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Cortez I, Gaffney CM, Crelli CV, Lee E, Nichols JM, Pham HV, Mehdi S, Janjic JM, Shepherd AJ. Sustained pain and macrophage infiltration in a mouse muscle contusion model. Muscle Nerve 2024; 69:103-114. [PMID: 37929655 DOI: 10.1002/mus.28001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Prior studies have emphasized the role of inflammation in the response to injury and muscle regeneration, but little emphasis has been placed on characterizing the relationship between innate inflammation, pain, and functional impairment. The aim of our study was to determine the contribution of innate immunity to prolonged pain following muscle contusion. METHODS We developed a closed-impact mouse model of muscle contusion and a macrophage-targeted near-infrared fluorescent nanoemulsion. Closed-impact contusions were delivered to the lower left limb. Pain sensitivity, gait dysfunction, and inflammation were assessed in the days and weeks post-contusion. Macrophage accumulation was imaged in vivo by injecting i.v. near-infrared nanoemulsion. RESULTS Despite hindpaw hypersensitivity persisting for several weeks, disruptions to gait and grip strength typically resolved within 10 days of injury. Using non-invasive imaging and immunohistochemistry, we show that macrophage density peaks in and around the affected muscle 3 day post-injury and quickly subsides. However, macrophage density in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) increases more gradually and persists for at least 14 days. DISCUSSION In this study, we demonstrate pain sensitivity is influenced by the degree of lower muscle contusion, without significant changes to gait and grip strength. This may be due to modulation of pain signaling by macrophage proliferation in the sciatic nerve, upstream from the site of injury. Our work suggests chronic pain developing from muscle contusion is driven by macrophage-derived neuroinflammation in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibdanelo Cortez
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlyn M Gaffney
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlin V Crelli
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James M Nichols
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hoang Vu Pham
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Syed Mehdi
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew J Shepherd
- The MD Anderson Pain Research Consortium and the Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lu A, Guo P, Pan H, Tseng C, Sinha KM, Yang F, Scibetta A, Cui Y, Huard M, Zhong L, Ravuri S, Huard J. Enhancement of myogenic potential of muscle progenitor cells and muscle healing during pregnancy. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21378. [PMID: 33565161 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The decline of muscle regenerative potential with age has been attributed to a diminished responsiveness of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs). Heterochronic parabiosis has been used as a model to study the effects of aging on stem cells and their niches. These studies have demonstrated that, by exposing old mice to a young systemic environment, aged progenitor cells can be rejuvenated. One interesting idea is that pregnancy represents a unique biological model of a naturally shared circulatory system between developing and mature organisms. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the muscle regeneration potential of pregnant mice using a cardiotoxin (CTX) injury mouse model. Our results indicate that the pregnant mice demonstrate accelerated muscle healing compared to nonpregnant control mice following muscle injury based on improved muscle histology, superior muscle regeneration, and a reduction in inflammation and necrosis. Additionally, we found that MPCs isolated from pregnant mice display a significant improvement of myogenic differentiation capacity in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo when compared to the MPCs from nonpregnant mice. Furthermore, MPCs from nonpregnant mice display enhanced myogenic capacity when cultured in the presence of serum obtained from pregnant mice. Our proteomics data from these studies provides potential therapeutic targets to enhance the myogenic potential of progenitor cells and muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Lu
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Haiying Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chieh Tseng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krishna M Sinha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alex Scibetta
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Skeletal muscle healing by M1-like macrophages produced by transient expression of exogenous GM-CSF. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 33158459 PMCID: PMC7648431 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After traumatic skeletal muscle injury, muscle healing is often incomplete and produces extensive fibrosis. The sequence of M1 and M2 macrophage accumulation and the duration of each subtype in the injured area may help to direct the relative extent of fibrogenesis and myogenesis during healing. We hypothesized that increasing the number of M1 macrophages early after traumatic muscle injury would produce more cellular and molecular substrates for myogenesis and fewer substrates for fibrosis, leading to better muscle healing. Methods To test this hypothesis, we transfected skeletal muscle with a plasmid vector to transiently express GM-CSF shortly after injury to drive the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 subset. C57BL/6 mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by contusion and electroporated with uP-mGM, which is a plasmid vector that transiently expresses GM-CSF. Myogenesis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR; subpopulations of macrophages by flow cytometry; and muscle functioning by the maximum running speed on the treadmill and the recovery of muscle mass. Results Muscle injury increased the number of local M1-like macrophages and decreased the number of M2-like macrophages on day 4, and uP-mGM treatment enhanced this variation. uP-mGM treatment decreased TGF-β1 protein expression on day 4, and the Sirius Red-positive area decreased from 35.93 ± 15.45% (no treatment) to 2.9% ± 6.5% (p < 0.01) on day 30. uP-mGM electroporation also increased Hgf, Hif1α, and Mtor gene expression; arteriole density; and muscle fiber number during regeneration. The improvement in the quality of the muscle tissue after treatment with uP-mGM affected the increase in the TA muscle mass and the maximum running speed on a treadmill. Conclusion Collectively, our data show that increasing the number of M1-like macrophages immediately after traumatic muscle injury promotes muscle recovery with less fibrosis, and this can be achieved by the transient expression of GM-CSF.
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Zhao L, Liu X, Zhang J, Dong G, Xiao W, Xu X. Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis via Attenuating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:533690. [PMID: 33071808 PMCID: PMC7530892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.533690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment on skeletal muscle contusion. We established a skeletal muscle contusion model (S group) and an H2S treated of skeletal muscle contusion model (H2S group). Gastrocnemius muscles (GMs) were collected at day 1, day 5, day 10, and day 15 after injury, and comprehensive morphological and genetic analyses was conducted. H2S treatment reduced M1 macrophage (CD68), profibrotic cytokines (TGF-β), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6), chemokines (CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL12, and CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14) and oxidative stress factor (gp91phox) expression levels, improved M2 macrophage (CD206) level. Thus, exogenous H2S treatment reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, attenuated skeletal muscle fibrosis, and partly improved skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoyang Dong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Effect of Oral Losartan on Orthobiologics: Implications for Platelet-Rich Plasma and Bone Marrow Concentrate-A Rabbit Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197374. [PMID: 33036225 PMCID: PMC7584049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts have focused on customizing orthobiologics, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC), to improve tissue repair. We hypothesized that oral losartan (a TGF-β1 blocker with anti-fibrotic properties) could decrease TGF-β1 levels in leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) and fibrocytes in BMC. Ten rabbits were randomized into two groups (N = 5/group): osteochondral defect + microfracture (control, group 1) and osteochondral defect + microfracture + losartan (losartan, group 2). For group 2, a dose of 10mg/kg/day of losartan was administrated orally for 12 weeks post-operatively. After 12 weeks, whole blood (WB) and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) samples were collected to process LP-PRP and BMC. TGF-β1 concentrations were measured in WB and LP-PRP with multiplex immunoassay. BMC cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry with CD31, CD44, CD45, CD34, CD146 and CD90 antibodies. There was no significant difference in TGF-β1 levels between the losartan and control group in WB or LP-PRP. In BMC, the percentage of CD31+ cells (endothelial cells) in the losartan group was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.008), while the percentage of CD45+ cells (hematopoietic cells-fibrocytes) in the losartan group was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.03).
