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Abe Y, Sato Y, Tanaka M, Ochiai D. Development of a new treatment for preterm birth complications using amniotic fluid stem cell therapy. Histol Histopathol 2023; 38:965-974. [PMID: 36971371 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the current status of studies and clinical trials on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) for complications of preterm birth (PTB), an urgent issue in the perinatal field. PTB is a serious challenge in clinical medicine that is increasing globally, and effective control of its complications is necessary for newborns' subsequent long life. Classical treatments are inadequate, and many patients have PTB complications. A growing body of evidence provided by translational medicine and others indicates that MSCs, and among them, the readily available AFSCs, may be useful in treating PTB complications. AFSCs are the only MSCs available prenatally and are known to be highly anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective and do not form tumors when transplanted. Furthermore, because they are derived from the amniotic fluid, a medical waste product, no ethical issues are involved. AFSCs are an ideal cell resource for MSC therapy in neonates. This paper targets the brain, lungs, and intestines, which are the vital organs most likely to be damaged by PTB complications. The evidence to date and future prospects with MSCs and AFSCs for these organs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Ochiai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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2
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Liang CC, Shaw SW, Huang YH, Lee TH. Human amniotic fluid stem cells can improve cerebral vascular remodelling and neurological function after focal cerebral ischaemia in diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10185-10196. [PMID: 34622573 PMCID: PMC8572791 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes causes vascular injury and carries a high risk of ischaemic stroke. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) can enhance cerebral vascular remodelling and have the potential to improve neurological function after stroke in diabetic rats. Five groups of female rats were examined: (1) normal control, (2) type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats induced by streptozotocin injection (DM), (3) non‐DM rats receiving 60‐minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), (4) T1DM rats receiving 60‐minute MCAO (DM + MCAO) and (5) T1DM rats receiving 60‐minute MCAO and injection with 5 × 106 hAFSCs at 3 h after MCAO (DM + MCAO + hAFSCs). Neurological function was examined before, and at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and cerebral infarction volume and haemorrhage, cerebral vascular density, angiogenesis and inflammatory were examined at 7 and 28 days after MCAO. hAFSCs treatment caused a significant improvement of neurological dysfunction, infarction volume, blood‐brain barrier leakage, cerebral arterial density, vascular density and angiogenesis and a reduction of brain haemorrhage and inflammation compared with non‐treatment. Our results showed that the effect of hAFSCs treatment against focal cerebral ischaemia may act through the recovery of vascular remodelling and angiogenesis and the reduction of inflammation in ischaemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Liang
- Urogynecology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Steven W Shaw
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yung-Hsin Huang
- Urogynecology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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Zhang XL, Zhang XG, Huang YR, Zheng YY, Ying PJ, Zhang XJ, Lu X, Wang YJ, Zheng GQ. Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Experimental Ischemic Stroke: A Preclinical Systematic Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:628908. [PMID: 33935650 PMCID: PMC8079818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.628908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation offers promise in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Here we utilized systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression to study the biological effect of stem cell treatments in animal models of ischemic stroke. A total of 98 eligible publications were included by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to August 1, 2020. There are about 141 comparisons, involving 5,200 animals, that examined the effect of stem cell transplantation on neurological function and infarct volume as primary outcome measures in animal models for stroke. Stem cell-based therapy can improve both neurological function (effect size, −3.37; 95% confidence interval, −3.83 to −2.90) and infarct volume (effect size, −11.37; 95% confidence interval, −12.89 to −9.85) compared with controls. These results suggest that stem cell therapy could improve neurological function deficits and infarct volume, exerting potential neuroprotective effect for experimental ischemic stroke, but further clinical studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ran Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng-Jie Ying
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Lee JY, Castelli V, Bonsack B, García-Sánchez J, Kingsbury C, Nguyen H, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV. Eyeballing stroke: Blood flow alterations in the eye and visual impairments following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720905805. [PMID: 32098493 PMCID: PMC7444237 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720905805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion in rodents remains a widely used model
of ischemic stroke. Recently, we reported the occurrence of retinal
ischemia in animals subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion,
owing in part to the circulatory juxtaposition of the ophthalmic
artery to the middle cerebral artery. In this study, we examined the
eye hemodynamics and visual deficits in middle cerebral artery
occlusion-induced stroke rats. The brain and eye were evaluated by
laser Doppler at baseline (prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion),
during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Retinal
function-relevant behavioral and histological outcomes were performed
at 3 and 14 days post-middle cerebral artery occlusion. Laser Doppler
revealed a typical reduction of at least 80% in the ipsilateral
frontoparietal cortical area of the brain during middle cerebral
artery occlusion compared to baseline, which returned to near-baseline
levels during reperfusion. Retinal perfusion defects closely
paralleled the timing of cerebral blood flow alterations in the acute
stages of middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats,
characterized by a significant blood flow defect in the ipsilateral
eye with at least 90% reduction during middle cerebral artery
occlusion compared to baseline, which was restored to near-baseline
levels during reperfusion. Moreover, retinal ganglion cell density and
optic nerve depth were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral eye.
