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Lipopolysaccharides and Cellular Senescence: Involvement in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911148. [PMID: 36232471 PMCID: PMC9569556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular walls related to aging. Thus far, the roles of cellular senescence and bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been speculated to be independent of each other. Some types of macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells are in a senescent state at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. Likewise, bacterial infections and accumulations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, have also been observed in the atherosclerotic lesions of patients. This review introduces the integration of these two potential pathways in atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested that LPS directly induces cellular senescence in cultured monocytes/macrophages and vascular cells. In addition, LPS enhances the inflammatory properties (senescence-associated secretory phenotype [SASP]) of senescent endothelial cells. Thus, LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria could exaggerate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by inducing and enhancing cellular senescence and the SASP-associated inflammatory properties of specific vascular cells in atherosclerotic lesions. This proposed mechanism can provide novel approaches to preventing and treating this common age-related disease.
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Rauch J, Jochum J, Eisermann P, Gisbrecht J, Völker K, Hunstig F, Mehlhoop U, Muntau B, Tappe D. Inflammatory cytokine profile and T cell responses in African tick bite fever patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:143-152. [PMID: 35543881 PMCID: PMC9092931 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African tick bite fever, an acute febrile illness, is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia africae. Immune responses to rickettsial infections have so far mainly been investigated in vitro with infected endothelial cells as the main target cells, and in mouse models. Patient studies are rare and little is known about the immunology of human infections. In this study, inflammatory mediators and T cell responses were examined in samples from 13 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed R. africae infections at different time points of illness. The Th1-associated cytokines IFNγ and IL-12 were increased in the acute phase of illness, as were levels of the T cell chemoattractant cytokine CXCL-10. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also IL-22 were elevated. IL-22 but not IFNγ was increasingly produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during illness. Besides IFNγ, IL-22 appears to play a protective role in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rauch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Jochum
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Eisermann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Gisbrecht
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Mehlhoop
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Osterloh A. Vaccination against Bacterial Infections: Challenges, Progress, and New Approaches with a Focus on Intracellular Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050751. [PMID: 35632507 PMCID: PMC9144739 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial infections are major health problems worldwide, and treatment of many of these infectious diseases is becoming increasingly difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a major threat. Prophylactic vaccines against these bacterial pathogens are urgently needed. This is also true for bacterial infections that are still neglected, even though they affect a large part of the world’s population, especially under poor hygienic conditions. One example is typhus, a life-threatening disease also known as “war plague” caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, which could potentially come back in a war situation such as the one in Ukraine. However, vaccination against bacterial infections is a challenge. In general, bacteria are much more complex organisms than viruses and as such are more difficult targets. Unlike comparatively simple viruses, bacteria possess a variety of antigens whose immunogenic potential is often unknown, and it is unclear which antigen can elicit a protective and long-lasting immune response. Several vaccines against extracellular bacteria have been developed in the past and are still used successfully today, e.g., vaccines against tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria. However, while induction of antibody production is usually sufficient for protection against extracellular bacteria, vaccination against intracellular bacteria is much more difficult because effective defense against these pathogens requires T cell-mediated responses, particularly the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These responses are usually not efficiently elicited by immunization with non-living whole cell antigens or subunit vaccines, so that other antigen delivery strategies are required. This review provides an overview of existing antibacterial vaccines and novel approaches to vaccination with a focus on immunization against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Osterloh
- Department of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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Chen CL, Tseng PC, Satria RD, Nguyen TT, Tsai CC, Lin CF. Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Interferon-γ-Mediated Immune Hepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094669. [PMID: 35563060 PMCID: PMC9101719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine/threonine kinase, is a vital glycogen synthase regulator controlling glycogen synthesis, glucose metabolism, and insulin signaling. GSK-3 is widely expressed in different types of cells, and its abundant roles in cellular bioregulation have been speculated. Abnormal GSK-3 activation and inactivation may affect its original bioactivity. Moreover, active and inactive GSK-3 can regulate several cytosolic factors and modulate their diverse cellular functional roles. Studies in experimental liver disease models have illustrated the possible pathological role of GSK-3 in facilitating acute hepatic injury. Pharmacologically targeting GSK-3 is therefore suggested as a therapeutic strategy for liver protection. Furthermore, while the signaling transduction of GSK-3 facilitates proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ in vitro and in vivo, the blockade of GSK-3 can be protective, as shown by an IFN-γ-induced immune hepatitis model. In this study, we explored the possible regulation of GSK-3 and the potential relevance of GSK-3 blockade in IFN-γ-mediated immune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Chun Tseng
- Core Laboratory of Immune Monitoring, Office of Research & Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Rahmat Dani Satria
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (R.D.S.); (T.T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Clinical Laboratory Installation, Dr. Sardjito Central General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Thi Thuy Nguyen
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (R.D.S.); (T.T.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Cheng-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 703, Taiwan
- Department of Long Term Care Management, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 703, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.T.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Core Laboratory of Immune Monitoring, Office of Research & Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (R.D.S.); (T.T.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.T.); (C.-F.L.)