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Chiu CH, Chang TH, Chang SS, Chang GJ, Chen ACY, Cheng CY, Chen SC, Fu JF, Wen CJ, Chan YS. Application of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Muscle Healing After Contusion Injury in Mice. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:1226-1235. [PMID: 32134689 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520905853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle injuries are very common in sports medicine. Conventional therapies have limited clinical efficacy. New treatment methods should be developed to allow athletes to return to play with better function. PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro differentiation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the in vivo histologic and physiologic effects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on muscle healing after contusion injury. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Bone marrow cells were flushed from both femurs of 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice to establish immortalized mesenchymal stem cell lines. A total of 36 mice aged 8 to 10 weeks were used to develop a muscle contusion model and were divided into 6 groups (6 mice/group) on the basis of the different dosages of IM2 cells to be injected (0, 1.25 × 105, and 2.5 × 105 cells with/without F-127 in 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline). Histological analysis of muscle regeneration was performed, and the fast-twitch and tetanus strength of the muscle contractions was measured 28 days after muscle contusion injury, after injections of different doses of mesenchymal stem cells with or without the F-127 scaffold beginning 14 days after contusion injury. RESULTS The mesenchymal stem cell-treated muscles exhibited numerous regenerating myofibers. All the groups treated with mesenchymal stem cells (1.25 × 105 cells, 2.5 × 105 cells, 1.25 × 105 cells plus F-127, and 2.5 × 105 cells plus F-127) exhibited a significantly higher number of regenerating myofibers (mean ± SD: 111.6 ± 14.77, 133.4 ± 21.44, 221.89 ± 32.65, and 241.5 ± 25.95, respectively) as compared with the control group and the control with F-127 (69 ± 18.79 and 63.2 ± 18.98). The physiologic evaluation of fast-twitch and tetanus strength did not reveal differences between the age-matched uninjured group and the groups treated with various doses of mesenchymal stem cells 28 days after contusion. Significant differences were found between the control group and the groups treated with various doses of mesenchymal stem cells after muscle contusion. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cell therapy increased the number of regenerating myofibers and improved fast-twitch and tetanus muscle strength in a mouse model of muscle contusion. However, the rapid decay of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells suggests a paracrine effect of this action. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells at various doses combined with the F-127 scaffold is a potential therapy for a muscle contusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mesenchymal stem cell therapy has an effect on sports medicine because of its effects on myofiber regeneration and muscle strength after contusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Tsan-Hsuan Chang
- Department of General Medicine, Tri-service General Hospital, Taipei
| | - Shih-Sheng Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical and Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Alvin Chao-Yu Chen
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Chun-Ying Cheng
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Su-Ching Chen
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Jen-Fen Fu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Chih-Jen Wen
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Yi-Sheng Chan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
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Tsai WC, Yu TY, Chang GJ, Lin LP, Lin MS, Pang JHS. Platelet-Rich Plasma Releasate Promotes Regeneration and Decreases Inflammation and Apoptosis of Injured Skeletal Muscle. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:1980-1986. [PMID: 29772187 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518771076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains various cytokines and growth factors that may be beneficial to the healing process of injured muscle. Based on the authors' previous study, PRP releasate can promote proliferation and migration of skeletal muscle cells in vitro, so animal studies are performed to support the use of PRP to treat muscle injury in vivo. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of PRP releasate on regeneration of injured muscle, as well as its effect on inflammatory reaction and cell apoptosis, in the early stages of the muscle-healing process. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The gastrocnemius muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by partial transverse incision and then treated with PRP releasate. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used to evaluate the healing process of injured muscle at 2, 5, and 10 days after injury. TUNEL assay was used to evaluate the cell apoptosis of injured muscle after PRP releasate treatment. Immunohistochemistry was used to stain the CD68-positive cells during the healing process. Muscle contractile properties, including fast-twitch and tetanic strength, were evaluated by electric stimulation. RESULTS The results revealed that PRP releasate treatment could enhance the muscle-healing process and decrease CD68-positive cells and apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the tetanic strength was significantly higher in injured muscle treated with PRP releasate. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PRP releasate could enhance the healing process of injured muscle and decrease inflammatory cell infiltration as well as cell apoptosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRP promotes skeletal muscle healing in association with decreasing inflammation and apoptosis of injured skeletal muscle. These findings provide in vivo evidence to support the use of PRP to treat muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yang Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Sui Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Mahdy MAA. Glycerol-induced injury as a new model of muscle regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:233-241. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sun Y, Wang H, Li Y, Liu S, Chen J, Ying H. miR-24 and miR-122 Negatively Regulate the Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:528-537. [PMID: 29858088 PMCID: PMC5992481 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is common after skeletal muscle injury, undermining tissue regeneration and function. The mechanism underlying skeletal muscle fibrosis remains unveiled. Transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway is supposed to play a pivotal role. However, how microRNAs interact with transforming growth factor-β/Smad-related muscle fibrosis remains unclear. We showed that microRNA (miR)-24-3p and miR-122-5p declined in skeletal muscle fibrosis, which was a consequence of transforming growth factor-β. Upregulating Smad4 suppressed two microRNAs, whereas inhibiting Smad4 elevated microRNAs. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that Smad4 directly inhibited two microRNAs. On the other hand, overexpression of these two miRs retarded fibrotic process. We further identified that Smad2 was a direct target of miR-24-3p, whereas miR-122-5p targeted transforming growth factor-β receptor-II. Both targets were important participants in transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Taken together, a positive feedback loop in transforming growth factor-β/Smad4 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle fibrosis was identified. Transforming growth factor-β/Smad axis could be downregulated by microRNAs. This effect, however, was suppressed by Smad4, the downstream of transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Wang ML, Beredjiklian PK, Steplewski A, Fertala J, Fertala A. Engineering the Second Generation of Therapeutic Cells with Enhanced Targeting of Injured Tissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1293-1300. [PMID: 29478375 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental approaches to improving tissue repair utilize cells and growth factors needed to restore the architecture and function of damaged tissues and organs. Key limitations of these approaches include poor delivery of therapeutic cells and growth factors into injury sites, as well as their short-term retention in target areas. In our earlier studies, we demonstrated that artificial collagen-specific anchor (ACSA) expressed on the surface of therapeutic cells directs them into collagen-rich sites of injury. Moreover, we demonstrated that the ACSA improves the retention of these cells in target sites, thereby promoting tissue repair. To advance the ACSA-based technology, we engineered the second generation of the ACSA-expressing cells able to deliver growth factors to target sites. In this study, we specifically focused on insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1), which enhances the repair of a number of collagen-rich connective tissues, including ligament and tendon. Utilizing gene engineering, we produced IGF1 in the ACSA-expressing cells. Using relevant experimental models, we demonstrated that recombinant IGF1 secreted by these cells maintains its specificity and biological activity. Moreover, our studies show that IGF1 produced by the ACSA-expressing cells cultured in three-dimensional environment promotes the formation of the collagen-rich fibrillar matrix. Furthermore, the engineered cells integrated well with the native collagen-rich tendon tissue. Our study provides strong evidence for the great potential of cells with rationally engineered target-specific receptors to restore damaged connective tissues. Future studies in relevant animal models will determine the utility of these cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Hand Surgery Division, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pedro K Beredjiklian
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Hand Surgery Division, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Naicy T, Venkatachalapathy T, Aravindakshan T, Bosewell A, Silpa M. Association of a SacII polymorphism in the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene exon 3 with growth traits in Indian goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Liu X, Zeng Z, Zhao L, Xiao W, Chen P. Changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress factors and the protein synthesis pathway in injured skeletal muscle after contusion. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2196-2202. [PMID: 29434825 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury of skeletal muscle, and particularly mechanically-induced damage, including contusion injury, frequently occurs in contact sports as well as in sports with accidental contact. Although the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration are well understood, those involved in muscle contusion are not. A total of 40 male mice were randomly divided into control (n=8) and muscle contusion (n=32) groups. A muscle contusion model was established by weight-drop injury. Subsequently, the gastrocnemius muscles in the two groups were harvested at different times (1, 3, 7 and 14 days) post-injury. The changes in skeletal muscle morphology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to analyze inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress factors and the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The results revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] increased significantly at day 1 and 3 and still exhibited high levels of expression at days 7 and 14 (except IL-6) post-injury. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased significantly at 1, 3 and 7 days and reached its peak levels at 7 days post-injury. It was revealed that gp91phox mRNA increased significantly at all time points and gp91phox protein increased significantly at day 3 post-injury. Furthermore, it was observed that p-Akt/Akt increased significantly at 1 day post-injury. P-mTOR/mTOR increased significantly at day 1 and 7, and p-p70s6k/p70s6k and P-4EBP1/4EBP1 increased significantly at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post-injury. These results indicate that inflammatory and oxidative stress factors and the Akt/mTOR pathway may serve important roles in the regeneration of muscle contusion. In addition, certain inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors maintained high levels of expression at 14 days after injury, indicating that the healing process of muscle was still not fully achieved at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China.,College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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Naicy T, Venkatachalapathy R, Siju J, Aravindakshan T, Kurian E, Jose J, Bosewell A, Silpa M. Molecular characterization and differential expression patterns of the goat Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene during different growth stages. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Kobayashi M, Ota S, Terada S, Kawakami Y, Otsuka T, Fu FH, Huard J. The Combined Use of Losartan and Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Significantly Improves the Functional Recovery of Muscle in a Young Mouse Model of Contusion Injuries. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:3252-3261. [PMID: 27501834 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516656823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although muscle injuries tend to heal uneventfully in most cases, incomplete functional recovery commonly occurs as a result of scar tissue formation at the site of injury, even after treatment with muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs). HYPOTHESIS The transplantation of MDSCs in the presence of a transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) antagonist (losartan) would result in decreased scar tissue formation and enhance muscle regeneration after contusion injuries in a mouse model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS An animal model of muscle contusion was developed using the tibialis anterior muscle in 48 healthy mice at 8 to 10 weeks of age. After sustaining muscle contusion injuries, the mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) saline injection group (control group; n = 15), (2) MDSC transplantation group (MDSC group; n = 15), (3) MDSC transplantation plus oral losartan group (MDSC/losartan group; n = 15), and (4) healthy uninjured group (healthy group; n = 3). Losartan was administrated systemically beginning 3 days after injury and continued until the designated endpoint (1, 2, or 4 weeks after injury). MDSCs were transplanted 4 days after injury. Muscle regeneration and fibrotic scar formation were evaluated by histology, and the expression of follistatin, MyoD, Smad7, and Smad2/3 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Functional recovery was measured via electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve. RESULTS When compared with MDSC transplantation alone, MDSC/losartan treatment resulted in significantly decreased scar formation, an increase in the number of regenerating myofibers, and improved functional recovery after muscle contusions. In support of these findings, the expression levels of Smad7 and MyoD were significantly increased in the group treated with both MDSCs and losartan. CONCLUSION When compared with MDSCs alone, the simultaneous treatment of muscle contusions with MDSCs and losartan significantly reduced scar formation, increased the number of regenerating myofibers, and improved the functional recovery of muscle; these effects were caused, at least in part, by the losartan-mediated upregulation of Smad7 and MyoD. Increased levels of Smad7 and MyoD together reduced the deposition of scar tissue (via the inhibition of TGF-β1 by Smad7) and committed the transplanted MDSCs toward a myogenic lineage (via Smad7-regulated MyoD expression). CLINICAL RELEVANCE The study findings contribute to the development of biological treatments to accelerate and improve the quality of muscle healing after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kobayashi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shusuke Ota
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yohei Kawakami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
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Denapoli PMA, Stilhano RS, Ingham SJM, Han SW, Abdalla RJ. Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Murine Model: Leukocytes, Growth Factors, Flt-1, and Muscle Healing. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1962-71. [PMID: 27217525 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516646100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations are not the same and that not all preparations include white blood cells, but the part that leukocytes play on the healing role of PRP is still unknown. PURPOSE The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of leukocytes in different PRP preparations with a special emphasis on growth factor concentrations. The secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of PRP on muscle healing. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Two PRP preparation procedures were evaluated. Blood fractions were stained with Rapid Panoptic, and growth factors (transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], insulin-like growth factor [IGF], epidermal growth factor [EGF], hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], and platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting analysis was performed for Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1). A muscle contusion injury was created and treated with PRP at different time points. RESULTS Leukocytes were the main source of VEGF, and all other growth factors measured had a higher concentration in the preparations that included the buffy coat and consequently had a higher concentration of white blood cells. Flt-1 was also found in platelet-poor plasma (PPP). There were higher concentrations of PDGF and HGF in the preparations that encompassed the buffy coat. A PRP injection 7 days after the injury provided significantly increased exercise performance and decreased the fibrotic area when compared with other PRP-treated groups. CONCLUSION VEGF is only present in PRP's buffy coat, while Flt-1 is present in PPP. A PRP injection 7 days after an injury resulted in improved exercise performance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The presence of Flt-1 in PRP provides yet another explanation for results described in the literature after a PRP injection. This information is relevant for selecting the best PRP for each type of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Center for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila Jean McNeill Ingham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Knee Institute, Heart Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Center for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rene Jorge Abdalla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Knee Institute, Heart Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xiao W, Liu Y, Luo B, Zhao L, Liu X, Zeng Z, Chen P. Time-dependent gene expression analysis after mouse skeletal muscle contusion. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 5:101-108. [PMID: 30356928 PMCID: PMC6191981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration are deeply understood, those involved in muscle contusion, one of the most common muscle injuries in sports medicine clinics, are not. The objective of this study is to explore the mechanisms involved in muscle regeneration after contusion injury. METHODS In this study, a total of 72 mice were used. Eight of them were randomly chosen for the control group, while the rest were subjected to muscle contusion. Subsequently, their gastrocnemius muscles were harvested at different time points. The changes in muscle morphology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. In addition, the gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The data showed that the expression of many genes, i.e., specific markers of immune cells and satellite cells, regulatory factors for muscle regeneration, cytokines, and chemokines, increased in the early stages of recovery, especially in the first 3 days. Furthermore, there were strict rules in the expression of these genes. However, almost all the genes returned to normal at 14 days post-injury. CONCLUSION The sequence of immune cells invaded after muscle contusion was neutrophils, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. Some CC (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4) and CXC (CXCL10) chemokines may be involved in the chemotaxis of these immune cells. HGF may be the primary factor to activate the satellite cells after muscle contusion. Moreover, 2 weeks are needed to recover when acute contusion happens as used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Beibei Luo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Customized platelet-rich plasma with transforming growth factor β1 neutralization antibody to reduce fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 2016; 87:147-156. [PMID: 26923362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The formation of fibrous tissue during the healing of skeletal muscle injuries leads to incomplete recovery of the injured muscle. Platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) contains beneficial growth factors for skeletal muscle repair; however, it also contains deleterious cytokines and growth factors, such as TGF-β1, that can cause fibrosis and inhibit optimal muscle healing. OBJECTIVE To test if neutralizing TGF-β1's action within PRP, through neutralization antibodies, could improve PRP's beneficial effect on skeletal muscle repair. METHODS PRP was isolated from in-bred Fisher rats. TGF-β1 neutralization antibody (Ab) was used to block the TGF-β1 within the PRP prior to injection. The effects of customized PRP (TGF-β1 neutralized PRP) on muscle healing was tested on a cardiotoxin (CTX) induced muscle injury model. RESULTS A significant increase in the numbers of regenerative myofibers was observed in the PRP and customized PRP groups compared to the untreated control. A significant decrease in collagen deposition was observed in customized PRP groups when compared to the control and PRP groups. Significantly enhanced angiogenesis and more Pax-7 positive satellite cells were found in the PRP and customized PRP groups compared to the control group. Macrophage infiltration was increased in the customized PRP groups when compared with the PRP group. More M2 macrophages were recruited to the injury site in the customized PRP groups when compared with the PRP and control groups. CONCLUSION Neutralizing TGF-β1 within PRP significantly promotes muscle regeneration while significantly reducing fibrosis. Not only did the neutralization reduce fibrosis, it enhanced angiogenesis, prolonged satellite cell activation, and recruited a greater number of M2 macrophages to the injury site which also contributed to the efficacy that the customized PRP had on muscle healing.
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18
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Kim N, Yoo JJ, Atala A, Lee SJ. Combination of small RNAs for skeletal muscle regeneration. FASEB J 2015; 30:1198-206. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- NaJung Kim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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Abstract
Injuries to the musculoskeletal system are common, debilitating and expensive. In many cases, healing is imperfect, which leads to chronic impairment. Gene transfer might improve repair and regeneration at sites of injury by enabling the local, sustained and potentially regulated expression of therapeutic gene products; such products include morphogens, growth factors and anti-inflammatory agents. Proteins produced endogenously as a result of gene transfer are nascent molecules that have undergone post-translational modification. In addition, gene transfer offers particular advantages for the delivery of products with an intracellular site of action, such as transcription factors and noncoding RNAs, and proteins that need to be inserted into a cell compartment, such as a membrane. Transgenes can be delivered by viral or nonviral vectors via in vivo or ex vivo protocols using progenitor or differentiated cells. The first gene transfer clinical trials for osteoarthritis and cartilage repair have already been completed. Various bone-healing protocols are at an advanced stage of development, including studies with large animals that could lead to human trials. Other applications in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle, intervertebral disc, meniscus, ligament and tendon are in preclinical development. In addition to scientific, medical and safety considerations, clinical translation is constrained by social, financial and logistical issues.