In addition, the stroke rats displayed eye closure. Behavioral
performance in a light stimulus-mediated avoidance test was
significantly impaired in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats
compared to control animals. In view of visual deficits in stroke
patients, closely monitoring of brain and retinal perfusion via laser
Doppler measurements and examination of visual impairments may
facilitate the diagnosis and the treatment of stroke, including
retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Julián García-Sánchez
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
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Human placental mesenchymal stem cells improve stroke outcomes via extracellular vesicles-mediated preservation of cerebral blood flow. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103161. [PMID: 33348090 PMCID: PMC7753936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides long-term trans-differentiation into neural cells, benefits of stem cell therapy (SCT) in ischemic stroke may include secretion of protective factors, which partly reflects extracellular vesicle (EVs) released by stem cell. However, the mechanism(s) by which stem cells/EVs limit stroke injury have yet to be fully defined. Methods We evaluated the protection effect of human placenta mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSC) as a potential form of SCT in experimental ischemic stroke ‘transient middle cerebral artery occusion (MCAO)/reperfusion’ mice model. Findings We found for the first time that intraperitoneal administration of hPMSCs or intravenous hPMSC-derived EVs, given at the time of reperfusion, significantly protected the ipsilateral hemisphere from ischemic injury. This protection was associated with significant restoration of normal blood flow to the post-MCAO brain. More importantly, EVs derived from hPMSC promote paracrine-based protection of SCT in the MCAO model in a cholesterol/lipid-dependent manner. Interpretation Together, our results demonstrated beneficial effects of hPMSC/EVs in experimental stroke models which could permit the rapid “translation” of these cells into clinical trials in the near-term.