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5
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Abstract
Over the last decades, rickettsioses are emerging worldwide. These diseases are caused by intracellular bacteria. Although rickettsioses can be treated with antibiotics, a vaccine against rickettsiae is highly desired for several reasons. Rickettsioses are highly prevalent, especially in poor countries, and there are indications of the development of antibiotic resistance. In addition, some rickettsiae can persist and cause recurrent disease. The development of a vaccine requires the understanding of the immune mechanisms that are involved in protection as well as in immunopathology. Knowledge about these immune responses is accumulating, and efforts have been undertaken to identify antigenic components of rickettsiae that may be useful as a vaccine. This review provides an overview on current knowledge of adaptive immunity against rickettsiae, which is essential for defense, rickettsial antigens that have been identified so far, and on vaccination strategies that have been used in animal models of rickettsial infections.
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Osterloh A. Immune response against rickettsiae: lessons from murine infection models. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:403-417. [PMID: 28770333 PMCID: PMC5664416 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsiae are small intracellular bacteria that can cause life-threatening febrile diseases. Rickettsioses occur worldwide with increasing incidence. Therefore, a vaccine is highly desired. A prerequisite for the development of a vaccine is the knowledge of the immune response against these bacteria, in particular protective immunity. In recent years murine models of rickettsial infections have been established, and the study of immune response against rickettsiae in mice provided many new insights into protective and pathological immune reactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about immune mechanisms in protection and pathology in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Osterloh
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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Woo J, Han D, Wang JI, Park J, Kim H, Kim Y. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Temporal Proteomic Changes in Signaling Pathways during BV2 Mouse Microglial Cell Activation. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3419-3432. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangro, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Cytotoxic effector functions of T cells are not required for protective immunity against fatal Rickettsia typhi infection in a murine model of infection: Role of TH1 and TH17 cytokines in protection and pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005404. [PMID: 28222146 PMCID: PMC5336310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia (R.) typhi is an emerging febrile disease that can be fatal due to multiple organ pathology. Here we analyzed the requirements for protection against R. typhi by T cells in the CB17 SCID model of infection. BALB/c wild-type mice generate CD4+ TH1 and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells both of which are sporadically reactivated in persistent infection. Either adoptively transferred CD8+ or CD4+ T cells protected R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice from death and provided long-term control. CD8+ T cells lacking either IFNγ or Perforin were still protective, demonstrating that the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells is not essential for protection. Immune wild-type CD4+ T cells produced high amounts of IFNγ, induced the release of nitric oxide in R. typhi-infected macrophages and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro via IFNγ and TNFα. However, adoptive transfer of CD4+IFNγ-/- T cells still protected 30-90% of R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice. These cells acquired a TH17 phenotype, producing high amounts of IL-17A and IL-22 in addition to TNFα, and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. Surprisingly, the neutralization of either TNFα or IL-17A in CD4+IFNγ-/- T cell recipient mice did not alter bacterial elimination by these cells in vivo, led to faster recovery and enhanced survival compared to isotype-treated animals. Thus, collectively these data show that although CD4+ TH1 cells are clearly efficient in protection against R. typhi, CD4+ TH17 cells are similarly protective if the harmful effects of combined production of TNFα and IL-17A can be inhibited.