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20
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Li P, Cui K, Zhang B, Wang Z, Shen Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Tong F, Li S. Transplantation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stems cells for the treatment of Becker muscular dystrophy in affected pedigree members. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1051-7. [PMID: 25647308 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of muscle tissue has been achieved using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in mouse models of injured skeletal muscle. In the present study, the utility of multipotent human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in the treatment of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), a genetic disease where muscle tissue fails to regenerate, was examined in members from a pedigree affected by BMD. The disease status was evaluated in 4 affected pedigree members (II1, II2, II3 and III2; aged 50, 46, 42 and 6 years, respectively). The transplantation of the hUC‑MSCs (performed on 3 patients, I2, II3 and III2) was performed by infusion with an intravenous drip over a 30‑min period, and the patients were evaluated at 1, 3, 4 and 12 weeks following the procedure. The evaluation was based on physical characteristics, as well as on molecular testing for serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and a histological examination of muscle biopsies. The patients suffered no adverse reactions in response to the transplantation of the hUC‑MSCs. At 1 week following transplantation all 3 patients showed improvement in the muscle force of the limbs, muscle size and daily activity. The walking gait of patient III2 had improved by 1 week post-transplantation and reached a normal status by 12 weeks. Serum CK and LDH levels were decreased relative to the baseline levels. A histological examination of muscle biopsies displayed no obvious tissue regeneration. In conclusion, the treatment of patients with BMD using hUC-MSCs was safe and of therapeutic benefit that lasted for up to 12 weeks. hUC-MSCs are, therefore, a potential cell therapy-based treatment option for patients with muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Zhendan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tong
- The Dean's Office, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
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Ho Kim T, Heang Oh S, Kang SB, Ho Lee J. Myoblast differentiation on growth factor-immobilized polycaprolactone microparticles: a potential bioactive bulking agent for fecal incontinence. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFecal incontinence (FI), caused by damage or weakness of the anal sphincter, is a devastating problem for patients experiencing the symptom. Although injectable bulking agents are accepted as a minimally invasive therapeutic technique to treat FI, their short-term efficacy and inability to enhance the anal sphincter function are considered as challenges in clinical practices. In this study, growth factor [nerve growth factor (NGF) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)]-immobilized polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles were prepared as an injectable bioactive bulking agent that can provide a bulking effect (by microparticles) and stimulate myoblast differentiation or injured muscles around the anus (by the sustained release of growth factors) to enhance the sphincter function for the effective treatment of FI. Pluronic F127-entrapped PCL microparticles were prepared by an isolated particle-melting method. Two different growth factors (NGF and bFGF) were incorporated on the surfaces of the Pluronic F127-entrapped PCL microparticles via heparin binding. The growth factors immobilized on the microparticles were released in a sustained manner over 4 weeks. From cell cultures on the growth factor-immobilized microparticles, it was observed that the myoblasts adhered on the microparticle surfaces showed differences in differentiation into myotubes depending on the growth factor type. In particular, the dual NGF/bFGF-immobilized microparticle group was effective for myogenic differentiation in comparison with the single growth factor (NGF or bFGF)-immobilized groups. The dual NGF/bFGF-immobilized microparticles are suitable to be applied as an injectable bulking agent for the treatment of FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Kim
- 1Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Heang Oh
- 2Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bum Kang
- 3Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- 1Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Terada S, Ota S, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi T, Mifune Y, Takayama K, Witt M, Vadalà G, Oyster N, Otsuka T, Fu FH, Huard J. Use of an antifibrotic agent improves the effect of platelet-rich plasma on muscle healing after injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:980-8. [PMID: 23780535 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle contusions are a common type of muscle injury and are frequently encountered in athletes and military personnel. Although these injuries are capable of healing in most instances, incomplete functional recovery often occurs because of the development of fibrosis in the muscle. We hypothesized that a combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection and oral administration of losartan (an antifibrotic agent) could enhance muscle healing by stimulating muscle regeneration and angiogenesis and by preventing fibrosis in contusion-injured skeletal muscle. METHODS Contusion injuries were created in the tibialis anterior muscles of mice. Two treatments were tested, alone and in combination: 20 μL of PRP injected into the contusion site one day after injury, and 10 mg/kg/day of losartan administered beginning three days after injury and continuing until the end point of the experiment. Muscle regeneration and fibrosis development were evaluated by histological analysis, and functional recovery was measured by physiological testing. RESULTS Muscle regeneration and muscle function were significantly promoted in the combined PRP + losartan treatment group compared with the other groups. Combined PRP + losartan treatment significantly decreased the expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 and the development of fibrosis compared with PRP treatment alone, and it increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the number of CD31-positive structures compared with losartan treatment alone. Follistatin, a positive regulator of muscle growth, was expressed at a higher level in the PRP + losartan group compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS PRP + losartan combinatorial therapy improved overall skeletal muscle healing after muscle contusion injury by enhancing angiogenesis and follistatin expression and by reducing the expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 and the development of fibrosis. These results suggest that blocking the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 with losartan improves the effect of PRP therapy on muscle healing after a contusion injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings could contribute to the development of biological treatments that aid in the healing of skeletal muscle after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Terada
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point II, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Kobayashi T, Uehara K, Ota S, Tobita K, Ambrosio F, Cummins JH, Terada S, Fu FH, Huard J. The timing of administration of a clinically relevant dose of losartan influences the healing process after contusion induced muscle injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 114:262-73. [PMID: 23154994 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00140.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Losartan (Los) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved antihypertensive medication that has a well-tolerated side effect profile. We have demonstrated that treatment with Los immediately after injury was effective at promoting muscle healing and inducing an antifibrotic effect in a murine model of skeletal muscle injury. We initially investigated the minimum effective dose of Los administration immediately after injury and subsequently determined whether the timing of administering a clinically relevant dose of Los would influence its effectiveness at improving muscle healing after muscle injury. In the first part of this study, mice were administered 3, 10, 30, or 300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) of Los immediately after injury, and the healing process was evaluated histologically and physiologically 4 wk after injury. In the second study, the clinically relevant dose of 10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) was administered immediately or started at 3 or 7 days postinjury. The administration of 300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) immediately following injury led to a significant increase in muscle regeneration, a significant decrease in fibrosis, and an improvement in muscle function. Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in fibrosis and a significant increase in muscle regeneration at 4 wk postinjury, when the clinically relevant dose of 10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) was administered at 3 or 7 days postinjury. Functional evaluation also demonstrated a significant improvement compared with the injured untreated control when Los treatment was initiated 3 days after injury. Our study revealed accelerated muscle healing when the 300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) of Los was administered immediately after injury and a clinically relevant dose of 10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) of Los was administered at 3 or 7 days postinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Grabowska I, Brzoska E, Gawrysiak A, Streminska W, Moraczewski J, Polanski Z, Hoser G, Kawiak J, Machaj EK, Pojda Z, Ciemerych MA. Restricted Myogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Umbilical Cord. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1711-26. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhematopoietic cord blood cells and mesenchymal cells of umbilical cord Wharton's jelly have been shown to be able to differentiate into various cell types. Thus, as they are readily available and do not raise any ethical issues, these cells are considered to be a potential source of material that can be used in regenerative medicine. In our previous study, we tested the potential of whole mononucleated fraction of human umbilical cord blood cells and showed that they are able to participate in the regeneration of injured mouse skeletal muscle. In the current study, we focused at the umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from Wharton's jelly. We documented that limited fraction of these cells express markers of pluripotent and myogenic cells. Moreover, they are able to undergo myogenic differentiation in vitro, as proved by coculture with C2C12 myoblasts. They also colonize injured skeletal muscle and, with low frequency, participate in the formation of new muscle fibers. Pretreatment of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells with SDF-1 has no impact on their incorporation into regenerating muscle fibers but significantly increased muscle mass. As a result, transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances the skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawrysiak
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Moraczewski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Polanski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kawiak
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz K. Machaj
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A. Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in skeletal muscle cells after exposure to damaged muscle cell debris. Shock 2011; 35:632-8. [PMID: 21283061 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182111f3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle damage provokes complex repair mechanisms including recruitment of leukocytes as well as activation of myogenic precursor cells such as satellite cells. To study muscle cell repair mechanisms after muscle fiber damage, we used an in vitro model of scrape-injured myotubes. Exposing vital C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes to cell debris of damaged myotubes revealed mRNA upregulation of adrenomedullin (ADM), insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2, metallopeptidase 9, and monocyte chemoattractant protein11. When cell debris was treated with ultrasound, frozen in liquid nitrogen, or heat inactivated before addition to C2C12 cells, gene expression was drastically reduced or completely absent. Moreover, incubations of myoblasts with debris separated by transwell inserts indicated that direct cell contact is required for gene induction. Incubation with albumin and PolyIC ruled out that ADM induction by cell debris simply results from increased protein or nucleic acid concentrations in the supernatant. Because the genes, which were upregulated by cell debris, are potential target genes of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), cells were analyzed for HIF-1α expression. Western blot analysis showed accumulation of the α-subunit upon contact to cell debris. Knockdown of HIF-1α in C2C12 cells proved that activation of HIF-1 in response to cell debris was responsible for upregulating ADM and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Furthermore, by incubating cells on gas-permeable culture dishes, we excluded a reduced pericellular pO2 induced by cell debris as the cause for ADM upregulation. Our data suggest that damaged myofibers activate HIF-1 in neighboring myotubes and precursor myoblasts by direct contact, concomitantly upregulating factors necessary for angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, and phagocyte recruitment.
