted in higher amounts of IPA; thereafter, the levels decreased. The amounts of ethanol measured from the scrub circuits were low. Conclusions IPA caps can cause leakage of alcohol across the hub membrane. Leakage increased over time, and a 30 sec drying time was not sufficient to solve the problem. Scrub-the-hub seems safe to use with regard to alcohol leakage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Björkman Hjalmarsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessika Hagberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jens Schollin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ohlin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith JN, Tyrrell KJ, Smith JP, Weitz KK, Faber W. Linking internal dosimetries of the propyl metabolic series in rats and humans using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
In vitro model for predicting acute inhalation toxicity by using a Calu-3 epithelium cytotoxicity assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106576. [PMID: 31026561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the current methods to predict the inhalation toxicity of chemicals using animal models are limited, alternative methods are required. We present a new in vitro prediction method for acute inhalation toxicity using the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay applicable for water-soluble inhalable chemicals. METHOD To confirm the characteristics of the optimal Calu-3 epithelium, tight-junction formation, morphology, and mucus secretion were verified using scanning electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance analysis, and immunofluorescence after growth in an air-liquid interface (ALI). Sixty chemicals, including 38 positive and 22 negative for acute inhalation toxicity, were selected from the European Chemical Agency chemical database. The cell viability of the exposed cells was assessed using an MTT assay to predict the acute inhalation toxicity by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and accuracy. RESULTS When cultivated in an ALI, the epithelium was thicker and secreted more mucin than that under submerged cultivation, characteristic of the in vivo respiratory epithelium. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.75 and 0.78 when exposed to chemicals at concentrations of 2.5 and 5%, respectively. The highest accuracy of the methods was 68 and 78% at cut-off values of 85 and 40% cell viability, respectively. DISCUSSION The in vitro model was moderately accurate with good prediction. It is replicable because of its advantages, i.e., the use of cultured cells and the simplicity of the method. Overall, the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay may be a useful and simple approach to identify substances that cause acute inhalation toxicity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Poisoning with Ethanol and 2-Propanol-Based Hand Rubs: Give Caesar What Belongs to Caesar! Neurocrit Care 2019; 30:226-228. [PMID: 20369306 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-010-9353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
Mochalski P, Leja M, Gasenko E, Skapars R, Santare D, Sivins A, Aronsson DE, Ager C, Jaeschke C, Shani G, Mitrovics J, Mayhew CA, Haick H. Ex vivo emission of volatile organic compounds from gastric cancer and non-cancerous tissue. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046005. [PMID: 29893713 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aacbfb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by a number of research groups; however, the source of these compounds remains controversial. Comparison of VOCs emitted from gastric cancer tissue to those emitted from non-cancerous tissue would help in understanding which of the VOCs are associated with gastric cancer and provide a deeper knowledge on their generation. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) coupled with head-space needle trap extraction (HS-NTE) as the pre-concentration technique, was used to identify and quantify VOCs released by gastric cancer and non-cancerous tissue samples collected from 41 patients during surgery. Excluding contaminants, a total of 32 VOCs were liberated by the tissue samples. The emission of four of them (carbon disulfide, pyridine, 3-methyl-2-butanone and 2-pentanone) was significantly higher from cancer tissue, whereas three compounds (isoprene, γ-butyrolactone and dimethyl sulfide) were in greater concentration from the non-cancerous tissues (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of three VOCs (2-methyl-1-propene, 2-propenenitrile and pyrrole) were correlated with the occurrence of H. pylori; and four compounds (acetonitrile, pyridine, toluene and 3-methylpyridine) were associated with tobacco smoking. Ex vivo analysis of VOCs emitted by human tissue samples provides a unique opportunity to identify chemical patterns associated with a cancerous state and can be considered as a complementary source of information on volatile biomarkers found in breath, blood or urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15G, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Linakis MW, Job KM, Liu X, Collingwood SC, Pangburn HA, Ott DK, Sherwin CMT. Riding (High) into the danger zone: a review of potential differences in chemical exposures in fighter pilots resulting from high altitude and G-forces. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:925-934. [PMID: 28772091 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When in flight, pilots of high performance aircraft experience conditions unique to their profession. Training flights, performed as often as several times a week, can expose these pilots to altitudes in excess of 15 km (~50,000 ft, with a cabin pressurized to an altitude of ~20,000 ft), and the maneuvers performed in flight can exacerbate the G-forces felt by the pilot. While the pilots specifically train to withstand these extreme conditions, the physiologic stress could very likely lead to differences in the disposition of chemicals in the body, and consequently, dangerously high exposures. Unfortunately, very little is known about how the conditions experienced by fighter pilots affects chemical disposition. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to present information about the effects of high altitude, G-forces, and other conditions experienced by fighter pilots on chemical disposition. Using this information, the expected changes in chemical exposure will be discussed, using isopropyl alcohol as an example. Expert opinion: There is a severe lack of information concerning the effects of the fighter pilot environment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemicals. Given the possibility of exposure prior to or during flight, it is important that these potential effects be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Scott C Collingwood
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Darrin K Ott
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wise ES, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Standard Surgical Skin Markers Should Be Avoided for Intraoperative Vein Graft Marking during Cardiac and Peripheral Bypass Operations. Front Surg 2016; 3:36. [PMID: 27379243 PMCID: PMC4913101 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Wise
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Colleen Marie Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chien PJ, Ye M, Suzuki T, Toma K, Arakawa T, Iwasaki Y, Mitsubayashi K. Optical isopropanol biosensor using NADH-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH). Talanta 2016; 159:418-424. [PMID: 27474326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isopropanol (IPA) is an important solvent used in industrial activity often found in hospitals as antiseptic alcohol rub. Also, IPA may have the potential to be a biomarker of diabetic ketoacidosis. In this study, an optical biosensor using NADH-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH) for IPA measurement was constructed and evaluated. An ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED, λ=340nm) was employed as the excitation light to excite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). A photomultiplier tube (PMT) was connected to a two-way branch optical fiber for measuring the fluorescence emitted from the NADH. S-ADH was immobilized on the membrane to catalyze IPA to acetone and reduce NAD(+) to be NADH. This IPA biosensor shows highly sensitivity and selectivity, the calibration range is from 500 nmol L(-1) to 1mmolL(-1). The optimization of buffer pH, temperature, and the enzyme-immobilized method were also evaluated. The detection of IPA in nail related cosmetic using our IPA biosensor was also carried out. The results showed that large amounts of IPA were used in these kinds of cosmetics. This IPA biosensor comes with the advantages of rapid reaction, good reproducibility, and wide dynamic range, and is also expected to use for clinical IPA detections in serum or other medical and health related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Chien
- Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuma Suzuki
- Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Koji Toma
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arakawa
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-Cho, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-0836, Japan
| | - Kohji Mitsubayashi
- Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Skopp G, Gutmann I, Schwarz CS, Schmitt G. An unnatural death by propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:975-980. [PMID: 26712504 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A fatality of an inpatient ingesting a disinfectant containing ethanol, propan-1-ol, and propan-2-ol is reported. The alleged survival time was about 1 h. Major findings at autopsy were an extended hemorrhagic lung edema, an edematous brain, and shock kidneys. Concentrations of alcohols and acetone, a major metabolite of propan-2-ol, were determined from body fluids (blood from the heart and the femoral vein, urine, gastric contents) and tissues (brain, muscle, liver, kidneys, lungs) by headspace/gas chromatography using 2-methylpropan-2-ol as the internal standard. All samples investigated were positive for propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, ethanol, and acetone except stomach contents, where acetone was not detectable. The low concentration of acetone compared to propan-2-ol likely supports the short survival time. The concentration ratios estimated from the results are in accordance with the physico-chemical properties of the particular alcohols, their different affinities towards alcohol dehydrogenase as well as their interdependence during biotransformation. Autopsy did not reveal the cause of death. According to the few published data, blood concentrations of 1.44 and 1.70 mg/g of propan-2-ol and propan-1-ol, respectively, are considered sufficient to have caused the death. This case also points to the need to restrict access to antiseptic solutions containing alcohols in wards with patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Skopp
