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Elahi T, Ahmed S, Mubarak M. Relationship of lupus nephritis and pregnancy: A narrative review. World J Nephrol 2024; 13:99700. [DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v13.i4.99700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy in women with lupus, particularly those with lupus nephritis (LN), carries an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Women with active LN at the time of conception are at a high risk of poor maternal and fetal outcomes. Recent studies indicate that even in the presence of quiescent disease, factors such as hypertension and positive lupus anticoagulant are predictors of worse pregnancy outcomes. Consequently, pre-conception evaluation is essential to ensure that pursuing pregnancy is safe and timely, and to facilitate proper planning for optimizing medical regimens, discontinuing teratogenic agents, and treating active disease. Additionally, pre-existing LN is associated with higher rates of preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Women with lupus and prior LN can have successful pregnancies, but a multidisciplinary approach with close monitoring is essential for optimal outcomes. By systematically reviewing the available evidence, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the complex interaction between LN and pregnancy, offering insights to guide clinical practice and future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Elahi
- Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Mubarak
- Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
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2
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Siegel CH, Sammaritano LR. Safety of Medications Used to Treat Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases During Pregnancy and Lactation. J Clin Rheumatol 2024; 30:S25-S33. [PMID: 39325122 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) often affect women during their reproductive years, and early studies of pregnancy in these patients reported high rates of adverse outcomes. Continuation or initiation of safe and effective medications in the preconception period is beneficial for maintaining or achieving disease quiescence throughout pregnancy thereby improving both maternal and pregnancy outcomes. The European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, the American College of Rheumatology, and the British Society for Rheumatology have published recommendations and guidelines regarding management of ARDs during pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Gastroenterological Association have also provided guidance statements with relevant recommendations. This review provides an overview of available recommendations for medication use in ARD pregnancy, with discussion of safety considerations for maternal and fetal well-being. Medications considered compatible with pregnancy include hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and TNF inhibitors. Methotrexate, mycophenolate, leflunomide, and cyclophosphamide should be avoided before and during pregnancy. Other medications, most of them newer, are largely discouraged for use in pregnancy due to inadequate data or concerns for neonatal immunosuppression, including non-TNF biologics and small molecule therapies. Further investigation is needed regarding effects of non-TNF biologics, biosimilars, and small molecules in pregnancy. Important efforts for the future will include improved methodologies to gather critical safety data, with consideration of inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials, a complex and controversial issue. Long-term information on outcomes in offspring of treated women is lacking for many of these medications.
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Xagas E, Drouzas K, Liapis G, Lionaki S. Evidence based treatment for lupus nephritis: present perspectives and challenges. FRONTIERS IN NEPHROLOGY 2024; 4:1417026. [PMID: 39165275 PMCID: PMC11333434 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2024.1417026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease known for its high heterogeneity among individuals, which affects various organs including the kidneys. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent and life-threatening manifestation of the disease, with up to 50% of patients developing kidney involvement. Classification of renal involvement in lupus is based on specific histopathological findings, guiding therapeutical decisions. Immunosuppressive therapy, particularly glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, has been the mainstay of treatment for many years, while rates of complete remission have not changed dramatically. Despite advancements in therapy, in an important proportion of patients LN leads to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Emerging therapies including belimumab, voclosporin, and obinutuzumab offer promising results in improving renal outcomes, especially in refractory or relapsing disease. Maintenance therapy is crucial to prevent disease flares and preserve renal function. Supportive measures including lifestyle modifications and non-immunosuppressive pharmacological interventions are nowadays also essential in managing LN. This review emphasizes recent advances of therapy and challenges regarding treatment optimization with strategies to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Xagas
- Department of Nephrology, 2 Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drouzas
- Department of Nephrology, 2 Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Liapis
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Lionaki
- Department of Nephrology, 2 Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Reynolds ML, Gibson KL, Manuck TA, Poulton CJ, Blazek L, Stuebe AM, Hogan SL, Falk RJ, Derebail VK. Lupus nephritis kidney biopsy characteristics and preterm birth. FRONTIERS IN NEPHROLOGY 2024; 4:1402597. [PMID: 39139800 PMCID: PMC11319279 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2024.1402597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with lupus nephritis (LN) are at high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancy. Outside of pregnancy, proliferative lesions on kidney biopsies are associated with disease progression, but these have not been consistently associated with increased risk in pregnancy. This retrospective, single-center study examines how histologic findings, the timing from kidney biopsy to pregnancy, and the clinical features in the first trimester are associated with preterm birth among individuals with LN. Among 35 deliveries in 31 women, the mean gestational age at delivery was 33.8 weeks. The presence of a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio >0.5 g/g in the first trimester was associated with preterm delivery (81% vs. 36%, p = 0.04). Preterm birth was more common in individuals with glomerular crescents on biopsy (89% in those with >20% crescents vs. 50% in those with <20%, p = 0.06). A pregnancy occurring within 2 years after a kidney biopsy was more likely to result in preterm birth than if the biopsy was performed more than 2 years prior to conception (82% vs. 23%, p = 0.01). The time from diagnostic biopsy may be a surrogate for disease activity, and a 2-year delay from biopsy might allow sufficient time to achieve disease remission. Overall, these data could aid family planning discussions and promote preconception disease optimization for patients and their providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Reynolds
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Keisha L. Gibson
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tracy A. Manuck
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caroline J. Poulton
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauren Blazek
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alison M. Stuebe
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Susan L. Hogan
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ronald J. Falk
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vimal K. Derebail
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Tsoi A, Nikolopoulos D, Parodis I. Advances in the pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:705-716. [PMID: 38756102 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2354457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite setbacks in clinical trials for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), three drugs have been approved for SLE and lupus nephritis (LN) treatment in the past decade. Several ongoing clinical trials, some viewed optimistically by the scientific community, underscore the evolving landscape. Emerging clinical data have established specific therapeutic targets in routine clinical practice for treating SLE, aiming to improve long-term outcomes. AREAS COVERED Research related to treatment of SLE and LN is discussed, focusing on randomized clinical trials during the last 5 years and recommendations for the management of SLE published by the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), American College of Rheumatology (ACR), Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR), and Pan-American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR). EXPERT OPINION The landscape of SLE and LN treatments is evolving, as new drugs and combination treatment approaches redefine the traditional concepts of induction and maintenance treatment phases. As the therapeutic armamentarium in SLE continues to expand, the research focus is shifting from the imperative for new therapies to advancing our understanding of optimal treatment selection for individual patients, steering toward precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tsoi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dionysis Nikolopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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6
