1
|
Wang JB, Du MW, Zheng Y. Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on hematopoietic stem cells in treating aplastic anemia in mice via MAPK pathway. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:591-603. [PMID: 38817329 PMCID: PMC11135254 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i5.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic anemia (AA) presents a significant clinical challenge as a life-threatening condition due to failure to produce essential blood cells, with the current therapeutic options being notably limited. AIM To assess the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg1 on AA, specifically its protective effects, while elucidating the mechanism at play. METHODS We employed a model of myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in C57 mice, followed by administration of ginsenoside Rg1 over 13 d. The investigation included examining the bone marrow, thymus and spleen for pathological changes via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, orbital blood of mice was collected for blood routine examinations. Flow cytometry was employed to identify the impact of ginsenoside Rg1 on cell apoptosis and cycle in the bone marrow of AA mice. Additionally, the study further evaluated cytokine levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed the expression of key proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway via western blot. RESULTS Administration of CTX led to significant damage to the bone marrow's structural integrity and a reduction in hematopoietic cells, establishing a model of AA. Ginsenoside Rg1 successfully reversed hematopoietic dysfunction in AA mice. In comparison to the AA group, ginsenoside Rg1 provided relief by reducing the induction of cell apoptosis and inflammation factors caused by CTX. Furthermore, it helped alleviate the blockade in the cell cycle. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 significantly alleviated myelosuppression in mice by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 addresses AA by alleviating myelosuppression, primarily through modulating the MAPK signaling pathway, which paves the way for a novel therapeutic strategy in treating AA, highlighting the potential of ginsenoside Rg1 as a beneficial intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Wang
- Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Wei Du
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Hepatic, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mokhlesi A, Sharifi Z, Berimipour A, Taleahmad S, Talkhabi M. Identification of hub genes and microRNAs with prognostic values in esophageal cancer by integrated analysis. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:459-470. [PMID: 37416747 PMCID: PMC10319852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer in the world, and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The aim of the present study was to identify cell and molecular mechanisms involved in EC, and to provide the potential targets for diagnosis and treatment. Here, a microarray dataset (GSE20347) was screened to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Different bioinformatic methods were used to analyze the identified DEGs. The up-regulated DEGs were significantly involved in different biological processes and pathways including extracellular matrix organization and ECM-receptor interaction. FN1, CDK1, AURKA, TOP2A, FOXM1, BIRC5, CDC6, UBE2C, TTK, and TPX2 were identified as the most important genes among the up-regulated DEGs. Our analysis showed that has-miR-29a-3p, has-miR-29b-3p, has-miR-29c-3p, and has-miR-767-5p had the largest number of common targets among the up-regulated DEGs. These findings strengthen the understanding of EC development and progression, as well as representing potential markers for EC diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mokhlesi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Berimipour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Taleahmad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roohinejad Z, Bahramian S, Shamsabadi FT, Sahebi R, Amini A, Sabour D, Shafiee M. Upregulation of the c-MYC oncogene and adjacent long noncoding RNAs PVT1 and CCAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:34. [PMID: 36624401 PMCID: PMC9830801 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All cell types express long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have the potential to play a role in carcinogenesis by altering the levels of their expression. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis and a high frequency of lymphatic metastases. Understanding the functional role and signaling pathways of two neighboring lncRNAs, CCAT1 and PVT1, in this oncogene's pathogenesis may help us determine ESCC. Furthermore, it is still unclear whether these lncRNAs are linked to the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with ESCC. METHODS For this study, we used biopsy from the Imam Khomeini Cancer Institute's tumor bank in Tehran, Iran to obtain 40 ESCC tumor samples and their normal margin counterparts. The expression levels of the CCAT1, PVT1, and c-MYC genes were assessed using quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR. Additionally, demographic data and clinical-pathologic characteristics, such as tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node, and metastasis, were taken into consideration. Graphpad prism version 8 was used for bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS Comparing ESCC tissues to non-tumor tissues, we found significant upregulation of PVT1, CCAT1, and c-MYC. Patients with ESCC who had increased PVT1 expression also had higher rates of advanced stage and lymph node metastasis, whereas increased CCAT1 expression was only linked to advanced stage and wasn't associated with lymph node metastasis. In predicting ESCC, CCAT1 (p < 0.05) was found to be an important factor. Overall survival was reduced by c-MYC and PVT1 overexpression (p < 0.001), according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. PVT1, CCAT1, and c-MYC were found to interact with 23 miRNAs with high and medium score classes, as shown in a bioinformatics study. We summarized the experimentally proven interactions between c-MYC, PVT1, and CCAT1 and other miRNAs, lncRNAs, and proteins. CONCLUSION This is the first report that CCAT1, PVT1 and c-MYC have been found to be up-regulated simultaneously in ESCC. It is possible that these genes may be involved in ESCC as a result of these findings. Therefore, as consequence, more research is needed to determine whether or not these lncRNAs play an oncogenic role in ESCC development and progression, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that control them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roohinejad
- Genetic Department, University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shabbou Bahramian
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tash Shamsabadi
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Reza Sahebi
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Amini
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Genetic Department, University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiee
