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Rahi V, Kaundal RK. Exploring the intricacies of calcium dysregulation in ischemic stroke: Insights into neuronal cell death and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2024; 347:122651. [PMID: 38642844 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) dysregulation is one of the main causes of neuronal cell death and brain damage after cerebral ischemia. During ischemic stroke, the ability of neurons to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis is compromised. Ca2+ regulates various functions of the nervous system, including neuronal activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Disruptions in Ca2+ homeostasis can trigger a cascade of events, including activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This response occurs when the cell is unable to manage protein folding within the ER due to various stressors, such as a high influx of Ca2+. Consequently, the UPR is initiated to restore ER function and alleviate stress, but prolonged activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and, ultimately, cell death. Hence, precise regulation of Ca2+ within the cell is mandatory. The ER and mitochondria are two such organelles that maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis through various calcium-operating channels, including ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCAs), the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs). These channels utilize Ca2+ sequestering and release mechanisms to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and ensure proper cellular function and survival. The present review critically evaluates the significance of Ca2+ and its physiological role in cerebral ischemia. We have compiled recent findings on calcium's role and emerging treatment strategies, particularly targeting mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, to address Ca2+ overload in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226 002, India
| | - Ravinder K Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226 002, India.
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Maccecchini ML, Mould DR. Comparative Analysis of Posiphen Pharmacokinetics across Different Species-Similar Absorption and Metabolism in Mouse, Rat, Dog and Human. Biomolecules 2024; 14:582. [PMID: 38785991 PMCID: PMC11117716 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Posiphen is a small molecule that exhibits neuroprotective properties by targeting multiple neurotoxic proteins involved in axonal transport, synaptic transmission, neuroinflammation, and cell death. Its broad-spectrum effects make it a promising candidate for treating neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Despite extensive investigation with animal models and human subjects, a comprehensive comparative analysis of Posiphen's pharmacokinetics across studies remains elusive. Here, we address this gap by examining the metabolic profiles of Posiphen and its breakdown into two primary metabolites-N1 and N8-across species by measuring their concentrations in plasma, brain, and CSF using the LC-MS/MS method. While all three compounds effectively inhibit neurotoxic proteins, the N1 metabolite is associated with adverse effects. Our findings reveal the species-specific behavior of Posiphen, with both Posiphen and N8 being predominant in various species, while N1 remains a minor constituent, supporting the drug's safety. Moreover, in plasma, Posiphen consistently showed fast clearance of all metabolites within 8 h in animal models and in human subjects, whereas in CSF or brain, the compound has an extended half-life of over 12 h. Combining all our human data and analyzing them by population pharmacokinetics showed that there are no differences between healthy volunteers, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's patients. It also showed that Posiphen is absorbed and metabolized in a similar fashion across all animal species and human groups tested. These observations have critical implications for understanding the drug's safety, therapeutic effect, and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane R. Mould
- Projections Research Inc., 535 Springview Lane, Phoenixville, PA 19460, USA;
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Tang X, Wu L, Zhu J, Xu M, Li S, Zeng G, Zhu S, Jiang Y. GABAergic neurons differentiated from BDNF- and Dlx2-modified neural stem cells restore disrupted neural circuits in brainstem stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:170. [PMID: 37365654 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brainstem stroke causes severe and persistent neurological impairment. Due to the limited spontaneous recovery and regeneration of the disrupted neural circuits, transplantation of exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) was an alternative, while there were limitations for primitive NSCs. METHODS We established a mouse model of brainstem stroke by injecting endothelin in the right pons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)- and distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2)-modified NSCs were transplanted to treat brainstem stroke. Transsynaptic viral tracking, immunostaining, magnetic resonance imaging, behavioral testing, and whole-cell patch clamp recordings were applied to probe the pathophysiology and therapeutic prospects of BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs. RESULTS GABAergic neurons were predominantly lost after the brainstem stroke. No endogenous NSCs were generated in situ or migrated from the neurogenesis niches within the brainstem infarct region. Co-overexpressions of BDNF and Dlx2 not only promoted the survival of NSCs, but also boosted the differentiation of NSCs into GABAergic neurons. Results from transsynaptic virus tracking, immunostaining, and evidence from whole-cell patch clamping revealed the morphological and functional integration of the grafted BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs-derived neurons with the host neural circuits. Neurological function was improved by transplantation of BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs in brainstem stroke. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs differentiated into GABAergic neurons, integrated into and reconstituted the host neural networks, and alleviated the ischemic injury. It thus provided a potential therapeutic strategy for brainstem stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Juehua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mindong Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Guanfeng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shuanggen Zhu
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 187 Guanlan West Road, Shenzhen, 518110, China.
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, China.
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Luo F, Wang J, Zhang Z, You Z, Bedolla A, Okwubido-Williams F, Huang LF, Silver J, Luo Y. Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111137. [PMID: 35905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuroprotective strategies, neuroregenerative processes could provide targets for stroke recovery. However, the upregulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) impedes innate regenerative efforts. Here, we examine the regulatory role of PTPσ (a major proteoglycan receptor) in dampening post-stroke recovery. Use of a receptor modulatory peptide (ISP) or Ptprs gene deletion leads to increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced NSCs migration upon inhibitory CSPG substrates. Post-stroke ISP treatment results in increased axonal sprouting as well as neuroblast migration deeply into the lesion scar with a transcriptional signature reflective of repair. Lastly, peptide treatment post-stroke (initiated acutely or more chronically at 7 days) results in improved behavioral recovery in both motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, we propose that CSPGs induced by stroke play a predominant role in the regulation of neural repair and that blocking CSPG signaling pathways will lead to enhanced neurorepair and functional recovery in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - FearGod Okwubido-Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Intertwined Relation between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3335887. [PMID: 35528523 PMCID: PMC9072026 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3335887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke (IS), accumulation of the misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-induced oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as the indispensable inducers of secondary brain injury. With the increasing recognition of an association between ER stress and OS with ischemic stroke and with the improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism, novel targets for drug therapy and new strategies for therapeutic interventions are surfacing. This review discusses the molecular mechanism underlying ER stress and OS response as both causes and consequences of ischemic stroke. We also summarize the latest advances in understanding the importance of ER stress and OS in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and discuss potential strategies and clinical trials explicitly aiming to restore mitochondria and ER dynamics after IS.