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Grefte S, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Torensma R, Von den Hoff JW. Model for muscle regeneration around fibrotic lesions in recurrent strain injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 42:813-9. [PMID: 19952834 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181beeb52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish an in vivo model for muscle regeneration after strain injury in the presence of a fibrotic discontinuity. METHODS The musculus soleus of 5-wk-old male rats was exposed, completely lacerated, and sutured together with or without a collagen scaffold in between the muscle ends. The scaffold represents a fibrotic discontinuity in the muscle. Muscle healing was evaluated after 14 d by general histology and staining for myofibroblasts, satellite cells (activated), and inflammatory cells. RESULTS Around all wounds, satellite cells were activated. Inside the collagen scaffolds, satellite cells were absent, indicating that muscle regeneration was impaired. In the wounds without a collagen scaffold, the lacerated and the sutured myofibers contacted and had already started to regenerate, whereas this did not occur with an implanted scaffold. CONCLUSIONS A fibrotic discontinuity, such as an implanted collagen scaffold, delays muscle regeneration in skeletal muscle. This model is suitable to study skeletal muscle regeneration in the presence of a fibrotic lesion and to evaluate new treatment modalities for muscle strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Grefte
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nakasa T, Ishikawa M, Shi M, Shibuya H, Adachi N, Ochi M. Acceleration of muscle regeneration by local injection of muscle-specific microRNAs in rat skeletal muscle injury model. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2495-505. [PMID: 19754672 PMCID: PMC3823166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)s are a class of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Muscle-specific miRNA, miRNA (miR)-1, miR-133 and miR-206 play a crucial role in the regulation of muscle development and homeostasis. Muscle injuries are a common muscloskeletal disorder, and the most effective treatment has not been established yet. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that a local injection of double-stranded (ds) miR-1, miR-133 and 206 can accelerate muscle regeneration in a rat skeletal muscle injury model. After the laceration of the rat tibialis anterior muscle, ds miR-1, 133 and 206 mixture mediated atelocollagen was injected into the injured site. The control group was injected with control siRNA. At 1 week after injury, an injection of miRNAs could enhance muscle regeneration morphologically and physiologically, and prevent fibrosis effectively compared to the control siRNA. Administration of exogenous miR-1, 133 and 206 can induce expression of myogenic markers, MyoD1, myogenin and Pax7 in mRNA and expression in the protein level at 3 and 7 days after injury. The combination of miR-1, 133 and 206 can promote myotube differentiation, and the expression of MyoD1, myogenin and Pax7 were up-regulated in C2C12 cells in vitro. Local injection of miR-1, 133 and 206 could be a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Grefte S, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Torensma R, Von den Hoff JW. Skeletal muscle fibrosis: the effect of stromal-derived factor-1α-loaded collagen scaffolds. Regen Med 2011; 5:737-47. [PMID: 20868329 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a model for muscle fibrosis based on full-thickness muscle defects, and to evaluate the effects of implanted stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1α-loaded collagen scaffolds. METHODS Full-thickness defects 2 mm in diameter were made in the musculus soleus of 48 rats and either left alone or filled with SDF-1α-loaded collagen scaffolds. At 3, 10, 28 and 56 days postsurgery, muscles were analyzed for collagen deposition, satellite cells, myofibroblasts and macrophages. RESULTS A significant amount of collagen-rich fibrotic tissue was formed, which persisted over time. Increased numbers of satellite cells were present around, but not within, the wounds. Satellite cells were further upregulated in regenerating tissue when SDF-1α-loaded collagen scaffolds were implanted. The scaffolds also attracted macrophages, but collagen deposition and myofibroblast numbers were not affected. CONCLUSION Persistent muscle fibrosis is induced by full-thickness defects 2 mm in diameter. SDF-1α-loaded collagen scaffolds accelerated muscle regeneration around the wounds, but did not reduce muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Grefte
- Department of Orthodontics & Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for the clinical utilization of autologous plasma products in the management of muscle strain injuries. METHOD Systematic review using EMBASE and MEDLINE (up to March 2010). RESULTS There is no level 1, 2, and 3 evidence for the use of autologous plasma products in muscle strain injuries. Furthermore, significant methodological limitations impact on the interpretation of the few published studies in this field. CONCLUSIONS Although basic science and the use of recombinant growth factors in animal models support the concept of applying growth factors to acute muscle injuries, it is unclear if this evidence can be directly translated to reflect outcomes from platelet-enriched plasma. There remain a large number of unanswered questions, including the principle questions regarding safety and efficacy, which require appropriate scientific investigation. It is incumbent on sports physicians wishing to enhance athlete care, together with researchers, to search for these answers.
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Zeng L, Akasaki Y, Sato K, Ouchi N, Izumiya Y, Walsh K. Insulin-like 6 is induced by muscle injury and functions as a regenerative factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36060-9. [PMID: 20807758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.160879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like family of factors are involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes, but the function of the family member termed insulin-like 6 (Insl6) in skeletal muscle has not been reported. We show that Insl6 is a myokine that is up-regulated in skeletal muscle downstream of Akt signaling and in regenerating muscle in response to cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced injury. In the CTX injury model, myofiber regeneration was improved by the intramuscular or systemic delivery of an adenovirus expressing Insl6. Skeletal muscle-specific Insl6 transgenic mice exhibited normal muscle mass under basal conditions but elevated satellite cell activation and enhanced muscle regeneration in response to CTX injury. The Insl6-mediated regenerative response was associated with reductions in muscle cell apoptosis and reduced serum levels of creatine kinase M. Overexpression of Insl6 stimulated proliferation and reduced apoptosis in cultured myogenic cells. Conversely, knockdown of Insl6 reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. These data indicate that Insl6 is an injury-regulated myokine that functions as a myogenic regenerative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zeng
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Yen YP, Tsai KS, Chen YW, Huang CF, Yang RS, Liu SH. Arsenic inhibits myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:949-56. [PMID: 20299303 PMCID: PMC2920914 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of low birth weights is increased in offspring of women who are exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water compared with other women. We hypothesized that effects of arsenic on birth weight may be related to effects on myogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the myogenic differentiation of myoblasts in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo. METHODS C2C12 myoblasts and primary mouse and human myoblasts were cultured in differentiation media with or without As2O3 (0.1-0.5 microM) for 4 days. Myogenic differentiation was assessed by myogenin and myosin heavy chain expression and multinucleated myotube formation in vitro; skeletal muscle regeneration was tested using an in vivo mouse model with experimental glycerol myopathy. RESULTS A submicromolar concentration of As2O3 dose-dependently inhibited myogenic differentiation without apparent effects on cell viability. As2O3 significantly and dose-dependently decreased phosphorylation of Akt and p70s6k proteins during myogenic differentiation. As2O3-induced inhibition in myotube formation and muscle-specific protein expression was reversed by transfection with the constitutively active form of Akt. Sections of soleus muscles stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed typical changes of injury and regeneration after local glycerol injection in mice. Regeneration of glycerol-injured soleus muscles, myogenin expression, and Akt phosphorylation were suppressed in muscles isolated from As2O3-treated mice compared with untreated mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that As2O3 inhibits myogenic differentiation by inhibiting Akt-regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keh-Sung Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology and
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology and
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to S.H. Liu, Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. Telephone: 886-2-23123456, ext. 88605. Fax: 886-2-23410217. E-mail:
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Iwata A, Fuchioka S, Hiraoka K, Masuhara M, Kami K. Characteristics of locomotion, muscle strength, and muscle tissue in regenerating rat skeletal muscles. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:694-701. [PMID: 20405501 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have aimed to elucidate the mechanisms used to repair the structure and function of injured skeletal muscles, it remains unclear how and when movement recovers following damage. We performed a temporal analysis to characterize the changes in movement, muscle function, and muscle structure after muscle injury induced by the drop-mass technique. At each time-point, movement recovery was determined by ankle kinematic analysis of locomotion, and functional recovery was represented by isometric force. As a histological analysis, the cross-sectional area of myotubes was measured to examine structural regeneration. The dorsiflexion angle of the ankle, as assessed by kinematic analysis of locomotion, increased after injury and then returned to control levels by day 14 post-injury. The isometric force returned to normal levels by day 21 post-injury. However, the size of the myotubes did not reach normal levels, even at day 21 post-injury. These results indicate that recovery of locomotion occurs prior to recovery of isometric force and that functional recovery occurs earlier than structural regeneration. Thus, it is suggested that recovery of the movement and function of injured skeletal muscles might be insufficient as markers for estimating the degree of neuromuscular system reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Iwata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino city, Osaka 583-8555, Japan.