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Liang CC, Shaw SWS, Ko YS, Huang YH, Lee TH. Effect of amniotic fluid stem cell transplantation on the recovery of bladder dysfunction in spinal cord-injured rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10030. [PMID: 32572272 PMCID: PMC7308393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of human amniotic fluid stem cell (hAFSC) transplantation on bladder function and molecular changes in spinal cord-injured (SCI) rats were investigated. Four groups were studied: sham and SCI plus phosphate-buffered saline (SCI + PBS), human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, and hAFSCs transplantation. In SCI + PBS rat bladders, cystometry showed increased peak voiding pressure, voiding volume, bladder capacity, residual volume, and number of non-voiding contractions, and the total elastin/collagen amount was increased but collagen concentration was decreased at days 7 and 28. Immunoreactivity and mRNA levels of IGF-1, TGF-β1, and β3-adrenoceptor were increased at days 7 and/or 28. M2 immunoreactivity and M3 mRNA levels of muscarinic receptor were increased at day 7. M2 immunoreactivity was increased, but M2/M3 mRNA and M3 immunoreactivity levels were decreased at day 28. Brain derived-neurotrophic factor mRNA was increased, but immunoreactivity was decreased at day 7. HEK293 cell transplantation caused no difference compared to SCI + PBS group. hAFSCs co-localized with neural cell markers and expressed BDNF, TGF-β1, GFAP, and IL-6. The present results showed that SCI bladders released IGF-1 and TGF-β1 to stimulate elastin and collagen for bladder wall remodelling, and hAFSC transplantation improved these changes, which involved the mechanisms of BDNF, muscarinic receptors, and β3-adrenoceptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Liang
- Female Urology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Steven Shaw
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yu-Shien Ko
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,The First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Huang
- Female Urology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Bai X, Xu J, Zhu T, He Y, Zhang H. The Development of Stem Cell-Based Treatment for Acute Ischemic Cerebral Injury. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:509-521. [PMID: 32228429 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200331135227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic brain injury is a serious disease that severely endangers the life safety of patients. Such disease is hard to predict and highly lethal with very limited effective treatments currently. Although currently, there exist treatments like drug therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, rehabilitation therapy and other treatments in clinical practice, these are not significantly effective for patients when the situation is severe. Thus scientists must explore more effective treatments. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with a strong potential of self-renewal and differentiate into various types of tissues and organs. Their emergence has brought new hopes for overcoming difficult diseases, further improving medical technology and promoting the development of modern medicine. Some combining therapies and genetically modified stem cell therapy have also been proven to produce obvious neuroprotective function for acute ischemic brain injury. This review is an introduction to the current research findings and discusses the definition, origin and classification of stem cells, as well as the future prospects of the stem cell-based treatment for acute ischemic cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Bai
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
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Pavon LF, Capper D, Sibov TT, de Toledo SRC, Thomale UW, de Souza JG, Cabral FR, Berra CM, Silva da Costa MD, Mendonça Niçacio J, Dastoli PA, de Oliveira DM, Malheiros SMF, da Cruz EF, Malheiros JM, de Oliveira SM, Silva NS, Petrilli AS, Cappellano AM, Brunialti MC, Salomão R, de Paiva Neto MA, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Cavalheiro S. New therapeutic target for pediatric anaplastic ependymoma control: study of anti-tumor activity by a Kunitz-type molecule, Amblyomin-X. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9973. [PMID: 31292491 PMCID: PMC6620274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
EPNs comprise a heterogeneous group of neuroepithelial tumors, accounting for about 10% of all intracranial tumors in children and up to 30% of brain tumors in those younger than 3 years. Actually, the pattern therapy for low-grade EPNs includes complete surgical resection followed by radiation therapy. Total surgical excision is often not possible due to tumor location. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the anti-tumor activity of Amblyomin-X in 4 primary cultures derived from pediatric anaplastic posterior fossa EPN, Group A (anaplastic, WHO grade III) and one primary culture of a high grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration, which was initially misdiagnosed as EPN: i) by in vitro assays: comparisons of temozolomide and cisplatin; ii) by intracranial xenograft model. Amblyomin-X was able to induce cell death in EPN cells in a more significant percentage compared to cisplatin. The cytotoxic effects of Amblyomin-X were not detected on hFSCs used as control, as opposed to cisplatin-treatment, which promoted a substantial effect in the hAFSCs viability. TEM analysis showed ultrastructural alterations related to the process of cell death: mitochondrial degeneration, autophagosomes and aggregate-like structures. MRI and histopathological analyzes demonstrated significant tumor mass regression. Our results suggest that Amblyomin-X has a selective effect on tumor cells by inducing apoptotic cell death and may be a therapeutic option for Group AEPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Favaro Pavon
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - David Capper
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Tais Sibov
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Caminada de Toledo
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrich-W Thomale
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Gabriel de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Maria Berra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jardel Mendonça Niçacio
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alessandra Dastoli
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana M F Malheiros
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nasjla Saba Silva
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sérgio Petrilli
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Maria Cappellano
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Colò Brunialti
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Salomão
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel A de Paiva Neto
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Cavalheiro
- Discipline of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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