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Tarter L, Bermas BL. Expert Perspective on a Clinical Challenge: Lupus and Pregnancy. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:321-331. [PMID: 37975160 DOI: 10.1002/art.42756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multiorgan systemic inflammatory disorder, predominantly affects women during their reproductive years. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge about preconception planning and management of SLE during pregnancy. Achieving remission or low disease activity for several months on medications compatible with pregnancy prior to conception is essential to decreasing the risk of disease flare and improving pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. With close management and well-controlled disease before and during pregnancy, <10% of patients flare. All patients with SLE should remain on hydroxychloroquine unless contraindicated. Expectant mothers with a history of antiphospholipid syndrome should be treated with anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Women with anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB antibodies require additional monitoring because their offspring are at increased risk for congenital heart block. Patients with SLE should be offered low-dose aspirin starting at the end of the first trimester to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. Flares of SLE during pregnancy require escalation of therapy. The immunosuppressives azathioprine, tacrolimus, and cyclosporine are compatible with pregnancy, and biologic agents can also be considered. Glucocorticoid use in pregnancy should be limited to the lowest effective dose. Mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid, methotrexate, leflunomide, and cyclophosphamide are known to be teratogenic and are contraindicated in pregnancy. Distinguishing a flare of lupus nephritis during pregnancy from pre-eclampsia can be particularly challenging. Overall, outcomes in pregnancy for women with lupus are improving, but gaps in knowledge about optimal management strategies persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarter
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bonnie L Bermas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Jiang Y, Tao M, Chen J, Luo L, You Q, Wu H, Zhang N. Calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy: A narrative review with emphasis on efficacy and safety. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 294:148-155. [PMID: 38245953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects child-bearing women, leading to an elevated risk of maternal and fetal complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since some medications can cross the placental barrier that persist a threat to both mother and fetus, the risk-benefit ratio of SLE medications should be taken into consideration during pregnancy. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), mainly including cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, and voclosporin, is a category of immunosuppressive agents that inhibit calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin to block T cell activation. Based on the current clinical evidence, CNI is an alternative in pregnant SLE patients with persistent disease activity (especially lupus nephritis patients) and non-responders to azathioprine. However, there is no comprehensive review that summarizes the efficacy and safety profile of CNI for SLE management during pregnancy. This review presents a summary on the utilization of CNI for SLE management during pregnancy, including the mechanism of action, gestational amelioration of lupus flare, and the balance of maternal benefit-fetal risk, which may provide more references for the management of SLE pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lihua Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qingxia You
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Shi Y, Huang C, Zhou Y, Jiang H, Zhao Y, Li M, Zeng X, Zhao J. Tacrolimus shows adequate efficacy in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies associated thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5433-5443. [PMID: 37930607 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a common manifestation associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus treatment in aPL associated thrombocytopenia. This is a single-center retrospective study. Patients who had persistent positive aPL and thrombocytopenia that was treated with tacrolimus were included. A total of 49 patients [38 females (77.6%)] were enrolled from Nov 2013 to Apr 2022 with a median treatment duration of 22 months. Seventeen fulfilled classification criteria of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 18 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The median age of study patients was 37 years (IQR 31, 48). Forty-three (87.8%) patients were on concomitant use of glucocorticoids, 6 on tacrolimus monotherapy. The overall response rate in this cohort was 85.7% (n = 42), including 49% of complete responses (n = 24). The median time to achieve a response was 3 months. Nine (18.4%) patients with overall response experienced a loss of response. The response rate during follow-up in patients with monotherapy was noninferior. Patients with positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) showed the tendency of maintaining response (p = 0.028). The 19 patients who were on medium and high dosage of glucocorticoids (> 15 mg prednisone/d) managed to taper glucocorticoids rapidly. Side effects were reported in 12.2% (n = 6) of the patients (elevated creatinine, general malaise, elevated liver enzyme). Tacrolimus has adequate efficacy, steroid-sparing effect and is well tolerated for aPL associated thrombocytopenia. Patients with positive ANA might benefit the most from tacrolimus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Hladunewich MA. Kidney Biopsy in a Pregnant Patient with Suspected Glomerular Disease: Commentary. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1359-1361. [PMID: 37578503 PMCID: PMC10617797 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Hladunewich
- Division on Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tian X, Zhao J, Song Y, Wang Q, Li M, Liu J, Zeng X. 2022 Chinese guideline for the management of pregnancy and reproduction in systemic lupus erythematosus. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 4:115-138. [PMID: 37781682 PMCID: PMC10538620 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prevalent autoimmune disease predominantly affecting women of childbearing age, presents ongoing challenges despite notable advances in diagnosis and treatment. Although survival rates for SLE patients have significantly improved, pregnancy continues to pose a considerable obstacle. Addressing this critical need for enhanced reproductive and prenatal care, there is a pressing imperative to establish standardized protocols for peri-gestational monitoring and treatment in SLE patients. This guideline is jointly sponsored by the National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), the Chinese Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment and Research Group (CSTAR), and the Chinese Research Committee of Pregnancy and Reproduction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (CHOPARD). Thirteen pertinent clinical questions have been generated through several rounds of rigorous clinical and methodological expert discussions and selections for a comprehensive understanding of key aspects in this domain. Guided by thorough examination of research evidence and expert perspectives, the formulated recommendations aim to optimize pregnancy success rates, reduce maternal and infant mortality rates, and ultimately enhance the overall well-being of SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences& Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science& Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing100730, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences& Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science& Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing100730, China
| | - Yijun Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences& Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science& Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences& Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science& Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing100730, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences& Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science& Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing100730, China
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11
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Suzuki K, Uno S, Wakasugi N. Tacrolimus use and renal function in pregnancy with lupus nephritis: Analysis of post-marketing surveillance data in Japan. Mod Rheumatol 2023; 33:944-952. [PMID: 35982545 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tacrolimus may be administered to pregnant women with lupus nephritis in Japan if considered therapeutically beneficial, but supporting data are limited. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of tacrolimus before, during, and after pregnancy in women with lupus nephritis receiving tacrolimus. METHODS This was an ad hoc analysis of data from a post-marketing surveillance study of tacrolimus in patients with lupus nephritis in Japan. Pregnancy outcomes, nephritis status, and adverse events were assessed for up to 2 years postpartum. RESULTS Data were available for 23 births in 21 patients (two patients had two births each). Tacrolimus for lupus nephritis was continued during 11 births in nine patients (during and after pregnancy) and discontinued in 12 patients (when pregnancy was known or when approaching delivery). Renal function was generally maintained in patients who gave birth while receiving tacrolimus; however, there were cases of increased urine protein and decreased renal function over 2 years. There were no unexpected adverse events/safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS These data from clinical practice suggest that tacrolimus is a valid treatment option for lupus nephritis in fertile women in Japan and, with careful monitoring, pregnant women with lupus nephritis may continue their tacrolimus treatment.
