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Ayaz H, Aşır F, Korak T. Skimmianine Showed Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7373-7385. [PMID: 39057078 PMCID: PMC11276333 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of skimmianine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR), and IR + Skimmianine (40 mg/kg Skimmianine). Cerebral ischemia was induced using a monofilament nylon suture to occlude the middle cerebral artery for 60 min. Following 23 h of reperfusion, the animals were sacrificed 14 days later. The effects of skimmianine on brain tissue post-IR injury were examined through biochemical and immunochemical analyses. In silico analysis using the Enrichr platform explored skimmianine's potential biological processes involving IBA-1, IL-6, and NF-κB proteins. In the IR group, MDA levels increased, while SOD and CAT antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. In the IR + Skimmianine group, skimmianine treatment resulted in decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT activities. Significant increases in IBA-1 expression were observed in the IR group, which skimmianine treatment significantly reduced, modulating microglial activation. High levels of IL-6 expression were noted in pyramidal neurons, vascular structures, and neuroglial cells in the IR group; skimmianine treatment reduced IL-6 expression, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects. Increased NF-κB expression was observed in neurons and blood vessels in the gray and white matter in the IR group; skimmianine treatment reduced NF-κB expression. Gene Ontology results suggest skimmianine impacts immune and inflammatory responses via IBA-1 and IL-6, with potential effects on estrogen mechanisms mediated by NF-κB. Skimmianine may be a potential therapeutic strategy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Ayaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Fırat Aşır
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Tuğcan Korak
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey;
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Pei H, Du R, He Z, Yang Y, Wu S, Li W, Sheng J, Lv Y, Han C. Protection of a novel velvet antler polypeptide PNP1 against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125815. [PMID: 37451382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM We isolated a novel polypeptide PNP1 from velvet antler and investigated the role of PNP1 in ischemia reperfusion and its associated mechanism. METHODS We built the ischemia reperfusion mouse model by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) approach. Thereafter, PNP-1 was injected via the tail vein, and neurological function was scored. Meanwhile, the tissue injury level was detected through hematoxylin & eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, inflammatory factor levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while protein levels through Western blotting. In addition, vascular endothelial cells were used to construct the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury model in vitro, so as to detect the intervention effect of PNP1 on endothelial injury. Additionally, microglial cells were utilized to construct the inflammatory injury model to examine the impact of PNP1 on the polarization of microglial cells. RESULTS PNP1 suppressed hypoxic cerebral injury in MCAO mice, decreased the tissue inflammatory factors, promoted tissue angiogenesis, and reduced the ischemic penumbra area. Experimental results in vitro demonstrated that, PNP1 suppressed vascular endothelial cell injury, and inhibited microglial M1 polarization as well as inflammatory response. CONCLUSION Velvet antler polypeptide PNP1 isolated in this study has the anti-ischemic cerebral injury effect, and its mechanism is associated with suppressing vascular endothelial cell injury and microglial cell inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Jian Sheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 314001, China.
| | - Yahui Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 314001, China.
| | - Chenyang Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 314001, China.
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Zheng T, Jiang T, Huang Z, Ma H, Wang M. Role of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury:a review of the mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1220862. [PMID: 37654609 PMCID: PMC10467294 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1220862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process wherein reperfusion of an ischemic organ or tissue exacerbates the injury, posing a significant health threat and economic burden to patients and their families. I/R triggers a multitude of physiological and pathological events, such as inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neuronal cell death, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, the development of effective therapeutic strategies targeting the pathological processes resulting from I/R is crucial for the rehabilitation and long-term enhancement of the quality of life in patients with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers refer to bioactive compounds extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, and the ability to modulate programmed cell death (PCD). TCM monomers have emerged as promising candidates for the treatment of CIRI and its subsequent complications. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that TCM monomers can enhance the recovery of neurological function following CIRI by mitigating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses, reducing neuronal cell death and functional impairment, as well as minimizing cerebral infarction volume. The neuroprotective effects of TCM monomers on CIRI have been extensively investigated, and a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms can pave the way for novel approaches to I/R treatment. This review aims to update and summarize evidence of the protective effects of TCMs in CIRI, with a focus on their role in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, PCD, glutamate excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, as well as promoting blood-brain barrier repairment and angiogenesis. The main objective is to underscore the significant contribution of TCM monomers in alleviating CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Khattabi L, Chettoum A, Hemida H, Boussebaa W, Atanassova M, Messaoudi M. Pirimicarb Induction of Behavioral Disorders and of Neurological and Reproductive Toxicities in Male Rats: Euphoric and Preventive Effects of Ephedra alata Monjauzeana. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:402. [PMID: 36986501 PMCID: PMC10051897 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamate pesticides are a risk to human well-being, and pirimicarb is the most widely employed carbamate insecticide. This ongoing investigation aimed to reveal its toxicity on neurobehavioral and reproductive function. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats by assessment of behavioral changes via experiments, such as the forced swim test and the elevated plus maze; determination of oxidative stress (checking parameters such as catalase activity, etc.); measurement of cortisol and testosterone serum titers, and IL-1β levels in the plasma and brain; and evaluation of histopathological lesions that induced pirimicarb after 28 days of gavage, specifically in the brain and testis. Traces of pirimicarb were analyzed in tissue extracts using LCMS/MS. At the same time, the beneficial and protective effect of EamCE (Ephedra alata monjauzeana Crude Extract) were tested. The outcomes showed considerable anxiety and depressive status, with an evident increase in cortisol and IL-1β titers and an important decrease in oxidative enzymes and testosterone. Significant histological lesions were also recorded. In addition, the LCMS/MS analysis affirmed the accumulation of pirimicarb in organ tissue from rats force-fed with pirimicarb. Conversely, EamCE demonstrated outstanding potential as a preventive treatment, restoring cognitive and physical performance, boosting fertility, enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and preserving tissue integrity. We concluded that pirimicarb has critical deleterious impacts on health, affecting the neuroimmune-endocrine axis, and EamCE has a general euphoric and preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Khattabi
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Brothers Mentouri, Constantine1 (UFMC1), BP, 325 Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
- Biotechnology Research Center, Constantine (CRBt), Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73, Constantine 25016, Algeria
| | - Aziez Chettoum
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Brothers Mentouri, Constantine1 (UFMC1), BP, 325 Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Houari Hemida
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Walid Boussebaa
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), BP384, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42004, Algeria
| | - Maria Atanassova
- Nutritional Scientific Consulting, Chemical Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metalurgy, 1734 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhai L, Pei H, Shen H, Guan Q, Sheng J. Mechanism of neocryptotanshinone in protecting against cerebral ischemic injury: By suppressing M1 polarization of microglial cells and promoting cerebral angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109815. [PMID: 36773571 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study explored the protective function and mechanism of neocryptotanshinone (NEO) on cerebral ischemia. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide/γ-interferon(LPS/IFN-γ)was employed to mimic the polarization of mouse microglial cells BV2. After NEO treatment, the M1 polarization level of BV2 cells was identified using flow cytometry (FCM), fluorescent cell staining and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Moreover, the mouse endothelial cells bEnd.3 were applied to be the study objects, which were intervened with NEO under the hypoxic condition. Thereafter, based on in-vitro tubule formation assay and fluorescence staining, the in-vitro tubule formation ability of bEnd.3 cells was detected. By adopting middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) method, we constructed the mouse model of cerebral ischemia. After NEO intervention, the pathological changes of brain tissues were identified, while CD34 expression was measured by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, nerve injury was detected by Nissl staining, and the changes in neurological behaviors of mice were also detected. RESULTS Our results showed that NEO suppressed M1 polarization of BV2 cells, which exerted its effect through suppressing NF-κB and STAT3 signals, thereby decreasing the levels of iNOS, CD11b and inflammatory factors. NEO stimulated tubule formation in bEnd.3 cells based on the hypoxic situation, which exerted its effect through activating the Vascularendothelial growth factor-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2-Notch homolog 1(VFGF-VEGFR2-Notch1) signal. Furthermore, NEO suppressed cerebral ischemia in mice and lowered the ischemic penumbra. NEO also improved the neurological behaviors of mice, increased the CD34 levels and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION NEO has well protective effect against cerebral ischemia, and its mechanisms are related to suppressing M1 polarization of microglial cells and promoting cerebral angiogenesis, which are the mechanisms of NEO in treating ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Heping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China.
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China.
| | - Jian Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, China.
