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Schneider L, Schneider R, Hamza E, Wehner S. Extracellular matrix substrates differentially influence enteric glial cell homeostasis and immune reactivity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401751. [PMID: 39119341 PMCID: PMC11306135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enteric glial cells are important players in the control of motility, intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation. During inflammation, they switch into a reactive phenotype enabling them to release inflammatory mediators, thereby shaping the inflammatory environment. While a plethora of well-established in vivo models exist, cell culture models necessary to decipher the mechanistic pathways of enteric glial reactivity are less well standardized. In particular, the composition of extracellular matrices (ECM) can massively affect the experimental outcome. Considering the growing number of studies involving primary enteric glial cells, a better understanding of their homeostatic and inflammatory in vitro culture conditions is needed. Methods We examined the impact of different ECMs on enteric glial culture purity, network morphology and immune responsiveness. Therefore, we used immunofluorescence and brightfield microscopy, as well as 3' bulk mRNA sequencing. Additionally, we compared cultured cells with in vivo enteric glial transcriptomes isolated from Sox10iCreERT2Rpl22HA/+ mice. Results We identified Matrigel and laminin as superior over other coatings, including poly-L-ornithine, different lysines, collagens, and fibronectin, gaining the highest enteric glial purity and most extended glial networks expressing connexin-43 hemichannels allowing intercellular communication. Transcriptional analysis revealed strong similarities between enteric glia on Matrigel and laminin with enrichment of gene sets supporting neuronal differentiation, while cells on poly-L-ornithine showed enrichment related to cell proliferation. Comparing cultured and in vivo enteric glial transcriptomes revealed a 50% overlap independent of the used coating substrates. Inflammatory activation of enteric glia by IL-1β treatment showed distinct coating-dependent gene expression signatures, with an enrichment of genes related to myeloid and epithelial cell differentiation on Matrigel and laminin coatings, while poly-L-ornithine induced more gene sets related to lymphocyte differentiation. Discussion Together, changes in morphology, differentiation and immune activation of primary enteric glial cells proved a strong effect of the ECM. We identified Matrigel and laminin as pre-eminent substrates for murine enteric glial cultures. These new insights will help to standardize and improve enteric glial culture quality and reproducibility between in vitro studies in the future, allowing a better comparison of their functional role in enteric neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ohkura T, Burns AJ, Hotta R. Updates and Challenges in ENS Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Neurointestinal Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:229. [PMID: 38397466 PMCID: PMC10887039 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurointestinal diseases represent a significant challenge in clinical management with current palliative approaches failing to overcome disease and treatment-related morbidity. The recent progress with cell therapy to restore missing or defective components of the gut neuromusculature offers new hope for potential cures. This review discusses the progress that has been made in the sourcing of putative stem cells and the studies into their biology and therapeutic potential. We also explore some of the practical challenges that must be overcome before cell-based therapies can be applied in the clinical setting. Although a number of obstacles remain, the rapid advances made in the enteric neural stem cell field suggest that such therapies are on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohkura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (T.O.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Alan J. Burns
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (T.O.); (A.J.B.)
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (T.O.); (A.J.B.)
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Chen Y, Mu W, Wu Y, Xu J, Li X, Hu H, Wang S, Wang D, Hui B, Wang L, Dong Y, Chen W. Optogenetically modified human embryonic stem cell-derived otic neurons establish functional synaptic connection with cochlear nuclei. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241265198. [PMID: 39092452 PMCID: PMC11292720 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241265198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Spiral ganglia neurons (SGNs) impairment can cause deafness. One important therapeutic approach involves utilizing stem cells to restore impaired auditory circuitry. Nevertheless, the inadequate implementation of research methodologies poses a challenge in accurately assessing the functionality of derived cells within the circuit. Here, we describe a novel method for converting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into otic neurons (ONs) and assess their functional connectivity using an optogenetic approach with cells or an organotypic slice of rat cochlear nucleus (CN) in coculture. Embryonic stem cell-derived otic neurons (eONs) exhibited SGN marker expression and generated functional synaptic connection when cocultured with cochlear nucleus neurons (CNNs). Synapsin 1 and VGLUT expression are found in the cochlear nucleus of brain slices, where eONs projected processes during the coculture of eONs and CN brain slices. Action potential spikes and INa+/IK+ of CNNs increased in tandem with light stimulations to eONs. These findings provide further evidence that eONs may be a candidate source to treat SGN-deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai China
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Mu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai China
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Dali Wang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hui
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medical & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai China
- Institute of Wound Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Yuan H, Hu H, Chen R, Mu W, Wang L, Li Y, Chen Y, Ding X, Xi Y, Mao S, Jiang M, Chen J, He Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Tou J, Chen W. Premigratory neural crest stem cells generate enteric neurons populating the mouse colon and regulating peristalsis in tissue-engineered intestine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:922-938. [PMID: 33481357 PMCID: PMC8133337 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a common congenital defect. It occurs when bowel colonization by neural crest-derived enteric nervous system (ENS) precursors is incomplete during the first trimester of pregnancy. Several sources of candidate cells have been previously studied for their capacity to regenerate the ENS, including enteric neural crest stem cells (En-NCSCs) derived from native intestine or those simulated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, it is not yet known whether the native NCSCs other than En-NCSCs would have the potential of regenerating functional enteric neurons and producing neuron dependent motility under the intestinal environment. The present study was designed to determine whether premigratory NCSCs (pNCSCs), as a type of the nonenteric NCSCs, could form enteric neurons and mediate the motility. pNCSCs