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Beck LH, Ayoub I, Caster D, Choi MJ, Cobb J, Geetha D, Rheault MN, Wadhwani S, Yau T, Whittier WL. KDOQI US Commentary on the 2021 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 82:121-175. [PMID: 37341661 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases represents the first update to this set of recommendations since the initial set of KDIGO guideline recommendations was published in 2012. The pace of growth in our molecular understanding of glomerular disease has quickened and a number of newer immunosuppressive and targeted therapies have been introduced since the original set of guideline recommendations, making such an update necessary. Despite these updates, many areas of controversy remain. In addition, further updates since the publication of KDIGO 2021 have occurred which this guideline does not encompass. With this commentary, the KDOQI work group has generated a chapter-by-chapter companion opinion article that provides commentary specific to the implementation of the KDIGO 2021 guideline in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H Beck
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabelle Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Wexner Medical, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dawn Caster
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Jason Cobb
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Duvuru Geetha
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle N Rheault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Masonic Children's Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shikha Wadhwani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy Yau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William L Whittier
- Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Mok CC. Combination strategies for lupus nephritis: facts and controversies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:527-536. [PMID: 36927191 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2192927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an unmet need to improve the efficacy of therapeutic regimens in lupus nephritis (LN). Cocktail immunosuppressive therapy for the synergistic effect of individual drugs may enhance efficacy and enable dosage reduction. However, the potential increase in the risk of serious and opportunistic infections is a concern. Moreover, the timing of combination therapy, adoption of a step-up or step-down approach, and the choice of drugs is still controversial, partly related to the cost-effectiveness issue. AREAS COVERED Evidence of a combination of conventional, newer immunosuppressive, and biologic/targeted agents in LN. EXPERT OPINION Early combination of conventional regimens with anti-B cell activation factor (anti-BAFF) or calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) enhances the therapeutic effect without increasing serious adverse events in LN. However, combining anti-CD20 and anti-BAFF biologics appears to be less promising from the results of clinical trials. Initial combination strategy may be more cost-effective for patients at risk of treatment failure and renal function deterioration. With the availability of more options, the treat-to-target approach in LN is increasingly feasible and further studies are needed to compare the step-up and step-down approaches in the treatment of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Departments of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Kitada A, Nakai T, Fukui S, Rokutanda R, Okada M, Kusaoi M, Yamaji K, Tamura N. Safety of tacrolimus use during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective single-center analysis in Japan. Lupus 2023; 32:352-362. [PMID: 36633400 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221148334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tacrolimus is one of the drugs that can be used in pregnancies complicated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but there are still few reports on its pregnancy outcomes. Although tacrolimus has been reported to cause adverse events, such as increased blood pressure, abnormal glucose metabolism, and susceptibility to infection, there have been no studies on the impact of tacrolimus in SLE pregnancies at these points. We performed a retrospective observational study of pregnancies complicated by SLE at St Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo from April 2003 to August 2021. METHODS Basic clinical information on SLE, pregnancy outcomes, disease activity before and after pregnancy, laboratory results, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, treatment regimens, and presence of infection was extracted from electronic medical records. We defined overall adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) as follows: (1) fetal death after 10 gestational weeks, (2) preterm delivery, (3) delivery due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, or placental insufficiency, or (4) the diagnosis of small for gestational age infants. We also examined whether there was a statistical difference in APO incidence between patients treated with and without tacrolimus. RESULTS Pregnancy outcomes were obtained for 48 patients with a total of 60 pregnancies complicated by SLE. In 20 (33.3%) of these pregnancies, the patients took tacrolimus, and 28 (46.7%) of the pregnancies had APOs. APO incidence did not statistically differ between the tacrolimus and non-tacrolimus groups in the multivariate analysis (p = 1.00, adjusted OR 1, 95% CI: 0.23-4.39). Multiple regression analyses indicated that tacrolimus use did not significantly affect systolic blood pressure in the third trimester (B = -2.23, p = .74) or blood glucose levels in the first trimester (B = 10.2, p = .056). Incidence of infections did not significantly differ between patients treated with and without tacrolimus in the univariate analysis (10.8% vs. 21.1%, p = .42). CONCLUSION Tacrolimus did not significantly affect pregnancy outcomes, blood pressure, or glucose levels. Further research is required to confirm its effects in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kitada
- 83911St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, 12847Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sho Fukui
- 83911St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masato Okada
- 83911St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makio Kusaoi
- Graduate School of Medicine, 12847Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaji
- Graduate School of Medicine, 12847Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, 12847Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Fakhouri F, Schwotzer N, Cabiddu G, Barratt J, Legardeur H, Garovic V, Orozco-Guillen A, Wetzels J, Daugas E, Moroni G, Noris M, Audard V, Praga M, Llurba E, Wuerzner G, Attini R, Desseauve D, Zakharova E, Luders C, Wiles K, Leone F, Jesudason S, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Kattah A, Soto-Abraham V, Karras A, Prakash J, Lightstone L, Ronco P, Ponticelli C, Appel G, Remuzzi G, Tsatsaris V, Piccoli GB. Glomerular diseases in pregnancy: pragmatic recommendations for clinical management. Kidney Int 2023; 103:264-281. [PMID: 36481180 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the various aspects of pregnancy in women with kidney diseases has significantly improved in the last decades. Nevertheless, little is known about specific kidney diseases. Glomerular diseases are not only a frequent cause of chronic kidney disease in young women, but combine many challenges in pregnancy: immunologic diseases, hypertension, proteinuria, and kidney tissue damage. An international working group undertook the review of available current literature and elicited expert opinions on glomerular diseases in pregnancy with the aim to provide pragmatic information for nephrologists according to the present state-of-the-art knowledge. This work also highlights areas of clinical uncertainty and emphasizes the need for further collaborative studies to improve maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Fakhouri
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nora Schwotzer
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianfranca Cabiddu
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Nephrology, San Michele Hospital, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hélène Legardeur
- Gynaecology, Woman Mother Child Department of the Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vesna Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alejandra Orozco-Guillen
- National Institute of Perinatology Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPER), Department of Nephrology, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jack Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Daugas
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Bichat and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Inserm U1149, Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Nephrology and Dialysis Division, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immunology and Genetics of Rare Diseases, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Vincent Audard
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire « Innovative therapy for immune disorders », Créteil, France
| | - Manuel Praga
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Llurba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau - IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Madrid, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin Network (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grégoire Wuerzner
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Attini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Sant'Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - David Desseauve
- Gynaecology, Woman Mother Child Department of the Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Zakharova
- Nephrology, Moscow City Hospital n.a. Sergey Petrovich Botkin, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Claudio Luders
- Centro de Nefrologia e Dialise, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kate Wiles
- Department of Women's Health, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Filomena Leone
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, S. Anna Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Shilpanjali Jesudason
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau
- Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares de l'île de France, Cochin Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Unité de l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) Unité 1153, Center for Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Andrea Kattah
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Virgilia Soto-Abraham
- Pathology Department, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, México City, México
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Paris University, Paris, France; Renal Division, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Renal Medicine and Vascular Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne Université, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155, Paris, France; Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Gerald Appel
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immunology and Genetics of Rare Diseases, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Maternité Port-Royal, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre-Université de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Mohammed RHA, Mumtaz H, Sangah AB, Shaikh SS, Nasir N, Jabeen S. Pregnancy in lupus: an updated consensus to guide best practice strategies. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-022-00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multifaceted chronic relapsing autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. The disease has always been a serious diagnosis in women being a multisystem pathology that is classically encountered during the childbearing age posing serious systemic comorbidities with a potential impact on the functional performance, psychosocial status, and survival. In this article, we review critical issues related to the decision to conceive in female with lupus highlighting the impact of the diagnosis and disease activity status on the mother and the fetus, attempting to suggest a consensus to guide safe decision making for pregnancy with SLE.
