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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by aberrant production of
auto-antibodies and a sexual dimorphism both in the phenotypic expression and
frequency of the disease between males and females. The striking female
predominance was initially attributed primarily to sex hormones. However, recent
data challenge this simplistic view and point more towards genetic and
epigenetic factors accounting for this difference. More specifically, several
SLE-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to play an
important role in the gender predilection in SLE. Their effect is mediated
through their involvement in sex-hormone and immune system signalling and
dysregulation of the expression of genes and miRNAs pertinent to the immune
system. Additionally, the genetic factors are interchangeably associated with
epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification, thus
revealing a highly complex network of responsible mechanisms. Of importance,
disturbance in the epigenetic process of X chromosome inactivation in females as
well as in rare X chromosome abnormalities leads to increased expression of
X-linked immune-related genes and miRNAs, which might predispose females to SLE.
Microbiota dysbiosis has also been implicated in the sexual dimorphism by the
production of oestrogens within the gut and the regulation of
oestrogen-responsive immune-related genes. Sexual dimorphism in SLE is an area
of active research, and elucidation of its molecular basis may facilitate
ongoing efforts towards personalized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A A Christou
- 1 Laboratory of Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Banos
- 1 Laboratory of Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Kosmara
- 2 Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.,3 Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - G K Bertsias
- 2 Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.,3 Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - D T Boumpas
- 1 Laboratory of Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,4 Joint Rheumatology Program, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,5 Rheumatology-Clinical immunology Unit, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Andreoli L, Bertsias GK, Agmon-Levin N, Brown S, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Doria A, Fischer-Betz R, Forger F, Moraes-Fontes MF, Khamashta M, King J, Lojacono A, Marchiori F, Meroni PL, Mosca M, Motta M, Ostensen M, Pamfil C, Raio L, Schneider M, Svenungsson E, Tektonidou M, Yavuz S, Boumpas D, Tincani A. EULAR recommendations for women's health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:476-485. [PMID: 27457513 PMCID: PMC5446003 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Develop recommendations for women's health issues and family planning in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Methods Systematic review of evidence followed by modified Delphi method to compile questions, elicit expert opinions and reach consensus. Results Family planning should be discussed as early as possible after diagnosis. Most women can have successful pregnancies and measures can be taken to reduce the risks of adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Risk stratification includes disease activity, autoantibody profile, previous vascular and pregnancy morbidity, hypertension and the use of drugs (emphasis on benefits from hydroxychloroquine and antiplatelets/anticoagulants). Hormonal contraception and menopause replacement therapy can be used in patients with stable/inactive disease and low risk of thrombosis. Fertility preservation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues should be considered prior to the use of alkylating agents. Assisted reproduction techniques can be safely used in patients with stable/inactive disease; patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies/APS should receive anticoagulation and/or low-dose aspirin. Assessment of disease activity, renal function and serological markers is important for diagnosing disease flares and monitoring for obstetrical adverse outcomes. Fetal monitoring includes Doppler ultrasonography and fetal biometry, particularly in the third trimester, to screen for placental insufficiency and small for gestational age fetuses. Screening for gynaecological malignancies is similar to the general population, with increased vigilance for cervical premalignant lesions if exposed to immunosuppressive drugs. Human papillomavirus immunisation can be used in women with stable/inactive disease. Conclusions Recommendations for women's health issues in SLE and/or APS were developed using an evidence-based approach followed by expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andreoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - G K Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - N Agmon-Levin
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - S Brown
- Royal National Hospital For Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, UK
| | - R Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - N Costedoat-Chalumeau
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - R Fischer-Betz
- Policlinic of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Unit, University Clinic Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - F Forger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M F Moraes-Fontes
- Unidade de Doenças Auto-imunes-Serviço Medicina Interna 7.2, Hospital Curry Cabral/Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, NEDAI/SPMI, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Khamashta
- Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J King
- EULAR PARE Patient Research Partner, London, UK
| | - A Lojacono
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Marchiori
- EULAR PARE Patient Research Partner, Rome, Italy
| | - P L Meroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Mosca
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Motta
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Ostensen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Pregnancy and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Pamfil
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L Raio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
| | - M Schneider
- Policlinic of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Unit, University Clinic Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - E Svenungsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Tektonidou
- Rheumatology Unit, Joint Academic Rheumatology Programme, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Yavuz
- Department of Rheumatology, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Esentepe-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Boumpas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Tincani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JPA, Aringer M, Bollen E, Bombardieri S, Bruce IN, Cervera R, Dalakas M, Doria A, Hanly JG, Huizinga TWJ, Isenberg D, Kallenberg C, Piette JC, Schneider M, Scolding N, Smolen J, Stara A, Tassiulas I, Tektonidou M, Tincani A, van Buchem MA, van Vollenhoven R, Ward M, Gordon C, Boumpas DT. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:2074-82. [PMID: 20724309 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.130476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) manifestations. METHODS The authors compiled questions on prevalence and risk factors, diagnosis and monitoring, therapy and prognosis of NPSLE. A systematic literature search was performed and evidence was categorised based on sample size and study design. RESULTS Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are at increased risk of several neuropsychiatric manifestations. Common (cumulative incidence > 5%) manifestations include cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and seizures; relatively uncommon (1-5%) are severe cognitive dysfunction, major depression, acute confusional state (ACS), peripheral nervous disorders psychosis. Strong risk factors (at least fivefold increased risk) are previous or concurrent severe NPSLE (for cognitive dysfunction, seizures) and antiphospholipid antibodies (for CVD, seizures, chorea). The diagnostic work-up of suspected NPSLE is comparable to that in patients without SLE who present with the same manifestations, and aims to exclude causes unrelated to SLE. Investigations include cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to exclude central nervous system infection), EEG (to diagnose seizure disorder), neuropsychological tests (to assess cognitive dysfunction), nerve conduction studies (for peripheral neuropathy) and MRI (T1/T2, fluid-attenuating inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging, enhanced T1 sequence). Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive therapy are indicated when NPSLE is thought to reflect an inflammatory process (optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, peripheral neuropathy, refractory seizures, psychosis, ACS) and in the presence of generalised lupus activity. Antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy is indicated when manifestations are related to antiphospholipid antibodies, particularly thrombotic CVD. CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE patients should be first evaluated and treated as in patients without SLE, and secondarily attributed to SLE and treated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Bertsias
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
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Karageorgaki ZT, Bertsias GK, Mavragani CP, Kritikos HD, Spyropoulou-Vlachou M, Drosos AA, Boumpas DT, Moutsopoulos HM. Takayasu arteritis: epidemiological, clinical, and immunogenetic features in Greece. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009; 27:S33-S39. [PMID: 19646344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an uncommon disease with clinical heterogeneity across different ethnic groups. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and immuno-genetic features of TA in Greece. METHODS Demographic, clinical, laboratory, angiographic, and therapeutic data of 42 patients from 4 large referral centers were retrieved. Serology and Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) typing was performed in 22 patients. RESULTS We studied 37 women and 5 men with a median age of 31 years at disease onset. Median delay in diagnosis was 24 months and median follow-up was 47 months (range 0-178). Constitutional or musculoskeletal symptoms were present in 86%, especially early in the disease course. Vascular findings were universal with reduced or absent pulse being the most common manifestation (98%). Hypertension was frequent (78%). Extensive disease prevailed and stenotic lesions were more common than aneurysms (95% vs. 40%). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein showed modest correlation with disease activity. HLA-B52 was expressed by 37% of the patients vs. 2.4% of the controls (p<0.001). Glucocorticoids and cytotoxic agents were used in most patients with remission rates of 83%. A total of 42 surgical procedures were performed with success rates of 87%. CONCLUSION TA in Greece clinically and epidemiologically resembles the pattern of disease in Japan and the Western hemisphere. There is considerable delay in diagnosis, which may partially reflect failure to recognize a rare disease. New surrogate markers are needed to assess disease activity. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of treatment and cytotoxic drugs are frequently used as steroid sparing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Karageorgaki
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Agios Dimitrios General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JPA, Boletis J, Bombardieri S, Cervera R, Dostal C, Font J, Gilboe IM, Houssiau F, Huizinga T, Isenberg D, Kallenberg CGM, Khamashta M, Piette JC, Schneider M, Smolen J, Sturfelt G, Tincani A, van Vollenhoven R, Boumpas DT, Gordon C. EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus: literature based evidence for the selection of endpoints: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:477-83. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.083030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective:To assess available evidence on the use of end-points (outcome measures) in clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as a part of the development of evidence-based recommendations for points to consider in clinical trials in SLE.Methods:The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Task Force on SLE comprised 19 specialists, a clinical epidemiologist and a research fellow. Key questions addressing the evidence for clinical trial end-points in SLE were compiled using the Delphi technique. A systematic search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was performed using McMaster/Hedges clinical query strategies and an array of relevant terms. Evidence was categorised based on sample size and type of design, and the categories of available evidence were identified for each recommendation. The strength of recommendation was assessed based on the category of available evidence and agreement on the statements was measured across the 19 specialists.Results:Eight questions were generated regarding end-points for clinical trials. The evidence to support each proposition was evaluated. The literature review revealed that most outcome measures used in phase 2/3 trials in SLE have not been formally validated in clinical trials, although some indirect validation has been undertaken.Conclusion:This systematic literature review forms the evidence base considered in the development of the EULAR recommendations for end-points in clinical trials in SLE.
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Karvounaris SA, Sidiropoulos PI, Papadakis JA, Spanakis EK, Bertsias GK, Kritikos HD, Ganotakis ES, Boumpas DT. Metabolic syndrome is common among middle-to-older aged Mediterranean patients with rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with disease activity: a retrospective, cross-sectional, controlled, study. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 66:28-33. [PMID: 16793841 PMCID: PMC1798406 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.053488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS)-a major contributor to CVD-in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relationship with rheumatoid arthritis related factors is investigated here. METHODS 200 outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis (147 women and 53 men), with a mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 63 (11) years, and 400 age and sex-matched controls were studied. MetS was assessed according to the adult treatment panel III criteria and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity by the disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28). A standard clinical evaluation was carried out, and a health and lifestyle questionnaire was completed. RESULTS The overall prevalence of MetS was 44% in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 41% in controls (p = 0.5). Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were more likely to have low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with controls (p = 0.02), whereas controls were more likely to have increased waist circumference or raised blood pressure (p = 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for demographics and rheumatoid arthritis treatment modalities, the risk of having moderate-to-high disease activity (DAS28>3.2) was significantly higher in patients with MetS compared with those with no MetS components (OR 9.24, 95% CI 1.49 to 57.2, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION A high, albeit comparable to the control population, prevalence of MetS was found in middle-to-older aged patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The correlation of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity with MetS suggests that the increased prevalence of coronary heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may, at least in part, be attributed to the inflammatory burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Karvounaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete, Medical School, Voutes 71500, Heraklion, Greece
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