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Chen A, Chen X, Deng J, Zheng X. Research advances in the role of endogenous neurogenesis on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:986452. [PMID: 36299701 PMCID: PMC9589272 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.986452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is the main cause of perinatal mortality and neurologic complications in neonates, but it remains difficult to cure due to scarce treatments and complex molecular mechanisms remaining incompletely explained. Recent, mounting evidence shows that endogenous neurogenesis can improve neonatal neurological dysfunction post-HIBD. However, the capacity for spontaneous endogenous neurogenesis is limited and insufficient for replacing neurons lost to brain damage. Therefore, it is of great clinical value and social significance to seek therapeutic techniques that promote endogenous neurogenesis, to reduce neonatal neurological dysfunction from HIBD. This review summarizes the known neuroprotective effects of, and treatments targeting, endogenous neurogenesis following neonatal HIBD, to provide available targets and directions and a theoretical basis for the treatment of neonatal neurological dysfunction from HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Emergency Medical Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Co-Constructed Laboratory of "Belt and Road", Fuzhou, China
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Luo F, Zhang Z, Barnett A, Bellinger TJ, Turcato F, Schmidt K, Luo Y. Cuprizone-induced demyelination under physiological and post-stroke condition leads to decreased neurogenesis response in adult mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113168. [PMID: 31904386 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limitation in treatment window of the rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator), the development of delayed treatment for stroke is needed. We previously reported that there is a difference in neurogenesis and neuroblast migration patterns in different mouse stroke models (proximal and distal middle cerebral artery occlusion models, pMCAo or dMCAo). Specifically, compared to robust neurogenesis and substantial migration of newly born neuroblasts in pMCAo model, dMCAo only illicit limited neurogenesis and migration of neuroblasts towards ischemic area. One potential reason for this difference is the relative location of ischemic area to white matter and the neurogenic niche (subventricular zone, SVZ). Specifically, white matter could serve as a physical barrier or inhibitory factor to neurogenesis and migration in the dMCAo model. Given that a major difference in human and rodent brains is the content of white matter in the brain, in this study, we further characterize these two models and test the important hypothesis that white matter is an important contributing inhibitory factor for the limited neurogenesis in the dMCAo model. We utilized a genetically inducible NSC-specific reporter mouse line (nestin-CreERT2-R26R-YFP) to label and track NSC proliferation, survival and differentiation in ischemic brain. To test whether myelin is inhibitory to neurogenesis in dMCAo model, we demyelinated mouse brains using cuprizone treatment after stroke and examined whether there is enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts cells in stroke mice treated with cuprizone. Our data suggests that demyelination of the brain does not result in enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts, supporting that myelin is not a major inhibitory factor for stroke-induced neurogenesis. In addition, our results suggest that in non-stroke mice, demyelination causes decreased neurogenesis in adult brain, indicating a potential positive role of myelin in maintenance of adult neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tania J Bellinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Flavia Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kelly Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
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Lan YL, Zou YJ, Lou JC, Xing JS, Wang X, Zou S, Ma BB, Ding Y, Zhang B. The sodium pump α1 subunit regulates bufalin sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:521-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gugliandolo A, Diomede F, Scionti D, Bramanti P, Trubiani O, Mazzon E. The Role of Hypoxia on the Neuronal Differentiation of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Transcriptional Study. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:538-552. [PMID: 30642188 PMCID: PMC7103605 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718814470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in stem cell therapy for regenerative
purposes. Oral-derived MSCs, such as gingival MSCs (GMSCs), deriving from the neural crest
seem more suitable to differentiate toward the neuronal lineage. In addition, the
preconditioning of MSCs may improve their beneficial effects. Since it is known that
hypoxia may influence stem cell properties, we were interested in evaluating the effects
of hypoxia preconditioning on the neuronal differentiation of GMSCs. With this aim, we
evaluated the transcriptional profile of GMSCs exposed to basal and neuroinductive medium
both in normoxia and in cells preconditioned for 48 h in hypoxia. We compared their
transcriptional profile using Next Generation Sequencing. At first we observed that
hypoxia did not alter cell morphology compared with the GMSCs cultured in a normoxic
condition. In order to understand hypoxia preconditioning effects on neuronal
differentiation, we screened genes with Log2 fold change ≥2 using the database Cortecon,
that collects gene expression data set of in vitro corticogenesis. We observed that
hypoxia preconditioning induced the expression of more genes associated with different
stages of cortical development. The common genes, expressed both in normoxia and hypoxia
preconditioning, were involved in developmental and neuronal processes. Interestingly, a
larger number of genes associated with development biology and neuronal process was
expressed in GMSCs differentiated after hypoxia preconditioning compared with those in
normoxia. In addition, hypoxic-preconditioned differentiated GMSCs showed a higher
expression of nestin, PAX6, and GAP43. Our data demonstrated that hypoxia preconditioning
enhanced the differentiation potential of GMSCs and induced the activation of a higher
number of genes associated with neuronal development. In conclusion, hypoxia may be used
to improve MSCs’ properties for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Diomede
- 2 Department of medical, oral and biotechnological sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Oriana Trubiani
- 2 Department of medical, oral and biotechnological sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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