Main body
The pleomorphic dysregulated immune nature of lupus in the presence of uncontrolled disease carries a higher risk of complicated pregnancy. Therefore, SLE pregnancies should be well planned and are usually encouraged if the disease is inactive (at least 6 months prior to conception) to ensure immune quiescence towards a safer outcome.
Conclusion
With the proper implementation of preconception counseling strategy, choice of the correct timing of conception, close monitoring of SLE flares with tight control, and the appreciation of the value of multidisciplinary management to best practice most young women with SLE can carry on successful pregnancies with favorable outcome.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People with childbearing capacity who are diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have specific and important reproductive health considerations. RECENT FINDINGS Recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) provide rheumatologists and other clinicians with guidance for reproductive health management of patients with rheumatic diseases. Patient-centered reproductive health counseling can help clinicians to operationalize the EULAR and ACR guidelines and enhance patient care. SUMMARY Disease activity monitoring, risk factor stratification, and prescription of pregnancy-compatible medications during pregnancy help to anticipate complications and enhance pregnancy outcomes in SLE and SS. Assisted reproductive technologies are also safe among people with well-controlled disease. Safe and effective contraceptive methods are available for patients with SLE and SS, and pregnancy termination appears to be safe among these patients.
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Gleeson S, Lightstone L. Glomerular Disease and Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2020; 27:469-476. [PMID: 33328063 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nephrologists are routinely involved in the care of pregnant women with glomerulonephritis. Prepregnancy counseling is vital to inform women of the potential risks of pregnancy and to reduce those risks by optimizing clinical status and medications. In general, for all glomerulonephritides, the best pregnancy outcomes are achieved when the disease is in remission and the woman has preserved renal function with no proteinuria or hypertension. Each glomerulonephritis has specific considerations, for example in lupus nephritis, mycophenolate is teratogenic and must be stopped at least 6 weeks before conception, hydroxychloroquine is recommended for all pregnant women, and flares are frequently encountered and must be treated appropriately. De novo glomerulonephritis should be considered when significant proteinuria is found early in pregnancy or an acute kidney injury with active urine is encountered. Biopsy can be safely undertaken in the first trimester. Treatment is often with corticosteroids, azathioprine, and/or tacrolimus. Rituximab is increasingly used for severe disease. Women with glomerulonephritis should ideally be managed in a joint renal-obstetric clinic. This review details the approach to the care of women with glomerulonephritis from prepregnancy counseling, through antenatal care and delivery, to the postpartum period. Special attention is given to medications and treatment of glomerulonephritis in pregnancy.
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Irish GL, Jesudason S. Case study of tacrolimus as an effective treatment for idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2020; 13:148-150. [PMID: 33093869 PMCID: PMC7543172 DOI: 10.1177/1753495x18816923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus has been used in pregnant women following transplantation and for management of lupus nephritis. We report a case of successful control of nephrotic syndrome due to membranous glomerulonephritis during pregnancy using tacrolimus. CASE REPORT A 26-year-old female presented with severe nephrotic syndrome in her first pregnancy. Post-partum renal biopsy confirmed idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. She had persistent proteinuria of 6 g/day with hypoalbuminaemia despite angiotensin receptor blockade. Treatment with tacrolimus monotherapy led to remission of proteinuria, three months prior to conceiving again. She maintained remission with tacrolimus therapy in pregnancy, resulting in a successful birth outcome. CONCLUSIONS Membranous glomerulonephritis can be successfully and safely managed with tacrolimus monotherapy during pregnancy. This provides an alternative immunosuppressant with a favourable side effect profile suitable for use in women planning a pregnancy when other immunosuppressive drugs should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- GL Irish
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S Jesudason
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Petri M. Pregnancy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 64:24-30. [PMID: 31677989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As SLE onset is often in young adulthood, pregnancy is common and is usually successful. Pregnancy, though, is considered high-risk due to a combination of maternal (lupus flare, diabetes, pre-eclampsia) and fetal (miscarriage, intrauterine fetal demise, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital heart block) risks. Pregnancy should be planned for a time of good control of SLE (on allowable medications). The antimalarial hydroxychloroquine should be continued. The only permitted immunosuppressive drugs are azathioprine and tacrolimus. Of the antiphospholipid antibodies, only the lupus anticoagulant has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in the largest prospective multicenter study, Predictors of Pregnancy Outcome: Biomarkers in Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (PROMISSE). Management of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy is low molecular weight heparin and aspirin, although only 75% of pregnancies are successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Rovin BH, Caster DJ, Cattran DC, Gibson KL, Hogan JJ, Moeller MJ, Roccatello D, Cheung M, Wheeler DC, Winkelmayer WC, Floege J, Alpers CE, Ayoub I, Bagga A, Barbour SJ, Barratt J, Chan DT, Chang A, Choo JCJ, Cook HT, Coppo R, Fervenza FC, Fogo AB, Fox JG, Glassock RJ, Harris D, Hodson EM, Hogan JJ, Hoxha E, Iseki K, Jennette JC, Jha V, Johnson DW, Kaname S, Katafuchi R, Kitching AR, Lafayette RA, Li PK, Liew A, Lv J, Malvar A, Maruyama S, Mejía-Vilet JM, Mok CC, Nachman PH, Nester CM, Noiri E, O'Shaughnessy MM, Özen S, Parikh SM, Park HC, Peh CA, Pendergraft WF, Pickering MC, Pillebout E, Radhakrishnan J, Rathi M, Ronco P, Smoyer WE, Tang SC, Tesař V, Thurman JM, Trimarchi H, Vivarelli M, Walters GD, Wang AYM, Wenderfer SE, Wetzels JF. Management and treatment of glomerular diseases (part 2): conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2020; 95:281-295. [PMID: 30665569 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In November 2017, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) initiative brought a diverse panel of experts in glomerular diseases together to discuss the 2012 KDIGO glomerulonephritis guideline in the context of new developments and insights that had occurred over the years since its publication. During this KDIGO Controversies Conference on Glomerular Diseases, the group examined data on disease pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatments to identify areas of consensus and areas of controversy. This report summarizes the discussions on primary podocytopathies, lupus nephritis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated nephritis, complement-mediated kidney diseases, and monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad H Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Dawn J Caster
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel C Cattran
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keisha L Gibson
- University of North Carolina Kidney Center at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan J Hogan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dario Roccatello
- CMID (Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases), and Division of Nephrology and Dialysis (ERK-Net member), University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Wiles K, Chappell L, Clark K, Elman L, Hall M, Lightstone L, Mohamed G, Mukherjee D, Nelson-Piercy C, Webster P, Whybrow R, Bramham K. Clinical practice guideline on pregnancy and renal disease. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:401. [PMID: 31672135 PMCID: PMC6822421 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Wiles
- NIHR Doctoral Research Fellow in Obstetric Nephrology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Lucy Chappell
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Louise Elman
- Expert Patient, c/o The Renal Association, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt Hall
- Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Kate Bramham