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Str. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Gutmann
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Str. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara-Sophie Schwarz
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Str. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital, Voss-Str. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Slaughter RJ, Mason RW, Beasley DMG, Vale JA, Schep LJ. Isopropanol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:470-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.914527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Umber BJ, Shin HW, Meinardi S, Leu SY, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Blake DR. Gas signatures from Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli-inoculated human whole blood. Clin Transl Med 2013; 2:13. [PMID: 23842518 PMCID: PMC3716923 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gaseous headspace above naïve Escherichia Coli (E. coli) cultures and whole human blood inoculated with E. coli were collected and analyzed for the presence of trace gases that may have the potential to be used as novel, non-invasive markers of infectious disease. METHODS The naïve E. coli culture, LB broth, and human whole blood or E. coli inoculated whole blood were incubated in hermetically sealable glass bioreactors at 37°C for 24 hrs. LB broth and whole human blood were used as controls for background volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The headspace gases were collected after incubation and analyzed using a gas chromatographic system with multiple column/detector combinations. RESULTS Six VOCs were observed to be produced by E. coli-infected whole blood while there existed nearly zero to relatively negligible amounts of these gases in the whole blood alone, LB broth, or E. coli-inoculated LB broth. These VOCs included dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS2), ethanol, acetaldehyde, methyl butanoate, and an unidentified gas S. In contrast, there were several VOCs significantly elevated in the headspace above the E. coli in LB broth, but not present in the E. coli/blood mixture. These VOCs included dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), methyl propanoate, 1-propanol, methylcyclohexane, and unidentified gases R2 and Q. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates 1) that cultivated E. coli in LB broth produce distinct gas profiles, 2) for the first time, the ability to modify E. coli-specific gas profiles by the addition of whole human blood, and 3) that E. coli-human whole blood interactions present different gas emission profiles that have the potential to be used as non-invasive volatile biomarkers of E. coli infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Umber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Szu-Yun Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Frank Zaldivar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schneir AB, Clark RF. Death caused by ingestion of an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:358-60. [PMID: 23706595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of hand sanitizer is effective in preventing the transmission of disease. Many hand sanitizers are alcohol-based, and significant intoxications have occurred, often in health care facilities, including the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVES We present this case to highlight potential toxicity after the ingestion of an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old man presented to the ED with ethanol intoxication. Ethanol breath analysis was measured at 278 mg/dL. After 4 h, the patient was less intoxicated and left the ED. Thirty minutes later, he was found apneic and pulseless in the ED waiting room bathroom after having ingested an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. Soon after a brief resuscitation, his serum ethanol was 526 mg/dL. He never regained consciousness and died 7 days later. No other cause of death was found. CONCLUSION The case highlights the potential for significant toxicity after the ingestion of a product found throughout health care facilities. Balancing the benefit of hand sanitizers for preventing disease transmission and their potential misuse remains a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Schneir