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Moderzynski K, Papp S, Rauch J, Heine L, Kuehl S, Richardt U, Fleischer B, Osterloh A. CD4+ T Cells Are as Protective as CD8+ T Cells against Rickettsia typhi Infection by Activating Macrophage Bactericidal Activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005089. [PMID: 27875529 PMCID: PMC5119731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia typhi is an intracellular bacterium that causes endemic typhus, a febrile disease that can be fatal due to complications including pneumonia, hepatitis and meningoencephalitis, the latter being a regular outcome in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon Rickettsia typhi infection. Here, we show that CD4+ TH1 cells that are generated in C57BL/6 mice upon R. typhi infection are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. CD4+- as well as CD8+-deficient C57BL/6 survived the infection without showing symptoms of disease at any point in time. Moreover, adoptively transferred CD8+ and CD4+ immune T cells entered the CNS of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice with advanced infection and both eradicated the bacteria. However, immune CD4+ T cells protected only approximately 60% of the animals from death. They induced the expression of iNOS in infiltrating macrophages as well as in resident microglia in the CNS which can contribute to bacterial killing but also accelerate pathology. In vitro immune CD4+ T cells inhibited bacterial growth in infected macrophages which was in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are as protective as CD8+ T cells against R. typhi, provided that CD4+ TH1 effector cells are present in time to support bactericidal activity of phagocytes via the release of IFNγ and other factors. With regard to vaccination against TG Rickettsiae, our findings suggest that the induction of CD4+ TH1 effector cells is sufficient for protection. Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi usually is a relatively mild disease. However, CNS inflammation and neurological symptoms are complications that can occur in severe cases. This outcome of disease is regularly observed in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon infection with R. typhi. We show here that CD4+ T cells are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells against R. typhi as long as they are present in time. This is evidenced by the fact that neither CD8+ nor CD4+ T cell-deficient C57BL/6 mice develop disease which is also true for R. typhi-infected C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice that receive immune CD8+ or CD4+ at an early point in time. Moreover, adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ T cells still protects approximately 60% of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice when applied later in advanced infection when the bacteria start to rise. Although CD8+ T cells are faster and more efficient in bacterial elimination, R. typhi is not detectable in CD4+ T cell recipients anymore. We further show that immune CD4+ T cells activate bactericidal functions of microglia and macrophages in the CNS in vivo and inhibit bacterial growth in infected macrophages in vitro which is in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cells alone are sufficient to protect against R. typhi infection. With regard to vaccination our findings suggest that the induction of R. typhi-specific CD4+ TH1 effector T cells may be as effective as the much more difficult targeting of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moderzynski
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Papp
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rauch
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liza Heine
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kuehl
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulricke Richardt
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Suzuki K, Murakami T, Hu Z, Tamura H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Iba T, Nagaoka I. Human Host Defense Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Enhances the Lipopolysaccharide Uptake by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells without Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1338-1347. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The liver is a major organ that removes waste substances from the blood, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are professional scavenger cells, which incorporate and degrade various endogenous and exogenous molecules including pathogenic factor LPS. Mammalian cells express a number of peptide antibiotics that function as effectors in the innate host defense systems. LL-37, a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, has a potent LPS-neutralizing activity and exhibits protective actions on various infection models. However, the effect of LL-37 on the LPS clearance has not been clarified. In this study, to further understand the host-protective mechanism of LL-37, we evaluated the effect of LL-37 on the LPS clearance in vitro. LL-37 enhanced the LPS uptake by human LSECs. Of interest, LL-37 was similarly incorporated into LSECs both in the presence and the absence of LPS, and the incorporated LPS and LL-37 were colocalized in LSECs. Importantly, the uptake of LPS and LL-37 was inhibited by endocytosis inhibitors, heparan sulfate proteoglycan analogs, and glycosaminoglycan lyase treatment of the cells. Moreover, the uptake of LL-37-LPS did not activate TLR4 signaling in both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. In addition, the incorporated LL-37-LPS was likely transported to the lysosomes in LSECs. Together these observations suggest that LL-37 enhances the LPS uptake by LSECs via endocytosis through the complex formation with LPS and the interaction with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thereby facilitating the intracellular incorporation and degradation of LPS without cell activation. In this article, we propose a novel function of LL-37 in enhancing LPS clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Suzuki
- *Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taisuke Murakami
- *Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Zhongshuang Hu
- *Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- *Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- †Laboratory Program Support Consulting Office, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai
- ‡Department of Bacteriology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Toshiaki Iba
- §Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- *Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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11