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Kim S, Reen Ooi AY, Stephens T, Jiang H. Cost-effectiveness of tacrolimus for the treatment of moderate-to-severe lupus nephritis in China. J Comp Eff Res 2019; 8:1125-1141. [PMID: 31580156 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Therapy for lupus nephritis (LN) requires treatment with immunosuppressive regimens, often including intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine. Additionally, tacrolimus (original form or generic) is recommended to treat LN patients in Asia, including China. However, the cost-effectiveness of tacrolimus therapy has not previously been assessed. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of tacrolimus in the treatment of moderate-to-severe LN versus standard therapies in China. Materials & methods: This cost-effectiveness model combined a decision-tree/Markov-model structure to map transitions between health states during induction and maintenance treatment phases. Induction with tacrolimus, IVCY or MMF, was followed by tacrolimus, MMF or azathioprine maintenance. Results: According to the model, during induction, complete remission rates were higher with tacrolimus versus IVCY (relative risk 1.40 vs IVCY [deterministic sensitivity analysis minimum 0.92, maximum 2.13]) and time to response was shorter. Relapse rates were lower with tacrolimus versus azathioprine or MMF during maintenance. Tacrolimus induction and maintenance was the most cost-effective regimen, incurring the lowest total costs (CN¥180,448) with the highest quality-adjusted life-years. Conclusion: The model demonstrated that tacrolimus use in both induction and maintenance therapy may be an efficacious and cost-effective treatment for LN in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Astellas Pharma Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore
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Sugawara E, Kato M, Fujieda Y, Oku K, Bohgaki T, Yasuda S, Umazume T, Morikawa M, Watari H, Atsumi T. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatic diseases: a real-world observational study in Japan. Lupus 2019; 28:1407-1416. [PMID: 31551035 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319877258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the obstetric complications and the risk factors for these events in pregnant women with rheumatic diseases (RDs). METHODS A single-center retrospective study of women with RDs at Hokkaido University Hospital between 2007 and 2016 was conducted. Clinical features and maternal and fetal outcomes were retrospectively collected. The rate of pregnancy complications was compared with the general obstetric population (GOP) in Japan. RESULTS Overall, 132 pregnancies in 95 women with RDs were recorded. Underlying RDs were systemic erythematosus (SLE) (n = 57), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (n = 35), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 9), and other RDs (n = 31). Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were detected in 44 pregnancies (32%). Glucocorticoid was used in 82 pregnancies (62%), and tacrolimus in 20 pregnancies (15%). There were 24 disease flares (18%), but no RD-related death was documented. We recorded 112 live births, 6 abortions, 8 miscarriages, and 6 stillbirths. Pregnancies with RDs appeared to have frequent, emergency cesarean sections and preterm deliveries compared with GOP (30% vs 15% and 21% vs 14%, respectively). The median [interquartile range] birthweight in SLE and APS was lower than GOP (2591 [2231-2958] g and 2600 [2276-2920] g vs 2950 [2650-3250] g, respectively). In pregnancies with SLE, low complement levels presented the risk of maternal complications (odds ratio [95% CI]; 3.9 [1.0-14.9], p = 0.046) and anti-DNA antibody positivity was significantly correlated with the risk of fetal complications (3.5 [1.1-11.2], p = 0.036). In pregnancies with APS, maternal age over 35 years and duration of disease longer than 9 years (7.4 [1.3-40.8], p = 0.021, and 11.16 [1.1-118.8], p = 0.046, respectively) were significantly correlated with the risk of fetal complications. CONCLUSION Pregnancies with RDs were at increased risk of having both maternal complications and adverse neonatal outcomes, indicating these pregnancies should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sugawara
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Fujieda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Morikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Watari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Motaharinezhad M, Torklalebaq F, Moradi M. New-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Pregnant Woman: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.3.3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Stratifying management of rheumatic disease for pregnancy and breastfeeding. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:391-402. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pillay C, Clark K. Postpartum care of women with renal disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 57:89-105. [PMID: 31122756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three percent of women with known chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported to demonstrate the first decline in kidney function between giving birth and six-weeks postpartum. As such, these women warrant close monitoring during the postpartum period irrespective of their pregnancy journey. Substantial haemodynamic variability during pregnancy and postpartum renders estimated glomerular filtration rate inaccurate, and poorly defined normal ranges of markers of kidney function at this time pose challenges for accurate assessment of renal complications. Multi-disciplinary specialist care is therefore essential, with consideration of specific implications of any known renal diagnosis and with observation for the development of postpartum complications of pregnancy. Furthermore, the postpartum period affords time to further investigate and diagnose kidney disease revealed by pregnancy. Good care planning and communication in the postpartum period has the potential to improve long-term health outcomes for women with known or new CKD and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pillay
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Katherine Clark
- Antental Hypertension Clinic, King's College Hospital, 16-20, Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
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Yamaguchi K. Tacrolimus treatment for infertility related to maternal-fetal immune interactions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13097. [PMID: 30689243 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been used to achieve successful pregnancies in patients with infertility, though existing treatments remain unsatisfactory in patients with infertility caused by abnormal maternal-fetal immunity. However, our understanding of the immunological aspects of infertility has steadily progressed, aided by recent research into organ transplantation and cancer. The results of these recent analyses have led to the development and evaluation of several candidate immunological treatments, but the use of immunological treatments remains a novel approach. The current paper presents the hypothesis that tacrolimus may have potential as a candidate agent for the treatment of maternal-fetal immunity-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Yamaguchi
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Bitencourt N, Bermas BL. Pharmacological Approach to Managing Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus During Conception, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Paediatr Drugs 2018; 20:511-521. [PMID: 30175398 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-018-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric patients often have poor pregnancy outcomes. Systemic lupus erythematosus predominantly impacts women in their second to fourth decade of life, with childhood-onset disease being particularly aggressive. Reproductive issues are an important clinical consideration for pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as maintaining good disease control and planning a pregnancy are important for maternal and fetal outcomes. In this clinical review, we will consider the safety of medications in managing childhood-onset SLE during conception, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. The developing fetus is at highest risk for teratogenicity from maternal medications during the period of critical organogenesis, which occurs between the first 3-8 weeks following conception. Medications known to be teratogenic, leading to a specific pattern of malformations, include mycophenolic acid, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide. These should be discontinued prior to a planned pregnancy or as soon as pregnancy is suspected. Hydroxychloroquine is safe and should be continued throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding in those without contraindications to it. Azathioprine and calcineurin inhibitors are felt to be compatible with pregnancy in usual doses and may be used prior to and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Non-fluorinated corticosteroids including methylprednisolone and prednisone are inactivated by the placenta and can be used if needed for maternal indication during gestation. Addition of aspirin may be considered around the 12th week of gestation for prevention of pre-eclampsia. Illustrative cases are presented that demonstrate management of adolescents with childhood-onset SLE through conception, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bitencourt
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8884, USA
| | - Bonnie L Bermas
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8884, USA.
