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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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Alsufyani HA, Docherty JR. Methylhexaneamine causes tachycardia and pressor responses indirectly by releasing noradrenaline in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 843:121-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Willson C. Sympathomimetic amine compounds and hepatotoxicity: Not all are alike-Key distinctions noted in a short review. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:26-33. [PMID: 30581759 PMCID: PMC6288410 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic amine compounds are often pooled together and incorrectly assumed to be interchangeable with respect to potential adverse effects. A brief and specific review of sympathomimetic compounds and one instance (i.e., hepatotoxicity) where these compounds have been improperly grouped together is covered. A review of the proposed mechanisms through which known hepatotoxic sympathomimetic agents (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA, methamphetamine and amphetamine) cause liver injury, along with a corresponding review of in vitro data, interventional data, animal model studies and observational data allow for a comparison/contrast of different agents and reveals a lack of potential toxicity for some agents (e.g., pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, 1,3-dimethylamylamine, phentermine) in this broad category. Data show that compounds within the broad group of sympathomimetics display divergent pharmacological and toxicological profiles and can be clearly distinguished with respect to liver injury. These data serve as a reminder to clinicians and others, that even small structural differences between molecules can lead to drastically different pharmacological/toxicological profiles and that one should not assume that all sympathomimetic agents are hepatotoxic. Such assumptions could lead to diagnostic errors and incorrect or insufficient treatment.
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Skinner CM, Miousse IR, Ewing LE, Sridharan V, Cao M, Lin H, Williams DK, Avula B, Haider S, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, ElSohly MA, Boerma M, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Impact of obesity on the toxicity of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement, OxyELITE Pro™ (New Formula), using the novel NZO/HILtJ obese mouse model: Physiological and mechanistic assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:21-32. [PMID: 30282009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal dietary supplement (HDS)-induced hepato- and cardiotoxicity is an emerging clinical problem. In this study, we investigated the liver and heart toxicity of HDS OxyELITE-PRO™ New Formula (OEP-NF), a dietary supplement marketed for weight loss and performance enhancement that was recently withdrawn from the market. Using a novel NZO/HlLtJ obese mouse model, we demonstrated that administration of clinically relevant mouse equivalent doses (MED) of OEP-NF produced cardio- and hepatotoxic risks following both short- and long-term administration schedules. Specifically, gavaging female NZO/HlLtJ with up to 2X MED of OEP-NF resulted in 40% mortality within two weeks. Feeding mice with either 1X or 3X MED of OEP-NF for eight weeks, while not exhibiting significant effects on body weights, significantly altered hepatic gene expression, increased the number of apoptotic and mast cells in the heart and affected cardiac function. The degree of toxicity in NZO/HlLtJ mice was higher than that observed previously in non-obese CD-1 and B6C3F1 strains, suggesting that an overweight/obese condition can sensitize mice to OEP-NF. Adverse health effects linked to OEP-NF, together with a number of other hepato- and cardiotoxicity cases associated with HDS ingestion, argue strongly for introduction of quality standards and pre-marketing safety assessments for multi-ingredient HDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Phyto Chemical Services, Inc. (PSI), 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Wang M, Haider S, Chittiboyina AG, Parcher JF, Khan IA. 1,5-Dimethylhexylamine (octodrine) in sports and weight loss supplements: Natural constituent or synthetic chemical? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:298-305. [PMID: 29454882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past years, there has been a mounting trend toward the addition of sympathomimetic stimulants in sports and weight loss supplements sold in the US and claimed to be from natural constituents. The latest among those pharmaceutical stimulants is 1,5-dimethylhexylamine (1,5-DMHA or octodrine), an ingredient in newly introduced sports and weight loss supplements with its 'natural' origin being cited from Aconitum or Kigelia plants. In order to validate the natural existence of 1,5-DMHA, two GC/MS methods were developed. One method involved using thick film megabore capillary columns to analyze the underivatized 1,5-DMHA. The second method was to determine enantiomeric distribution of 1,5-DMHA. Fifteen Aconitum or Kigelia plant samples originating from various locations were analyzed, and none of them contained 1,5-DMHA within the limit of detection (25 ng/mL) of the method. In contrast, although 1,5-DMHA was listed on the labels or website for all the 13 dietary supplements, only four products were found to contain this compound, with the highest quantity being reported as 112 mg per serving size. This is equivalent to more than three times the highest pharmaceutical dose established in Europe. The enantiomeric ratios of 1,5-DMHA in these products were determined to be between 0.9-1.0 (expressed as peak area ratio of one enantiomer over another), suggesting racemic nature. Interestingly, two byproducts from 1,5-DMHA synthesis were identified in commercial supplements containing 1,5-DMHA, indicating that 1,5-DMHA indeed originated from a poor quality source. Overall, the significant amount of 1,5-DMHA observed in the supplements, the enantiomeric distribution and the presence of the synthetic byproducts all suggested the synthetic origin of 1,5-DMHA in the commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jon F Parcher
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA..