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Ambrosio F, Ferrari RJ, Distefano G, Plassmeyer JM, Carvell GE, Deasy BM, Boninger ML, Fitzgerald GK, Huard J. The synergistic effect of treadmill running on stem-cell transplantation to heal injured skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:839-49. [PMID: 19788347 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-derived stem-cell (MDSC) transplantation presents a promising method for the treatment of muscle injuries. This study investigated the ability of exercise to enhance MDSC transplantation into the injured muscle. Mice were divided into four groups: contusion + phosphate-buffered saline (C + PBS; n = 14 muscles), C + MDSC transplantation (n = 12 muscles), C + PBS + treadmill running (C + PBS + TM; n = 17 muscles), and C + MDSC + TM (n = 13 muscles). One day after injury, the TM groups began running for 1 or 5 weeks. Two days after injury, muscles of C + MDSC and C + MDSC + TM groups were injected with MDSCs. One or 5 weeks later, the number and differentiation of transplanted MDSCs, myofiber regeneration, collagen I formation, and vascularity were assessed histologically. In vitro, MDSCs were subjected to mechanical stimulation, and growth kinetics were quantified. In vitro, mechanical stimulation decreased the MDSC population doubling time (18.6 +/- 1.6 h) and cell division time (10.9 +/- 0.7 h), compared with the controls (population doubling time: 23.0 +/- 3.4 h; cell division time: 13.3 +/- 1.1 h) (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). In vivo, 5 weeks of TM increased the myogenic contribution of transplanted MDSCs, compared with the controls (p = 0.02). C + MDSC, C + PBS + TM, and C + MDSC + TM demonstrated decreased fibrosis at 5 weeks, compared with the C + PBS controls (p = 0.00, p = 0.03, and p = 0.02, respectively). Results suggest that the mechanical stimulation favors MDSC proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo, and that exercise enhances MDSC transplantation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrisia Ambrosio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Ten Broek RW, Grefte S, Von den Hoff JW. Regulatory factors and cell populations involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:7-16. [PMID: 20232319 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process, which is not yet completely understood. Satellite cells, the skeletal muscle stem cells, become activated after trauma, proliferate, and migrate to the site of injury. Depending on the severity of the myotrauma, activated satellite cells form new multinucleated myofibers or fuse to damaged myofibers. The specific microenvironment of the satellite cells, the niche, controls their behavior. The niche contains several components that maintain satellite cells quiescence until they are activated. In addition, a great diversity of stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors such as IGF-1 and TGF-beta1 regulate their activity. Donor-derived satellite cells are able to improve muscle regeneration, but their migration through the muscle tissue and across endothelial layers is limited. Less than 1% of their progeny, the myoblasts, survive the first days upon intra-muscular injection. However, a range of other multipotent muscle- and non-muscle-derived stem cells are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. These stem cells can occupy the satellite cell niche and show great potential for the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries and diseases. The aim of this review is to discuss the niche factors, growth factors, and other stem cells, which are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Knowledge about the factors regulating satellite cell activity and skeletal muscle regeneration can be used to improve the treatment of muscle injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel W Ten Broek
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Ghaly A, Marsh DR. Ischaemia-reperfusion modulates inflammation and fibrosis of skeletal muscle after contusion injury. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:244-55. [PMID: 20353423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury is dependent on numerous factors including age, the inflammatory response, revascularization, gene expression of myogenic and growth factors and the activation and proliferation of endogenous progenitor cells. It is our hypothesis that oxidative stress preceding a contusion injury to muscle modulates the inflammatory response to inhibit muscle regeneration and enhance fibrotic scar formation. Male F344/BN rats were assigned to one of four groups. Group 1: uinjured control; Group 2: ischaemic occlusion of femoral vessels for 2 h followed by reperfusion (I-R); Group 3: contusion injury of the tibialis anterior (TA); Group 4: I-R, then contusion injury. The acute inflammatory response (8 h, 3 days) was determined by expression of the chemokine CINC-1, TGF-beta1, IFN-gamma and markers of neutrophil (myeloperoxidase) and macrophage (CD68) activity and recruitment. Acute oxidative stress caused by I-R and/or contusion, was determined by measuring GP91(phox) and lipid peroxidation. Muscle recovery (21 days) was assessed by examining the fibrosis after I-R and contusion injuries to the TA with Sirius Red staining and quantification of collagen I expression. Consistent with our hypothesis, I-R preceding contusion increased all markers of the acute inflammatory response and oxidative stress after injury and elevated the expression of collagen. We conclude that ischaemia-induced oxidative stress exacerbated the inflammatory response and enhanced fibrotic scar tissue formation after injury. This response may be attributable to increased levels of TGF-beta1 and diminished expression of IFN-gamma in the ischaemic contused muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghaly
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Saihara R, Komuro H, Urita Y, Hagiwara K, Kaneko M. Myoblast transplantation to defecation muscles in a rat model: a possible treatment strategy for fecal incontinence after the repair of imperforate anus. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:981-6. [PMID: 19690871 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infants with higher anorectal anomalies often develop fecal incontinence after surgical reconstruction mainly due to the incomplete development of defecation muscles. We investigated the possibility of defecation muscle regeneration by myoblast transplantation to improve fecal continence. METHODS Myoblasts from F344 female rats at ages of 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks were prepared by a preplating method. In vivo muscle differentiation of myoblasts was evaluated using immunofluorescence after transplantation of GFP-positive myoblasts into nude mice, the damaged thigh muscles, and the levator ani muscle of GFP-negative rats. RESULTS The ratios of myoblasts obtained from 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12-week-old rats were 35, 71, 65, 61, 52, 44, and 23%, respectively. Myotube formation by transplanted myoblasts was observed in the back of nude mice. Myoblasts transplanted into damaged thigh muscles were integrated into recipient muscles with myofiber formation. Transferred myoblasts formed myotubes surrounding the levator ani muscle, although myofiber formation was not observed. CONCLUSION Myoblasts were most efficiently obtained from juvenile rats. Myoblast transplantation may provide a novel treatment strategy for improving fecal continence after repair of anorectal anomalies in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Saihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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Hu C, Wu Y, Wan Y, Wang Q, Song J. Introduction of hIGF-1 gene into bone marrow stromal cells and its effects on the cell's biological behaviors. Cell Transplant 2009; 17:1067-81. [PMID: 19177843 DOI: 10.3727/096368908786991506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous and gene-modified bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have shown a bright future in clinical applications. However, does a gene-modified MSC still maintain its stem cell-like properties? To answer this question, human IGF-1 was introduced into rat MSCs using a recombinant retroviral vector and the effects of the gene manipulation on the cells' behaviors were investigated. The MSCs transfected with hIGF-1 could secrete 6.7-fold higher IGF-1 than the native cells. These MSCs had an elevated baseline activity of ERK signaling, an enhanced proliferation, increased accumulative numbers of cell doublings, and a reduced apoptosis; they showed upregulated expressions of OCT-4, CYP51, and SM22alpha, and a downregulated expression of nestin. This indicates that the overexpressed IGF-1 enhances the MSCs' self-renewal, endodermal and mesodermal differentiation, but weakens their neuronal potential. Although a puromycin selection after hIGF-1 gene transfection could produce a purer transfected MSC population with stronger ability to express functional hIGF-1, it induced premature senescence of the selected cells by activating oncogene Ras, leading to a shortened replicative life span and a weakened multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
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The effect of muscle loading on skeletal muscle regenerative potential: an update of current research findings relating to aging and neuromuscular pathology. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 88:145-55. [PMID: 19169178 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e3181951fc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with a remarkable ability to continuously respond to environmental stimuli. Among its adaptive responses is the widely investigated ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate after loading or injury or both. Although significant basic science efforts have been dedicated to better understand the underlying mechanism controlling skeletal muscle regeneration, there has been relatively little impact in the clinical approaches used to treat skeletal muscle injuries and wasting. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of the basic biology of satellite cell function in response to muscle loading and to relate these findings in the context of aging and neuromuscular pathology for the rehabilitation medicine specialist.