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Sammaritano LR, Bermas BL. Management of pregnancy and lactation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2018; 32:750-766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hiramatsu Y, Yoshida S, Kotani T, Nakamura E, Kimura Y, Fujita D, Nagayasu Y, Shabana K, Makino S, Takeuchi T, Arawaka S. Changes in the blood level, efficacy, and safety of tacrolimus in pregnancy and the lactation period in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2018; 27:2245-2252. [PMID: 30394835 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318809178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) by monitoring its serum concentration for mothers and infants in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We measured trough concentrations of TAC in 25 pregnant patients with SLE to assess influence of TAC on the disease activity. Additionally, we measured the concentrations of TAC in umbilical arterial blood, breast milk, and breastfed infants to investigate the safety of TAC for the mothers and infants. RESULTS The trough concentrations of TAC in the mothers significantly decreased in the second trimester as compared with those before pregnancy. However, the decrease in the trough concentrations of TAC did not lead to the deterioration of SLE. When examined, the doses of TAC were significantly lower in the second trimester and postpartum in the deteriorating group than those in the non-deteriorating group. There were no adverse events by TAC in mothers and fetuses. The concentrations of TAC in the umbilical cord blood were lower than those in the maternal blood. The relative infant dose in breastfed infants of TAC was < 1%. The level of TAC in infant bloods was below detectable limits. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TAC is one of the most effective and safest immunosuppressive drugs for use in pregnant patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiramatsu
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Yoshida
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Arisawa General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kotani
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - E Nakamura
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Kimura
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - D Fujita
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Nagayasu
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Shabana
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Makino
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Takeuchi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Arawaka
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Moroni G, Ponticelli C. Important considerations in pregnant patients with lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:489-498. [PMID: 29764231 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1476139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last few decades, identification of predictors of pregnancy outcome and appropriate pregnancy planning have significantly reduced the maternal and fetal risks in pregnant women with lupus nephritis. Areas covered: Successful pregnancies have been reported even in women with chronic renal disease and renal insufficiency. However, refractory hypertension and severe renal or cardiac chronic dysfunction are still considered contraindications to pregnancy. Pre-term delivery and fetal growth restriction may still occur in SLE patients more frequently than in healthy women, even in pregnancies regularly planned and monitored by a team of nephrologists and gynaecologists. Expert commentary: Stable disease remission is the most important factor for a successful pregnancy. In case of flare-ups of lupus, timely diagnosis and appropriate management may ensure a successful outcome in the majority of pregnant women. The negative role of anti-phospholipid antibodies and of chronic arterial hypertension may be countered with appropriate anticoagulation and anti-hypertensive therapy. Further studies are needed to better assess the possible impact of pregnancy on the long-term outcome of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Moroni
- a Nephrology Unit , Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospdale Maggiore Policlinico Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Claudio Ponticelli
- a Nephrology Unit , Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS Ospdale Maggiore Policlinico Milano , Milano , Italy
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Abstract
Pregnancy associated with lupus, especially lupus nephritis, is often fraught with concern for both the mother and fetus. Thus, it is paramount that care begins preconception so that proper planning in terms of optimizing the medical regimen, discontinuation of fetotoxic agents, and treatment of active disease can occur. It is well known that active nephritis at the time of conception is associated with poor outcomes. Even with quiescent disease, recent data indicate that being lupus anticoagulant-positive, nonwhite or Hispanic, and using antihypertensive medications were all predictors of worse pregnancy outcomes. Further, prior lupus nephritis also predicts higher rates of preeclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome. Differentiating lupus nephritis from preeclampsia often presents as a conundrum, but lupus nephritis can be confirmed by the presence of decreasing complement levels and increasing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody levels in addition to new onset hypertension and proteinuria. We hope that the more mechanistic approach of measuring angiogenic markers, which are diagnostic for preeclampsia, will be the standard of care in the future. Women with lupus and prior lupus nephritis can have successful pregnancies, but outcomes are dependent on "the art of planning" as well as close communication between the obstetrician, the nephrologist, and the rheumatologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Lightstone
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Renal Medicine and Vascular Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Michelle A Hladunewich
- Divisions of Nephrology and Obstetric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wiles K, Lightstone L. Glomerular Disease in Women. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:258-270. [PMID: 29725630 PMCID: PMC5932310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences exist in the prevalence of glomerular diseases. Data based on histological diagnosis underestimate the prevalence of preeclampsia, which is almost certainly the commonest glomerular disease in the world, and uniquely gender-specific. Glomerular disease affects fertility via disease activity, the therapeutic use of cyclophosphamide, and underlying chronic kidney disease. Techniques to preserve fertility during chemotherapy and risk minimization of artificial reproductive techniques are considered. The risks, benefits, and effectiveness of different contraceptive methods for women with glomerular disease are outlined. Glomerular disease increases the risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancy, including preeclampsia; yet, diagnosis of preeclampsia is complicated by the presence of hypertension and proteinuria that precede pregnancy. The role of renal biopsy in pregnancy is examined, in addition to the use of emerging angiogenic biomarkers. The safety of drugs prescribed for glomerular disease in relation to reproductive health is detailed. The impact of both gender and pregnancy on long-term prognosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Wiles
- Obstetric Nephrology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
- Correspondence: Liz Lightstone, Section of Renal Medicine and Vascular Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Ichinose K, Sato S, Kitajima Y, Horai Y, Fujikawa K, Umeda M, Fukui S, Nishino A, Koga T, Kawashiri SY, Iwamoto N, Tamai M, Nakamura H, Origuchi T, Yasuhi I, Masuzaki H, Kawakami A. The efficacy of adjunct tacrolimus treatment in pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2018; 27:1312-1320. [PMID: 29665758 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318770536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves multiple organ systems and primarily affects women during their reproductive years. Pregnancy in a woman with SLE may lead to higher rates of disease flares. Little is known regarding which medications are safe to maintain remission and/or treat flares throughout such pregnancies. Here we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of tacrolimus (TAC) in the pregnancy outcomes of SLE patients. We studied the 54 deliveries of 40 SLE patients over an eight-year period from 2008 to 2016. We used analyses of covariance with adjustments for the propensity score and inverse probability of treatment weights to compare the patient backgrounds between the TAC users and non-TAC users. TAC was administered to the patient in 15 of the 54 (27.8%) pregnancies, and these patients had a significantly higher dose of prednisolone, hypocomplementemia, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, past history of lupus nephritis, and complication with antiphospholipid syndrome. In the adjusted background of the TAC deliveries, the risks of decreased fetal body weight, low birth weight infant, non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS), and preterm birth were not increased compared to the non-TAC deliveries. Thrombocytopenia and hypertension during the pregnancy were extracted as independent predictive risk factors for decreased fetal body weight and NRFS, respectively. We had anticipated that the maternal and fetal outcomes in the TAC-use deliveries would be poor before the analysis; however, the TAC-use group showed no significant difference in risks contributing to outcomes compared to the non-TAC group, suggesting that adjunct TAC treatment corrected various risk factors during the lupus pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ichinose
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - S Sato
- 2 Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Y Kitajima
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Y Horai
- 4 Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - K Fujikawa
- 5 Department of Rheumatology, JCHO Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - M Umeda
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - S Fukui
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Nishino
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Koga
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - S Y Kawashiri
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N Iwamoto
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Tamai