were firstly transplanted into the colon of adult mice, and were found to survive, migrate, differentiate into enteric neurons, and successfully integrate into the adult mouse colon. When the mixture of pNCSCs and human intestinal organoids was implanted into the subrenal capsule of nude mice and grown into the mature tissue-engineered intestine (TEI), the pNCSCs-derived neurons mediated neuron-dependent peristalsis of TEI. These results show that the pNCSCs that were previously assumed to not be induced by intestinal environment or cues can innervate the intestine and establish neuron-dependent motility. Future cell candidates for ENS regeneration may include nonenteric NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipu Yuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Neonatal SurgeryChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Mu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institutes of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- Cell Bank/Stem Cell BankInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Cell Bank/Stem Cell BankInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - ShanShan Mao
- Department of Internal NeurologyChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of GastroenterologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institutes of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education & Health CareEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinfa Tou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Neonatal SurgeryChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of NeurobiologyInstitute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
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Soto J, Ding X, Wang A, Li S. Neural crest-like stem cells for tissue regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:681-693. [PMID: 33533168 PMCID: PMC8046096 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a transient population of cells that arise during early vertebrate development and harbor stem cell properties, such as self‐renewal and multipotency. These cells form at the interface of non‐neuronal ectoderm and neural tube and undergo extensive migration whereupon they contribute to a diverse array of cell and tissue derivatives, ranging from craniofacial tissues to cells of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest‐like stem cells (NCLSCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells, placental tissues, adult tissues, and somatic cell reprogramming. NCLSCs have a differentiation capability similar to NCSCs, and possess great potential for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we present recent developments on the various approaches to derive NCLSCs and the therapeutic application of these cells for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xili Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fu Z, Wang H, Wu Y, Zhu T. Transplantation of neural stem cells encapsulated in hydrogels improve functional recovery in a cauda equina lesion model. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:360-367. [PMID: 33100289 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.03321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the therapeutic effects of transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) encapsulated in hydrogels in a cauda equina lesion model. NSCs were isolated from neonatal dorsal root ganglion (nDRG) and cultured in three-dimensional porous hydrogel scaffolds. Immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL assay were performed to detect the differentiation capability, ultrastructural and pathological changes, and apoptosis of NSCs. Furthermore, the functional recovery of sensorimotor reflexes was determined using the tail-flick test. NSCs derived from DRG were able to proliferate to form neurospheres and mainly differentiate into oligodendrocytes in the three-dimensional hydrogel culture system. After transplantation of NSCs encapsulated in hydrogels, NSCs differentiated into oligodendrocytes, neurons or astrocytes in vivo. Moreover, NSCs engrafted on the hydrogels decreased apoptosis and alleviated the ultrastructural and pathological changes of injured cauda equina. Behavioral analysis showed that transplanted hydrogel-encapsulated NSCs decreased the tail-flick latency and showed a neuroprotective role on injured cauda equina. Our results indicate transplantation of hydrogel-encapsulated NSCs promotes stem cell differentiation into oligodendrocytes, neurons or astrocytes and contributes to the functional recovery of injured cauda equina, suggesting that NSCs encapsulated in hydrogels may be applied for the treatment of cauda equina injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Generating an Artificial Intestine for the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:585-605. [PMID: 31668185 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure is defined as the inability to maintain fluid, nutrition, energy, and micronutrient balance that leads to the inability to gain or maintain weight, resulting in malnutrition and dehydration. Causes of intestinal failure include short bowel syndrome (ie, the physical loss of intestinal surface area and severe intestinal dysmotility). For patients with intestinal failure who fail to achieve enteral autonomy through intestinal rehabilitation programs, the current treatment options are expensive and associated with severe complications. Therefore, the need persists for next-generation therapies, including cell-based therapy, to increase intestinal regeneration, and development of the tissue-engineered small intestine.
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Barzegar M, Kaur G, Gavins FNE, Wang Y, Boyer CJ, Alexander JS. Potential therapeutic roles of stem cells in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101421. [PMID: 30933723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI), produced by an initial interruption of organ blood flow and its subsequent restoration, contributes significantly to the pathophysiologies of stroke, myocardial infarction, renal I/RI, intestinal I/RI and liver I/RI, which are major causes of disability (including transplant failure) and even mortality. While the restoration of blood flow is required to restore oxygen and nutrient requirements, reperfusion often triggers local and systemic inflammatory responses and subsequently elevate the ischemic insult where the duration of ischemia determines the magnitude of I/RI damage. I/RI increases vascular leakage, changes transcriptional and cell death programs, drives leukocyte entrapment and inflammation and oxidative stress in tissues. Therapeutic approaches which reduce complications associated with I/RI are desperately needed to address the clinical and economic burden created by I/RI. Stem cells (SC) represent ubiquitous and uncommitted cell populations with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into one or more developmental 'fates'. Like immune cells, stem cells can home to and penetrate I/R-injured tissues, where they can differentiate into target tissues and induce trophic paracrine signaling which suppress injury and maintain tissue functions perturbed by ischemia-reperfusion. This review article summarizes the present use and possible protective mechanisms underlying stem cell protection in diverse forms of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barzegar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - F N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - C J Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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