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Nozaki M, Li Y, Zhu J, Ambrosio F, Uehara K, Fu FH, Huard J. Improved muscle healing after contusion injury by the inhibitory effect of suramin on myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36:2354-62. [PMID: 18725651 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508322886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle contusions are the most common muscle injuries in sports medicine. Although these injuries are capable of healing, incomplete functional recovery often occurs. HYPOTHESIS Suramin enhances muscle healing by both stimulating muscle regeneration and preventing fibrosis in contused skeletal muscle. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS In vitro: Myoblasts (C2C12 cells) and muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) were cultured with suramin, and the potential of suramin to induce their differentiation was evaluated. Furthermore, MDSCs were cocultured with suramin and myostatin (MSTN) to monitor the capability of suramin to neutralize the effect of MSTN. In vivo: Varying concentrations of suramin were injected in the tibialis anterior muscle of mice 2 weeks after muscle contusion injury. Muscle regeneration and scar tissue formation were evaluated by histologic analysis and functional recovery was measured by physiologic testing RESULTS In vitro: Suramin stimulated the differentiation of myoblasts and MDSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, suramin neutralized the inhibitory effect of MSTN on MDSC differentiation. In vivo: Suramin treatment significantly promoted muscle regeneration, decreased fibrosis formation, reduced myostatin expression in injured muscle, and increased muscle strength after contusion injury. CONCLUSION Intramuscular injection of suramin after a contusion injury improved overall skeletal muscle healing. Suramin enhanced myoblast and MDSC differentiation and neutralized MSTN's negative effect on myogenic differentiation in vitro, which suggests a possible mechanism for the beneficial effects that this pharmacologic agent exhibits in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings could contribute to the development of biological treatments to aid in muscle healing after experiencing a muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA
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Furochi H, Tamura S, Takeshima K, Hirasaka K, Nakao R, Kishi K, Nikawa T. Overexpression of osteoactivin protects skeletal muscle from severe degeneration caused by long-term denervation in mice. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2007; 54:248-54. [PMID: 17878673 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.54.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that osteoactivin, a type I membrane glycoprotein expressed in myofibers, upregulated expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3 and MMP-9 in fibroblasts infiltrated denervated skeletal muscle in mice. To address whether osteoactivin-mediated increase in MMPs in skeletal muscle is useful for regeneration of denervated skeletal muscle, we subjected osteoactivin-transgenic mice to long-term denervation for 70 or 90 days. Long-term denervation caused severe degeneration of myofibers and fibrosis in skeletal muscle of wild-type mice. However, overexpression of osteoactivin protected skeletal muscle from such changes. Infiltration of fibroblast-like cells and collagen deposition were sustained at low levels after long-term denervation in skeletal muscle of osteoactivin-transgenic mice. This cytoprotective effect of osteoactivin was supported by the expression of regeneration/degeneration-associated genes in the gastrocnemius muscle during denervation. Denervation significantly upregulated the expression of anti-fibrotic genes, such as glypican-1 and decorin-1, in the gastrocnemius muscle of osteoactivin-transgenic mice, compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, overexpression of osteoactivin caused a significant reduction in denervation-induced expression of elongation factor 1A-1, an indicator for the persistence of degenerated cells. Our results suggest that an osteoactivin-mediated increase in MMPs in skeletal muscle might be useful for protecting injured muscle from fibrosis, leading to full regeneration after denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Furochi
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Matsuura T, Li Y, Giacobino JP, Fu FH, Huard J. Skeletal muscle fiber type conversion during the repair of mouse soleus: potential implications for muscle healing after injury. J Orthop Res 2007; 25:1534-40. [PMID: 17593537 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We used a mouse model of cardiotoxin injury to examine fiber type conversion during muscle repair. We evaluated the soleus muscles of 37 wild-type mice at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after injury. We also used antibodies (fMHC and sMHC) against fast and slow myosin heavy chain to classify the myofibers into three categories: fast-, slow-, and mixed (hybrid)-type myofibers (myofibers expressing both fMHC and sMHC). Our results revealed an increase in the percentage of slow-type myofibers and a decrease in the percentage of fast-type myofibers during the repair process. The percentage of hybrid-type myofibers increased 2 weeks after injury, then gradually decreased over the following 6 weeks. Similarly, our analysis of centronucleated myofibers showed an increase in the percentage of slow-type myofibers and decreases in the percentages of fast- and hybrid-type myofibers. We also investigated the relationship between myofiber type conversion and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha). The expression of both PGC-1alpha protein, which is expressed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of regenerating myofibers, and sMHC protein increased with time after cardiotoxin injection, but we observed no significant differential expression of fMHC protein in regenerating muscle fibers during muscle repair. PGC-1alpha-positive myofibers underwent fast to slow myofiber type conversion during the repair process. These results suggest that PGC-1alpha contributes to myofiber type conversion after muscle injury and that this phenomenon could influence the recovery of the injured muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsuura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Grefte S, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Torensma R, Von den Hoff JW. Skeletal Muscle Development and Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:857-68. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Grefte
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Torensma
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Goessler UR, Riedel K, Hormann K, Riedel F. Perspectives of Gene Therapy in Stem Cell Tissue Engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2006; 183:169-79. [PMID: 17159343 DOI: 10.1159/000096508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve tissue function. It is hoped that forming tissue de novo will overcome many problems in plastic surgery associated with such areas as wound healing and the immunogenicity of transplanted tissue that lead to dysfunctional repair. Gene therapy is the science of the transfer of genetic material into individuals for therapeutic purposes by altering cellular function or structure at the molecular level. Recently, tissue engineering has been used in conjunction with gene therapy as a hybrid approach. This combination of stem-cell-based tissue engineering with gene therapy has the potential to provide regenerative tissue cells within an environment of optimal regulatory protein expression and would have many benefits in various areas such as the transplantation of skin, cartilage or bone. The aim of this review is to outline tissue engineering and possible applications of gene therapy in the field of biomedical engineering as well as basic principles of gene therapy, vectors and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Reinhart Goessler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Mannheim, Germany.