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Pellegrinia M, Rotolo MC, Busardò FP, Pacifici R, Pichini S. Non-allowed Pharmacologically Active Substances in Physical and Sexual Performance Enhancing Products. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:724-730. [PMID: 27799033 PMCID: PMC5771048 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161028125903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, a large amount of physical and sexual performance enhancing products have started to be freely sold mainly on internet web sites as dietary supplements. However, there a high suspicion that pharmacologically active substance, prohibited in these products, can be present to provide the expected effect. Methods: A simple and rapid systematic toxicological analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been applied after a liquid-liquid extraction at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH with chloroform-isopropanol (9:1 v/v). The assays were validated in the range from 10 mg to 250 mg/g products showing a good linearity for the calibration curves (r2 ≥0.99). Mean extraction recoveries of analytes from different products were always higher than 90% and intra-assay and inter-assay precision and accuracy were always better than 15%. Results: The developed method was applied to the analysis of products with a high percentage of sales in websites and smart and sexy shops. In twelve of eighty supplements, anabolic steroids, anti-estrogenic drugs, psychoactive substances and sildenafil and analogs were identified and quantified. Conclusion: Eventual health hazards caused by the hidden presence of pharmacologically active substances in physical and sexual performance enhancing products are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pellegrinia
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Rotolo
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome. Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
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Abstract
Over 70% of Americans take some form of dietary supplement every day, and the supplement industry is currently big business, with a gross of over $28 billion. However, unlike either foods or drugs, supplements do not need to be registered or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prior to production or sales. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, the FDA is restricted to adverse report monitoring postmarketing. Despite widespread consumption, there is limited evidence of health benefits related to nutraceutical or supplement use in well-nourished adults. In contrast, a small number of these products have the potential to produce significant toxicity. In addition, patients often do not disclose supplement use to their physicians. Therefore, the risk of adverse drug-supplement interactions is significant. An overview of the major supplement and nutraceutical classes is presented here, together with known toxic effects and the potential for drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J J Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA; , ,
| | - Kim B Pedersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA; , ,
| | - James Watt
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA; , ,
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Have prohibition policies made the wrong decision? A critical review of studies investigating the effects of DMAA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 40:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zovico PVC, Curty VM, Leal MAS, Meira EF, Dias DV, Rodrigues LCDM, Meyrelles SDS, De Oliveira EM, Vassallo PF, Barauna VG. Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:90. [PMID: 27980599 PMCID: PMC5139112 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. METHODS Rats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response). RESULTS Running distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount. CONCLUSION Maximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vinicios Camuzi Zovico
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Victor Magalhães Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos André Soares Leal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Frizzera Meira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Carla de Melo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Silvana Dos Santos Meyrelles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
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Beauchamp GA, Johnson AR, Crouch BI, Valento M, Horowitz BZ, Hendrickson RG. A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:295-300. [PMID: 27043735 PMCID: PMC4996785 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anhydrous caffeine, often sold on the Internet as a powdered caffeine product, is sold as "pure caffeine" to be used as an additive to beverages and has also been used as an ingredient in energy supplement products. METHODS This is a retrospective multiple-poison center chart review of calls regarding powdered caffeine to poison centers covering Oregon, Alaska, Guam, Washington, and Utah between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015. RESULTS There were 40 calls to three poison centers over 30 months for powdered caffeine exposure. The majority of patients were over age 19 (52.5 %; 21/40) and male (70 %; 28/40). Sixty percent (24/40) of the patients were symptomatic but only 10 % (4/40) required admission; 52.5 % (21/40) of the patient calls were for inadvertent overdose of powdered caffeine; one patient overdosed in a self-harm attempt. DISCUSSION Powdered caffeine calls to three poison centers during a 30-month study period were rare, and severe caffeine toxicity due to exposure was found in few patients. The majority of symptoms were reported after an inadvertent powdered caffeine overdose. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of calls to three poison centers for powdered caffeine found that exposures were uncommon, but did result in toxicity, and highlighted that the lack of clear dosing instructions on product packaging may place patients at risk of inadvertent overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Beauchamp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Amberly R Johnson
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Barbara I Crouch
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Valento
- Washington Poison Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Zane Horowitz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Utah Poison Control Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert G Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon, Alaska and Guam Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
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11