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Origuchi
- 6 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - I Yasuhi
- 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - H Masuzaki
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Kawakami
- 1 Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Colla L, Diena D, Rossetti M, Manzione AM, Marozio L, Benedetto C, Biancone L. Immunosuppression in pregnant women with renal disease: review of the latest evidence in the biologics era. J Nephrol 2018; 31:361-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mok CC. Calcineurin inhibitors in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:429-438. [PMID: 29224682 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) belong to a group of immunosuppressive agents that block T-cell activation through the suppression of the calcium/calcimodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Agents such as cyclosporine A (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) have long been used in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TAC is preferred to CSA in SLE because of the lower frequency of cosmetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemic adverse effects. Recent randomised controlled trials have demonstrated noninferiority of TAC to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or cyclophosphamide (CYC) for induction therapy of lupus nephritis. Low-dose combination of TAC and MMF has also been shown to outperform CYC pulses in inducing remission of lupus nephritis in Chinese patients. TAC does not affect fertility and is relatively safe in pregnancy. In SLE patients who are intolerant or refractory to conventional immunosuppressives, or where contraindications to other immunosuppressive agents exist, TAC is an alternative option. However, the therapeutic window of TAC is narrow, and drug level monitoring is required to ensure drug exposure and minimise toxicities. Current evidence of TAC in lupus nephritis is limited to 6 months, and its long-term safety as maintenance therapy of SLE is yet to be determined. Newer chemical analogues of CNIs, such as voclosporin, with less variable plasma concentration are being tested in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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40
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Knight CL, Nelson-Piercy C. Management of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy: challenges and solutions. Open Access Rheumatol 2017; 9:37-53. [PMID: 28331377 PMCID: PMC5354538 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s87828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease predominantly affecting women, particularly those of childbearing age. SLE provides challenges in the prepregnancy, antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum periods for these women, and for the medical, obstetric, and midwifery teams who provide their care. As with many medical conditions in pregnancy, the best maternal and fetal-neonatal outcomes are obtained with a planned pregnancy and a cohesive multidisciplinary approach. Effective prepregnancy risk assessment and counseling includes exploration of factors for poor pregnancy outcome, discussion of risks, and appropriate planning for pregnancy, with consideration of discussion of relative contraindications to pregnancy. In pregnancy, early referral for hospital-coordinated care, involvement of obstetricians and rheumatologists (and other specialists as required), an individual management plan, regular reviews, and early recognition of flares and complications are all important. Women are at risk of lupus flares, worsening renal impairment, onset of or worsening hypertension, preeclampsia, and/or venous thromboembolism, and miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and/or neonatal lupus syndrome (congenital heart block or neonatal lupus erythematosus). A cesarean section may be required in certain obstetric contexts (such as urgent preterm delivery for maternal and/or fetal well-being), but vaginal birth should be the aim for the majority of women. Postnatally, an ongoing individual management plan remains important, with neonatal management where necessary and rheumatology followup. This article explores the challenges at each stage of pregnancy, discusses the effect of SLE on pregnancy and vice versa, and reviews antirheumatic medications with the latest guidance about their use and safety in pregnancy. Such information is required to effectively and safely manage each stage of pregnancy in women with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Knight
- Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London and King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London and King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
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Webster P, Lightstone L, McKay DB, Josephson MA. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1047-1056. [PMID: 28209334 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects up to 6% of women of childbearing age in high income countries, and is estimated to affect 3% of pregnant women. Advanced renal dysfunction, proteinuria, hypertension, and poorly controlled underlying primary renal disease are all significant risks for adverse maternal, fetal, and renal outcomes. In order to achieve the best outcomes, it is therefore of paramount importance that these pregnancies are planned, where possible, to allow the opportunity to counsel women and their partners in advance and to optimize these risks. These pregnancies should be deemed high risk and they require close antenatal monitoring from an expert multidisciplinary team. We discuss the effect of pregnancy on CKD, and also current guidelines and literature with specific reference to transplantation, autoimmune disease, and medication use in pregnancy. We also discuss the benefits of prepregnancy counseling and give practical recommendations to advise pregnant women with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Webster
- Section of Renal Medicine and Vascular Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Section of Renal Medicine and Vascular Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Webster P, Nelson-Piercy C, Lightstone L. A complicated multisystem flare of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2016-217546. [PMID: 28179384 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-217546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a young woman who became pregnant amid a severe flare. She continued to have active disease in the face of aggressive treatments complicated by several side effects of immunosuppressive drugs including recurrent sepsis and gestational diabetes. Her fetus was at risk for congenital heart block during the second and third trimesters. Despite an extremely guarded prognosis, she delivered a healthy baby girl. This case highlights the complexities of SLE management during pregnancy. We discuss the therapeutic options available in pregnancy, and highlight the importance of cross-specialty multidisciplinary care in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Webster
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Women's Directorate Office, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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43
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Hladunewich MA, Bramham K, Jim B, Maynard S. Managing glomerular disease in pregnancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:i48-i56. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kraaij T, Bredewold OW, Trompet S, Huizinga TWJ, Rabelink TJ, de Craen AJM, Teng YKO. TAC-TIC use of tacrolimus-based regimens in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 2016; 3:e000169. [PMID: 28123768 PMCID: PMC5237713 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2016-000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current guidelines do not mention tacrolimus (TAC) as a treatment option and no consensus has been reported on the role of TAC in lupus nephritis (LN). The present study aimed to guide clinical judgement on the use of TAC in patients with LN. A meta-analysis was performed for clinical studies investigating TAC regimens in LN on the basis of treatment target (induction or maintenance), concomitant immunosuppression and quality of the data. 23 clinical studies performed in patients with LN were identified: 6 case series, 9 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies and 6 randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Of the 6 RCTs, 5 RCTs investigated TAC regimens as induction treatment and 1 RCT as maintenance treatment. Five RCTs investigated TAC in combination with steroids and 2 TAC with mycophenolate plus steroids. All RCTs were performed in patients of Asian ethnicity. In a meta-analysis, TAC regimens achieved a significantly higher total response (relative risk (RR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.34, p<0.05) and significantly higher complete response (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.77, p<0.05). The positive outcome was predominantly defined by the largest RCT investigating TAC with mycophenolate plus steroids. Regarding safety, the occurrence of leucopoenia was significantly lower, while the occurrence of increased creatine was higher. Clinical studies on TAC regimens for LN are limited to patients of Asian ethnicity and hampered by significant heterogeneity. The positive results on clinical efficacy of TAC as induction treatment in LN cannot be extrapolated beyond Asian patients with LN. Therefore, further confirmation in multiethnic, randomised trials is mandatory. Until then, TAC can be considered in selected patients with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Kraaij
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Clinic for Lupus-, Vasculitis and Complement-Mediated Systemic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Obbo W Bredewold