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Chan YS, Li Y, Foster W, Fu FH, Huard J. The use of suramin, an antifibrotic agent, to improve muscle recovery after strain injury. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33:43-51. [PMID: 15610998 DOI: 10.1177/0363546504265190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle strain injuries are extremely common in sports medicine. Muscle healing often is hindered by scar tissue formation after injury. HYPOTHESIS Suramin can prevent scar tissue formation and improve muscle healing after injury because of its ability to antagonize transforming growth factor-beta1, a fibrotic cytokine. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, muscle-derived fibroblasts (a potential cell source of muscle fibrosis) were incubated with suramin and/or transforming growth factor-beta1; a cell growth curve was obtained. In vivo, mouse gastrocnemius muscles were strain injured. Suramin or sham/control intramuscular injections were performed after injury at various time points. Mice were sacrificed at various time points after injury, and skeletal muscle tissue was evaluated by using histological and physiological tests. Statistical analysis was performed by using analysis of variance and Fisher tests. RESULTS Suramin decreased the stimulating effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 on the growth of muscle-derived fibroblasts in vitro. Significantly less fibrous scar formation was observed in suramin-treated muscles than in sham-injected muscles. The fast-twitch and tetanus strength of suramin-treated muscles was also significantly greater relative to that of control muscles. CONCLUSIONS Suramin blocked the stimulatory effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 on muscle-derived fibroblasts in vitro. Suramin also reduced fibrous scar formation in muscle and enhanced muscle strength in strain-injured skeletal muscle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may facilitate the development of strategies to enhance muscle healing after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Sato K, Li Y, Foster W, Fukushima K, Badlani N, Adachi N, Usas A, Fu FH, Huard J. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28:365-72. [PMID: 12929198 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is able to repair itself through regeneration. However, an injured muscle often does not fully recover its strength because complete muscle regeneration is hindered by the development of fibrosis. Biological approaches to improve muscle healing by enhancing muscle regeneration and reducing the formation of fibrosis are being investigated. Previously, we have determined that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can improve muscle regeneration in injured muscle. We also have investigated the use of an antifibrotic agent, decorin, to reduce muscle fibrosis following injury. The aim of this study was to combine these two therapeutic methods in an attempt to develop a new biological approach to promote efficient healing and recovery of strength after muscle injuries. Our findings indicate that further improvement in the healing of muscle lacerations is attained histologically by the combined administration of IGF-1 to enhance muscle regeneration and decorin to reduce the formation of fibrosis. This improvement was not associated with improved responses to physiological testing, at least at the time-points tested in this study.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Decorin
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins
- Fibrosis/drug therapy
- Fibrosis/etiology
- Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/injuries
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- Proteoglycans/therapeutic use
- Recovery of Function/drug effects
- Recovery of Function/physiology
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
- Treatment Outcome
- Wound Healing/drug effects
- Wound Healing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sato
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Muscle injuries are a common problem in sports medicine. Skeletal muscle can regenerate itself, but the process is both slow and incomplete. Previously we and others have used growth factors to improve the regeneration of muscle, but the muscle healing was impeded by scar tissue formation. However, when we blocked the fibrosis process with decorin, an antifibrosis agent, we improved the muscle healing. Here we show that gammainterferon (gammaINF)--a cytokine that inhibits the signaling of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), a fibrotic stimulator--reduces fibrosis formation and improves the healing of lacerated skeletal muscle. With gammaINF treatment, the growth rate of muscle-derived fibroblasts was reduced and the level of fibrotic protein expression induced by TGFbeta1 (including TGFbeta1, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) was down-regulated in vitro. In a mouse laceration model, the area of fibrosis decreased when gammaINF was injected at either 1 or 2 weeks after injury. More importantly, the injection of gammaINF at either 1 or 2 weeks post-injury was found to improve muscle function in terms of both fast-twitch and tetanic strength. This study demonstrates that gammaINF is a potent antifibrosis agent that can improve muscle healing after laceration injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foster
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 4151 Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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Chan YS, Li Y, Foster W, Horaguchi T, Somogyi G, Fu FH, Huard J. Antifibrotic effects of suramin in injured skeletal muscle after laceration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:771-80. [PMID: 12730151 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00915.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle injuries are very common in traumatology and sports medicine. Although muscle tissue can regenerate postinjury, the healing process is slow and often incomplete; complete recovery after skeletal muscle injury is hindered by fibrosis. Our studies have shown that decreased fibrosis could improve muscle healing. Suramin has been found to inhibit transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 expression by competitively binding to the growth factor receptor. We conducted a series of tests to determine the antifibrotic effects of suramin on muscle laceration injuries. Our results demonstrate that suramin (50 microg/ml) can effectively decrease fibroblast proliferation and fibrotic-protein expression (alpha-smooth muscle actin) in vitro. In vivo, direct injection of suramin (2.5 mg) into injured murine muscle resulted in effective inhibition of muscle fibrosis and enhanced muscle regeneration, which led to efficient functional muscle recovery. These results support our hypothesis that prevention of fibrosis could enhance muscle regeneration, thereby facilitating more efficient muscle healing. This study could significantly contribute to the development of strategies to promote efficient muscle healing and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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Huard J, Li Y, Peng H, Fu FH. Gene therapy and tissue engineering for sports medicine. J Gene Med 2003; 5:93-108. [PMID: 12539148 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports injuries usually involve tissues that display a limited capacity for healing. The treatment of sports injuries has improved over the past 10 to 20 years through sophisticated rehabilitation programs, novel operative techniques, and advances in the field of biomechanical research. Despite this considerable progress, no optimal solution has been found for treatment of various sports-related injuries, including muscle injuries, ligament and tendon ruptures, central meniscal tears, cartilage lesions, and delayed bone fracture healing. New biological approaches focus on the treatment of these injuries with growth factors to stimulate and hasten the healing process. Gene therapy using the transfer of defined genes encoding therapeutic proteins represents a promising way to efficiently deliver suitable growth factors into the injured tissue. Tissue engineering, which may eventually be combined with gene therapy, may potentially result in the creation of tissues or scaffolds for regeneration of tissue defects following trauma. In this article we will discuss why gene therapy and tissue engineering are becoming increasingly important in modern orthopaedic sports medicine practice. We then will review recent research achievements in the area of gene therapy and tissue engineering for sports-related injuries, and highlight the potential clinical applications of this technology in the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal problems following sports-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Huard
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Growth and Development Laboratory, 4151 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. jhuard+@pitt.edu
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Pelinkovic D, Lee JY, Engelhardt M, Rodosky M, Cummins J, Fu FH, Huard J. Muscle cell-mediated gene delivery to the rotator cuff. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2003; 9:143-51. [PMID: 12625963 DOI: 10.1089/107632703762687627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotator cuff lesions are one of the most common causes of upper extremity disability. Surgical therapy addresses mostly the extrinsic etiology, but not intrinsic factors such as aging, structural changes, low vascularity, and inflammatory processes. In this study, genetically engineered, highly purified muscle-derived cells (MDCs) were characterized and injected into the supraspinatus tendons of nude rats. The injected cells were monitored for 3 weeks. In vitro, the engineered, highly purified MDCs do not express vimentin; 98% of them are positive for the beta-galactosidase marker gene, and 99% hybridize with the specific pancentromeric mouse probe. beta-Galactosidase marker gene expression of the injected cells was detected up to 21 days. From day 7 after injection, the cell nuclei became spindle shaped, cells were integrated into the tendon collagen bundles, and the cells showed differentiation into vimentin-expressing fibroblastic cells. The results indicate that the rotator cuff tendon matrix and its original cellular components modulated the injected MDCs toward a fibroblastic phenotype. The compatibility and ability of MDCs to differentiate into other cell lineages, such as fibroblasts, might have high potential utility in tissue-engineering applications for tendon healing. This approach facilitates the application of muscle-derived progenitor cells and ex vivo gene therapy for the treatment of rotator cuff lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pelinkovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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50
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Day CS, Buranapanitkit B, Riano FA, Tomaino MM, Somogyi G, Sotereanos DG, Kuroda R, Huard J. Insulin growth factor-1 decreases muscle atrophy following denervation. Microsurgery 2002; 22:144-51. [PMID: 12111979 DOI: 10.1002/micr.21742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite modern microsurgical techniques for nerve repair, functional outcome following proximal injury is often unsatisfactory because irreversible muscle atrophy may develop before reinnervation occurs. Because insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to improve muscle regeneration after injury, and may have a role in muscle preservation following denervation, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the histological, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological differences between normal, denervated, and IGF-1-injected denervated muscle over an 8-week period. Denervated mice gastrocnemius muscles demonstrated a decrease in muscle weight, a decrease in myofiber diameter, an absence of muscle regeneration, an early increase in the number of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and a decrease in fast-twitch and maximum tetanic strength as compared to normal muscle up to 8 weeks following denervation. IGF-1-injected denervated muscle, on the other hand, sustained muscle diameter and muscle weight, maintained a smaller number of NMJs, and relatively sustained fast-twitch and maximum tetanic strength as compared to normal muscle over 8 weeks. These data suggest that IGF-1 may help prevent muscle atrophy and secondary functional compromise after denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Day
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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