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Avigan MI, Mozersky RP, Seeff LB. Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives in Herbal and Dietary Supplement Associated Hepatotoxicity in the United States. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:331. [PMID: 26950122 PMCID: PMC4813193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States (US), the risk of hepatotoxicity linked to the widespread use of certain herbal products has gained increased attention among regulatory scientists. Based on current US law, all dietary supplements sold domestically, including botanical supplements, are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a special category of foods. Under this designation, regulatory scientists do not routinely evaluate the efficacy of these products prior to their marketing, despite the content variability and phytochemical complexity that often characterizes them. Nonetheless, there has been notable progress in the development of advanced scientific methods to qualitatively and quantitatively measure ingredients and screen for contaminants and adulterants in botanical products when hepatotoxicity is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Avigan
- Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Robert P Mozersky
- Office of Dietary Supplement Products, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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12
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Beauchamp GA, Lin T, Zeng WZD, Hendrickson RG, Gerona R. Quantitative analysis of powdered caffeine products purchased from the Internet using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:339-43. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2016.1138225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Přibylka A, Švidrnoch M, Ševčík J, Maier V. Enantiomeric separation of 1,3-dimethylamylamine by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection using a dual-selector system. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2866-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Přibylka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Martin Švidrnoch
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dolan SB, Gatch MB. Abuse liability of the dietary supplement dimethylamylamine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 146:97-102. [PMID: 25481853 PMCID: PMC4272877 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a component of many dietary supplements and has recently been associated with numerous adverse effects, prompting the US military and World Anti-Doping Agency to ban its use as a supplement. The current study aimed to elucidate the abuse liability profile of DMAA. METHODS Dose-response studies of DMAA were performed with Swiss-Webster mice in locomotor and conditioned place-preference assays. The discriminative stimulus effects of DMAA were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate either cocaine or methamphetamine from saline. RESULTS DMAA produced dose-dependent locomotor depression and fully substituted for cocaine and partially substituted for methamphetamine. In the conditioned place-preference assay, DMAA produced an inverted-U-shaped dose-response curve, with intermediate doses producing significant place preference. CONCLUSIONS The cocaine- and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects and the conditioned place preference produced by DMAA suggest that is has potential for abuse. These findings in combination with reports of substantial adverse effects of DMAA in humans suggest that control of DMAA may warrant further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Dolan
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States.
| | - Michael B Gatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States.
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Monakhova YB, Ilse M, Hengen J, El-Atma O, Kuballa T, Kohl-Himmelseher M, Lachenmeier DW. Rapid assessment of the illegal presence of 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) in sports nutrition and dietary supplements using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:944-8. [PMID: 24913715 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that can be found in pre-workout sports nutrition and dietary supplements. This practice is illegal because DMAA is not a safe food ingredient but rather an unapproved medicinal compound due to its pharmacological action. In order to determine the DMAA content in such products, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was developed and validated (DMAA was quantified as DMAA-HCl). For quantification, the collective integral from two of the methyl groups of the molecule in the range δ 0.92-0.84 ppm was used. The method was linear over the examined range of 1-21 g/kg (R(2) = 0.9937). The recoveries from spiked concentrations (0.1-6 g/kg) ranged between 85% and 105% (96% on average), with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1% for an authentic sample. The detection limit was 0.03 g/kg and the quantification limit was 0.08 g/kg (calculated for 75 mg sample weight). The actual DMAA-HCl content in the sample was quantified using calibration curves (external standardization) or 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid as single-point internal standard. The developed NMR methodology was applied for the analysis of 16 products, from which 9 samples were found positive (the DMAA-HCl concentration varied between 3.1 g/kg and 415 g/kg). The method can be recommended for routine use in food testing, customs or doping control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany; Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, 76287, Rheinstetten, Germany
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Lesiak AD, Adams KJ, Domin MA, Henck C, Shepard JRE. DART-MS for rapid, preliminary screening of urine for DMAA. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashton D. Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY); 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Kendra J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY); 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Marek A. Domin
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Merkert Chemistry Center; Boston College; 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3808 USA
| | - Colin Henck
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY); 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Jason R. E. Shepard
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY); 1400 Washington Ave Albany NY 12222 USA
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18
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Brown JA, Buckley NA. Toxicity from bodybuilding supplements and recreational use of products containing 1,3‐dimethylamylamine. Med J Aust 2013; 198:414-5. [DOI: 10.5694/mja12.11167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Brown
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital Network (Westmead), Sydney, NSW
| | - Nick A Buckley
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital Network (Westmead), Sydney, NSW
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
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