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Clinic for Lupus-, Vasculitis and Complement-Mediated Systemic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Clinic for Lupus-, Vasculitis and Complement-Mediated Systemic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Clinic for Lupus-, Vasculitis and Complement-Mediated Systemic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Y K Onno Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Clinic for Lupus-, Vasculitis and Complement-Mediated Systemic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Tratamiento de las gestantes con enfermedades reumáticas o autoinmunitarias sistémicas con fármacos inmunodepresores y biológicos. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:352-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Reproductive issues including contraception, fertility, and pregnancy are important components of the comprehensive care of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE pregnancies are complicated due to risk for maternal disease exacerbation and potential for fetal and neonatal complications. Pre-pregnancy assessment is important to identify patients with severe disease-related damage who should avoid pregnancy, counsel patients to conceive when disease has been stable and inactive on appropriate medications, and assess relevant risk factors including renal disease, antiphospholipid antibody, and anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B antibodies. With careful planning, monitoring, and care, most women with SLE can anticipate a successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Sammaritano
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021;
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47
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Kronbichler A, Neumann I, Mayer G. Moderator's view: The use of calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1572-6. [PMID: 27591329 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting ∼50% of patients, and both renal disease and treatment-related toxicity contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Although our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of LN is improving, treatment still remains a challenge, with the achievement of complete remission at 1 year in <50% of patients treated with current standard of care immunosuppressive therapy; this is associated with considerable short- and long-term side effects, some of which further contribute to non-adherence. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have been successfully used in organ transplantation and there is increasing evidence that cyclosporin A (CSA), and especially tacrolimus (TAC), are also effective in the treatment of LN. Randomised controlled trials showed similar efficacy for TAC when compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and multitarget therapy, including TAC and low-dose MMF, and resulted in significantly more complete remissions and overall responses compared with intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC). Flares are observed in up to 45% of patients with LN, and an increase in relapse rate following induction with CNIs may be an issue. Most studies on this matter have been restricted to patients from Asia, and studies in more balanced cohorts are desirable. Moreover, there is a need to understand and determine the long-term effects of CNIs on renal function, proteinuria and comorbidities, with a special focus on cardiovascular risk. In this 'Pros and Cons' debate, the potential benefits and disadvantages of CNIs in the treatment of LN will be critically highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irmgard Neumann
- vasculitis.at, Esslinggasse 18, 1010 Vienna 1010, Austria Immunologie-Zentrum Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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48
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Mok CC. Pro: The use of calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1561-6. [PMID: 27591327 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) carries significant morbidity and mortality. Cyclophosphamide (CYC)- and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-based induction regimens are not ideal in terms of efficacy and toxicity. The adverse effects of CYC, such as infection risk, infertility, urotoxicity and oncogenicity, limit its use in lupus nephritis. Although MMF is non-inferior to CYC as induction therapy and has reduced gonadal toxicity and oncogenic potential, meta-analyses of clinical trials do not show a lower rate of infective and gastrointestinal complications. Tacrolimus (TAC) has recently been shown to have equal efficacy to either MMF or CYC for inducing remission of lupus nephritis. A low-dose combination of MMF and TAC appears to be more effective than intravenous CYC pulses in Chinese patients, and has potential to replace the more toxic CYC regimens in high-risk subgroups. TAC may be considered as another non-CYC alternative for induction therapy of lupus nephritis and in those with refractory disease or intolerance to CYC or MMF. TAC has no negative effect on fertility in younger women, and unlike MMF and CYC, it is safe in pregnancy. However, TAC has a narrow therapeutic window and drug level monitoring is required to ensure drug exposure and minimize acute toxicities. Current evidence for the efficacy of TAC in lupus nephritis is limited to 6 months and the incidence of renal flare after discontinuation of therapy or switching to azathioprine appears to be higher than other induction agents. Long-term data and the incidence of chronic nephrotoxicity of TAC as maintenance therapy in lupus nephritis are currently lacking and further prospective trials are needed to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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49
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Abstract
The management of lupus nephritis in pregnancy presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for providers. Pregnancy creates a series of physiologic changes in the immune system and kidney that may result in an increased risk of disease flare and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal loss, and preterm delivery. Conception should be delayed until disease is in remission to ensure the best pregnancy outcomes. Maternal disease activity and fetal well-being should be monitored closely by an interdisciplinary team, including obstetricians, rheumatologists, and nephrologists throughout pregnancy. Careful attention must be paid to the dosing and potential teratogenicity of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Kattah
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vesna D Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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50
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Andreoli L, Bertsias GK, Agmon-Levin N, Brown S, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Doria A, Fischer-Betz R, Forger F, Moraes-Fontes MF, Khamashta M, King J, Lojacono A, Marchiori F, Meroni PL, Mosca M, Motta M, Ostensen M, Pamfil C, Raio L, Schneider M, Svenungsson E, Tektonidou M, Yavuz S, Boumpas D, Tincani A. EULAR recommendations for women's health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:476-485. [PMID: 27457513 PMCID: PMC5446003 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Develop recommendations for women's health issues and family planning in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Methods Systematic review of evidence followed by modified Delphi method to compile questions, elicit expert opinions and reach consensus. Results Family planning should be discussed as early as possible after diagnosis. Most women can have successful pregnancies and measures can be taken to reduce the risks of adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Risk stratification includes disease activity, autoantibody profile, previous vascular and pregnancy morbidity, hypertension and the use of drugs (emphasis on benefits from hydroxychloroquine and antiplatelets/anticoagulants). Hormonal contraception and menopause replacement therapy can be used in patients with stable/inactive disease and low risk of thrombosis. Fertility preservation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues should be considered prior to the use of alkylating agents. Assisted reproduction techniques can be safely used in patients with stable/inactive disease; patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies/APS should receive anticoagulation and/or low-dose aspirin. Assessment of disease activity, renal function and serological markers is important for diagnosing disease flares and monitoring for obstetrical adverse outcomes. Fetal monitoring includes Doppler ultrasonography and fetal biometry, particularly in the third trimester, to screen for placental insufficiency and small for gestational age fetuses. Screening for gynaecological malignancies is similar to the general population, with increased vigilance for cervical premalignant lesions if exposed to immunosuppressive drugs. Human papillomavirus immunisation can be used in women with stable/inactive disease. Conclusions Recommendations for women's health issues in SLE and/or APS were developed using an evidence-based approach followed by expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andreoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - G K Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - N Agmon-Levin
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - S Brown
- Royal National Hospital For Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, UK
| | - R Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - N Costedoat-Chalumeau
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - R Fischer-Betz
- Policlinic of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Unit, University Clinic Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - F Forger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M F Moraes-Fontes
- Unidade de Doenças Auto-imunes-Serviço Medicina Interna 7.2, Hospital Curry Cabral/Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, NEDAI/SPMI, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Khamashta
- Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J King
- EULAR PARE Patient Research Partner, London, UK
| | - A Lojacono
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Marchiori
- EULAR PARE Patient Research Partner, Rome, Italy
| | - P L Meroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Mosca
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Motta
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Ostensen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Pregnancy and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Pamfil
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L Raio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
| | - M Schneider
- Policlinic of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Unit, University Clinic Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - E Svenungsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Tektonidou
- Rheumatology Unit, Joint Academic Rheumatology Programme, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Yavuz
- Department of Rheumatology, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Esentepe-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Boumpas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Tincani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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