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Mori D, Koide N, Tsolmongyn B, Nagata H, Sano T, Nonami T, Yokochi T. Poly I:C enhances production of nitric oxide in response to interferon-γ via upregulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 in vascular endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2015; 98:68-73. [PMID: 25582076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of poly I:C on interferon (IFN)-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in vascular endothelial cells was examined using murine aortic endothelial END-D cells. Poly I:C augmented IFN-γ-induced NO production although it alone did not induce the NO production. Poly I:C augmented the NO production via enhanced expression of an inducible NO synthase protein. Poly I:C did not affect the activation of Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in IFN-γ signaling. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the IFN-γ-induced interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1 expression between the presence and absence of poly I:C. Poly I:C led to the activation of IRF7 in END-D cells. Inhibition of poly I:C signaling by amlexanox, an inhibitor of TANK-binding kinase (TBK) 1 and IκB kinase (IKK) ε, abolished the augmentation of IFN-γ-induced NO production. Therefore, poly I:C was suggested to augment IFN-γ-induced NO production at the transcriptional level via enhanced IRF7 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mori
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmongyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sano
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nonami
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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12
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Tsolmongyn B, Koide N, Jambalganiin U, Odkhuu E, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. A Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, Pam3CSK4, augments interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production via a physical association between MyD88 and interferon-γ receptor in vascular endothelial cells. Immunology 2013; 140:352-61. [PMID: 23826757 PMCID: PMC3800440 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of Pam3CSK4, a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) -induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse vascular endothelial END-D cells was studied. Pre-treatment or post-treatment with Pam3CSK4 augmented IFN-γ-induced NO production via enhanced expression of an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA. Pam3CSK4 augmented phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 and 2, followed by enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) at tyrosine 701. Subsequently, the enhanced STAT1 activation augmented IFN-γ-induced IFN-regulatory factor 1 expression leading to the iNOS expression. Pam3CSK4 also induced the activation of p38 and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT1 at serine 727. A pharmacological p38 inhibitor abolished the augmentation of IFN-γ-induced NO production by Pam3CSK4. Surprisingly, Pam3CSK4 enhanced a physical association of MyD88 and IFN-γ receptor. Together, these findings suggest that Pam3CSK4 up-regulates IFN-γ signalling in vascular endothelial cells via the physical association between MyD88 and IFN-γ receptor α, and p38-dependent serine 727 STAT1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmongyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Xu J, Lan D, Li T, Yang G, Liu L. Angiopoietins regulate vascular reactivity after haemorrhagic shock in rats through the Tie2-nitric oxide pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:308-19. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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14
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Mylonas KJ, Hoeve MA, MacDonald AS, Allen JE. Alternative activation of macrophages by filarial nematodes is MyD88-independent. Immunobiology 2012; 218:570-8. [PMID: 22884360 PMCID: PMC3608026 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternative macrophage activation is largely defined by IL-4Rα stimulation but the contribution of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to this phenotype is not currently known. We have investigated macrophage activation status under Th2 conditions in the absence of the core TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88. No impairment was observed in the ability of MyD88-deficient bone marrow derived macrophages to produce or express alternative activation markers, including arginase, RELM-α or Ym1, in response to IL-4 treatment in vitro. Further, we observed no difference in the ability of peritoneal exudate cells from nematode implanted wild type (WT) or MyD88-deficient mice to produce arginase or express the alternative activation markers RELM-α or Ym1. Therefore, MyD88 is not a fundamental requirement for Th2-driven macrophage alternative activation, either in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Mylonas
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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15
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The absence of MyD88 has no effect on the induction of alternatively activated macrophage during Fasciola hepatica infection. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:63. [PMID: 22074389 PMCID: PMC3226545 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕ) play important roles in allergies and responses to parasitic infections. However, whether signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays any role in AAMϕ induction when young Fasciola hepatica penetrates the liver capsule and migrates through the liver tissue is still unclear. Results The data show that the lack of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) has no effect on the AAMϕ derived from the bone marrow (BMMϕ) in vitro and does not impair the mRNA expression of arginase-1, resistin-like molecule (RELMα), and Ym1 in BMMϕs. The Th2 cytokine production bias in splenocytes was not significantly altered in F. hepatica-infected mice in the absence of MyD88 in vitro and in the pleural cavity lavage in vivo. In addition, MyD88-deficiency has no effect on the arginase production of the F. hepatica elicited macrophages (Fe Mϕs), production of RELMα and Ym1 proteins and mRNA expression of Ym1 and RELMα of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection. Conclusions The absence of MyD88 has no effect on presence of AAMϕ 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection.