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-San Diego Health System, San Diego, California 92103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dwyer JB, Tamama K. Ketoacidosis and trace amounts of isopropanol in a chronic alcoholic patient. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Cartwright MM, Hajja W, Al-Khatib S, Hazeghazam M, Sreedhar D, Li RN, Wong-McKinstry E, Carlson RW. Toxigenic and Metabolic Causes of Ketosis and Ketoacidotic Syndromes. Crit Care Clin 2012; 28:601-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of intentional ingestion of hand sanitizer in our hospital and to review published cases and those reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System. DESIGN A case report, a literature review of published cases, and a query of the National Poison Data System. SETTING Medical intensive care unit. PATIENT Seventeen-yr-old male 37-kg with an intentional ingestion of a hand sanitizer product into his gastrostomy tube. INTERVENTIONS Intubation, ventilation, and hemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Incidence and outcome of reported cases of unintentional and intentional ethanol containing-hand sanitizer ingestion in the United States from 2005 through 2009. A literature search found 14 detailed case reports of intentional alcohol-based hand sanitizer ingestions with one death. From 2005 to 2009, the National Poison Data System received reports of 68,712 exposures to 96 ethanol-based hand sanitizers. The number of new cases increased by an average of 1,894 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1266-2521) cases per year (p =.002). In 2005, the rate of exposures, per year, per million U.S. residents was 33.7 (95% CI 28.4-39.1); from 2005 to 2009, this rate increased on average by 5.87 per year (95% CI 3.70-8.04; p = .003). In 2005, the rate of intentional exposures, per year, per million U.S. residents, was 0.68 (95% CI 0.17-1.20); from 2005 to 2009, this rate increased on average by 0.32 per year (95% CI 0.11-0.53; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS The number of new cases per year of intentional hand sanitizer ingestion significantly increased during this 5-yr period. Although the majority of cases of hand sanitizer ingestion have a favorable outcome, 288 moderate and 12 major medical outcomes were reported in this National Poison Data System cohort. Increased awareness of the risks associated with intentional ingestion is warranted, particularly among healthcare providers caring for persons with a history of substance abuse, risk-taking behavior, or suicidal ideation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Repeated intoxication presenting with azotemia, elevated serum osmolal gap, and metabolic acidosis with high anion gap: differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 44:309-14. [PMID: 20602169 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A man with a history of alcoholism presented on two different occasions with mental changes, clinical signs of volume depletion, elevated serum osmolal gap, metabolic acidosis with high anion gap, metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia after binge drinking of only ethanol. In both episodes, the serum contained ethanol, acetone, and 2-propanol (isopropanol), but no methanol or ethylene glycol. In the first episode, the rates of excretion of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in the urine were greatly increased. Volume repletion was the only treatment. In both episodes, azotemia and metabolic acidosis were rapidly reversed, while modest metabolic alkalosis was noted after treatment. The triad of azotemia, elevated osmolal gap, and high anion gap metabolic acidosis, which characterizes intoxication with methanol or ethylene glycol, can also develop in alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA), an entity with substantially different management and outcome. Finding 2-propanol in the serum of patients with AKA indicates either concomitant 2-propanol ingestion or formation of 2-propanol from acetone.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rauber-Lüthy C, Kupferschmidt H. Household chemicals: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS 2010; 100:339-63. [PMID: 20358689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to household products is very common, but in industrialized countries severe or fatal poisoning with household products is rare today, due to the legal restriction of sale of hazardous household products. The big challenge for physicians, pharmacologists and toxicologists is to identify the few exceptional life-threatening situations where immediate intervention is needed. Among thousands of innocuous products available for the household only very few are hazardous. Substances found in these products include detergents, corrosives, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and some of the essential oils. The ingestion of batteries and magnets and the exposure to cyanoacrylates (super glue) can cause complications in exceptional situations. Among the most dangerous substances still present in household products are ethylene glycol and methanol. These substances cause major toxicity only through their metabolites. Therefore, initial symptoms may be only mild or absent. Treatment even in asymptomatic patients has to be initiated as early as possible to inhibit production of toxic metabolites. For all substances not only the compound itself but also the route of exposure is relevant for toxicity. Oral ingestion and inhalation generally lead to most pronounced symptoms, while dermal exposure is often limited to mild irritation. However, certain circumstances need special attention. Exposure to hydrofluoric acid may lead to fatal hypocalcemia, depending on the concentration, duration of exposure, and area of the affected skin. Accidents with hydrocarbon pressure injectors and spray guns are very serious events, which may lead to amputation of affected limbs. Button batteries normally pass the gastrointestinal tract without problems even in toddlers; in rare cases, however, they get lodged in the esophagus with the risk of localized tissue damage and esophageal perforation.
Collapse
|