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Valorization of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and sweet sorghum bagasse for the production of bioethanol and phenylacetylcarbinol. Sci Rep 2023; 13:727. [PMID: 36639688 PMCID: PMC9839728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Open burning of agricultural residues causes numerous complications including particulate matter pollution in the air, soil degradation, global warming and many more. Since they possess bio-conversion potential, agro-industrial residues including sugarcane bagasse (SCB), rice straw (RS), corncob (CC) and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) were chosen for the study. Yeast strains, Candida tropicalis, C. shehatae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus were compared for their production potential of bioethanol and phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC), an intermediate in the manufacture of crucial pharmaceuticals, namely, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. Among the substrates and yeasts evaluated, RS cultivated with C. tropicalis produced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher ethanol concentration at 15.3 g L-1 after 24 h cultivation. The product per substrate yield (Yeth/s) was 0.38 g g-1 with the volumetric productivity (Qp) of 0.64 g L-1 h-1 and fermentation efficiency of 73.6% based on a theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol/g glucose. C. tropicalis grown in RS medium produced 0.303 U mL-1 pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of PAC, with a specific activity of 0.400 U mg-1 protein after 24 h cultivation. This present study also compared the whole cells biomass of C. tropicalis with its partially purified PDC preparation for PAC biotransformation. The whole cells C. tropicalis PDC at 1.29 U mL-1 produced an overall concentration of 62.3 mM PAC, which was 68.4% higher when compared to partially purified enzyme preparation. The results suggest that the valorization of lignocellulosic residues into bioethanol and PAC will not only aid in mitigating the environmental challenge posed by their surroundings but also has the potential to improve the bioeconomy.
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Tian H, Wang L, Fu T. Ephedrine alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and restraining NF-κB signaling. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:547-556. [PMID: 37778983 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a lethal and progressive pulmonary disorder in human beings. Ephedrine is a compound isolated from Ephedra and plays a regulatory role in inflammatory response. This study focused on the anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect of ephedrine and its potential molecular mechanism. After a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established through bleomycin (BLM) induction, the survival percentage, body weight, and pulmonary index were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining for lung tissues were performed to observe the pathological alterations. The viability of lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells, intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined by cell counting kit-8 assays, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine E-cadherin and vimentin expression after BLM or ephedrine treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of cytokeratin-8, E-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin were subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Experimental results revealed that ephedrine treatment rescued the repressive impact of BLM on BEAS-2B cell viability, and ephedrine inhibited BLM-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response in BEAS-2B cells. Additionally, ephedrine suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process stimulated by BLM treatment, as demonstrated by the reduced α-SMA and vimentin levels together with the increased cytokeratin-8 and E-cadherin levels in BLM + Ephedrine group. In addition, ephedrine inhibited NF-κB and activated Nrf-2 signaling in BLM-treated BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, ephedrine ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in BLM-induced mice and improved the survival of model mice. In conclusion, ephedrine attenuates BLM-evoked pulmonary fibrosis by repressing EMT process via blocking NF-κB signaling and activating Nrf-2 signaling, suggesting that ephedrine might become a potential anti-pulmonary fibrosis agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Taoli Fu
- Department of Geratology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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The Signaling Pathways and Targets of Natural Compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Ischemic Stroke. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103099. [PMID: 35630576 PMCID: PMC9148018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common neurological disorder associated with high disability rates and mortality rates. At present, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) is the only US(FDA)-approved drug for IS. However, due to the narrow therapeutic window and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, r-tPA is currently used in less than 5% of stroke patients. Natural compounds have been widely used in the treatment of IS in China and have a wide range of therapeutic effects on IS by regulating multiple targets and signaling pathways. The keywords "ischemia stroke, traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, natural compounds" were used to search the relevant literature in PubMed and other databases over the past five years. The results showed that JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK, Notch, Nrf2, and PI3K/Akt are the key pathways, and SIRT1, MMP9, TLR4, HIF-α are the key targets for the natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine in treating IS. This study aims to update and summarize the signaling pathways and targets of natural compounds in the treatment of IS, and provide a base of information for the future development of effective treatments for IS.
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Li Q, Wu J, Huang L, Zhao B, Li Q. Ephedrine ameliorates cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 inflammasome activation through the Akt/GSK3β/NRF2 pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S540-S552. [PMID: 34715758 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211052981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore the potential function of ephedrine in ischemic stroke and the underlying molecular mechanism. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was established. The potential effects of ephedrine on MCAO rats and LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells were evaluated. Ephedrine reduced the infarct volume, cell apoptosis, brain water content, neurological score, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) production in MCAO rats. Ephedrine treatment also suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β production and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in BV2 microglial cells. The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β was suppressed by ephedrine. Moreover, ephedrine treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β and nuclear NRF2 levels in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. Meanwhile, LY294002 attenuated the inhibitory effects of ephedrine on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and TNF-α and IL-1β production. In addition, the level of pAkt was increased, while NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were decreased by ephedrine treatment in MCAO rats. In conclusion, ephedrine ameliorated cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the Akt/GSK3β/NRF2 pathway. Our results revealed a potential role of ephedrine in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxian Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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