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Koide N, Morikawa A, Odkhuu E, Haque A, Badamtseren B, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Low susceptibility of NC/Nga mice to the lipopolysaccharide-mediated lethality with D-galactosamine sensitization and the involvement of fewer natural killer T cells. Innate Immun 2010; 18:35-43. [PMID: 21113080 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910390400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The LPS-mediated lethality of NC/Nga mice, having fewer NKT cells, was examined by using d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-sensitization. The NC/Nga mice were not killed by a simultaneous administration of d-GalN and LPS whereas all C57BL/6 (B6) control mice were killed. The injection of d-GalN and LPS failed to elevate the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and caspase 3 in the liver tissues of NC/Nga mice. Further, the nitric oxide (NO) level of the d-GalN- and LPS-injected NC/Nga mice was much lower than those of the B6 mice. The expression of an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was significantly reduced in the livers of NC/Nga mice. However, there was no significant difference in LPS-induced TNF-α production between B6 mice and NC/Nga mice. The NC/Nga mice had an impaired expression of IFN-γ protein and mRNA in response to d-GalN and LPS. The pretreatment with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which activates Vα14(+) NKT cells and induces the production of IFN-γ, rendered NC/Nga mice more susceptible to the LPS-mediated lethality. The livers of NC/Nga mice had fewer NKT cells compared to B6 mice. Taken together, it is suggested that the resistance of NC/Nga mice to the LPS-mediated lethality with d-GalN sensitization depended on the impaired IFN-γ production caused by fewer NKT cells and reduced NO production that followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Koide
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan.
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Tsai CC, Kai JI, Huang WC, Wang CY, Wang Y, Chen CL, Fang YT, Lin YS, Anderson R, Chen SH, Tsao CW, Lin CF. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Facilitates IFN-γ-Induced STAT1 Activation by Regulating Src Homology-2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase 2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:856-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Noman ASM, Koide N, Khuda IIE, Dagvadorj J, Tumurkhuu G, Naiki Y, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Thalidomide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and prevents lipopolysaccharide-mediated lethality in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:204-11. [PMID: 19538513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of thalidomide on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was studied using RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. Thalidomide significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production via reduced expression of an inducible NO synthase. Thalidomide reduced the phosphorylation of the p65 nuclear factor-kappaB subunit, inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB) and IkappaB kinase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. However, thalidomide did not affect the expression of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and interferon regulatory factor-1 in response to lipopolysaccharide. Further, thalidomide inhibited the MyD88 augmentation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells, whereas it did not alter the expression of TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta in the MyD88-independent pathway. Thalidomide significantly inhibited the NO production in response to Pam(3)Cys, CpG DNA and imiquimod as MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, but not polyI:C as a MyD88-independent TLR ligand. Therefore, thalidomide was suggested to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production via downregulation of the MyD88-dependent signal pathway. The anti-inflammatory action of thalidomide might be involved in the prevention of lipopolysaccharide-mediated lethality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Shadat M Noman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Lin CF, Tsai CC, Huang WC, Wang CY, Tseng HC, Wang Y, Kai JI, Wang SW, Cheng YL. IFN-γ synergizes with LPS to induce nitric oxide biosynthesis through glycogen synthase kinase-3-inhibited IL-10. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:746-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wu F, Tyml K, Wilson JX. iNOS expression requires NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:207-14. [PMID: 18481258 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was investigated in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (LPS + IFNgamma)-stimulated microvascular endothelial cells from mouse skeletal muscle. Unstimulated endothelial cells produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive to inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin and DPI), mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and NOS (L-NAME). LPS + IFNgamma caused a marked increase in ROS production; this increase was abolished by inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency). LPS + IFNgamma induced substantial expression of iNOS protein. iNOS expression was prevented by the antioxidant ascorbate and by NADPH oxidase inhibition (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency), but not by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and xanthine oxidase (allopurinol). iNOS expression also was prevented by selective antagonists of ERK, JNK, Jak2, and NFkappaB activation. LPS + IFNgamma stimulated activation/phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and Jak2 and activation/degradation of IkappaB, but only the activation of JNK and Jak2 was sensitive to ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency. Ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency also inhibited the LPS + IFNgamma-induced DNA binding activity of transcription factors IRF1 and AP1 but not NFkappaB. In conclusion, LPS + IFNgamma-induced NFkappaB activation is necessary for iNOS induction but is not dependent on ROS signaling. LPS + IFNgamma-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity produces ROS that activate the JNK-AP1 and Jak2-IRF1 signaling pathways required for iNOS induction. Since blocking either NFkappaB activation or NADPH oxidase activity is sufficient to prevent iNOS expression, they are separate targets for therapeutic interventions that aim to modulate iNOS expression in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14121-8028, USA
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