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ooki A, Osumi H, Chin K, Watanabe M, Yamaguchi K. Potent molecular-targeted therapies for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359221138377. [PMID: 36872946 PMCID: PMC9978325 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221138377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains a public health concern with a high mortality and disease burden worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a predominant histological subtype of EC that has unique etiology, molecular profiles, and clinicopathological features. Although systemic chemotherapy, including cytotoxic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, is the main therapeutic option for recurrent or metastatic ESCC patients, the clinical benefits are limited with poor prognosis. Personalized molecular-targeted therapies have been hampered due to the lack of robust treatment efficacy in clinical trials. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the molecular profiles of ESCC based on the findings of pivotal comprehensive molecular analyses, highlighting potent therapeutic targets for establishing future precision medicine for ESCC patients, with the most recent results of clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroki Osumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A novel lncRNA MTAR1 promotes cancer development through IGF2BPs mediated post-transcriptional regulation of c-MYC. Oncogene 2022; 41:4736-4753. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Cheng W, Li G, Ye Z, Hu J, Gao L, Jia X, Zhao S, Wang Y, Zhou Q. NEDD4L inhibits cell viability, cell cycle progression, and glutamine metabolism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via ubiquitination of c-Myc. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:716-724. [PMID: 35593463 PMCID: PMC9827801 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common subtype of esophageal cancer with high incidence. Surgery remains the main strategy for treatment of ESCC at early stage. However, the treatment outcome is unsatisfactory. Therefore, finding new therapeutics is of great importance. In the present study, we measured the level of NEDD4L, an ubiquitin protein ligase, in clinical samples and investigated the effects of NEDD4L on cell viability, cell cycle progression, and glutamine metabolism in TE14 cells determined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and biochemical analysis, respectively. The results show that NEDD4L is significantly decreased in ESCC specimens, and its decreased expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Overexpression of NEDD4L significantly inhibits cell viability, cell cycle progression, and glutamine metabolism in TE14 cells. Mechanistic study indicates that NEDD4L regulates tumor progression through ubiquitination of c-Myc and modulation of glutamine metabolism. NEDD4L inhibits cell viability, cell cycle progression, and glutamine metabolism in ESCC by ubiquitination of c-Myc to decrease the expressions of GLS1 and SLC1A5. Our findings highlight the importance of NEDD4L/c-Myc signaling in ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200065China
| | - Zhou Ye
- Department of General SurgeryXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Suping Zhao
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Science and Educationthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Hematologic and OncologyXinjiang Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Digestive System Tumorthe Center Hospital of Karamay CityKaramay834000China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weidle UH, Nopora A. MicroRNAs and Corresponding Targets in Esophageal Cancer as Shown In Vitro and In Vivo in Preclinical Models. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2022; 19:113-129. [PMID: 35181582 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with a dismal prognosis. Therefore, identification of new targets and implementation of new treatment modalities are issues of paramount importance. Based on a survey of the literature, we identified microRNAs conferring antitumoral activity in preclinical in vivo experiments. In the category of miRs targeting secreted factors and transmembrane receptors, four miRs were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated compared with five out of nine in the category transcription factors, and six miRs were down-regulated in the category enzymes, including metabolic enzymes. The down-regulated miRs have targets which can be inhibited by small molecules or antibody-related entities, or re-expressed by reconstitution therapy. Up-regulated miRs have targets which can be reconstituted with small molecules or inhibited with antagomirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rehabilitation Nursing Intervention Can Improve Dysphagia and Quality of Life of Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3711699. [PMID: 34394350 PMCID: PMC8360714 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3711699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To seek the improvement of rehabilitation nursing intervention on dysphagia and quality of life of patients with esophageal cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Methods A total of 109 patients with esophageal cancer undergoing radiotherapy were selected as research objects. According to the random number table, they were separated into the control group (CG) and intervention group (IG), with 45 cases in CG and 64 cases in IG. In CG, patients were given routine nursing intervention, while those in IG were given rehabilitation nursing intervention. After intervention, the degree of acute radiation injury and the improvement of swallowing function were observed to compare the self-nursing ability, quality of life, and incidence of complications between the two groups. Results The degree of injury in CG was heavier than that in IG. The improvement of swallowing function in IG was better than that in CG. The scores of self-nursing ability and life quality in IG were higher than those in CG, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The incidence of complications in IG was obviously lower than that in CG (p < 0.05). Conclusion Rehabilitation nursing intervention can ameliorate dysphagia, improve the quality of life, and reduce the incidence of complications for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing radiotherapy. It is worthy of clinical application.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guan L, Zou Q, Liu Q, Lin Y, Chen S. HSP90 Inhibitor Ganetespib (STA-9090) Inhibits Tumor Growth in c-Myc-Dependent Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2997-3011. [PMID: 32308431 PMCID: PMC7156265 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the paucity of classical effective pharmacological drugs to treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major problem. The c-Myc (MYC) protein is a promising target as it is overexpressed in ESCC. MYC is a sensitive client protein of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and, therefore, targeting the HSP90-MYC axis by inhibition of HSP90 is a potential therapeutic strategy for ESCC. Here, we evaluated the clinical application value of the HSP90 inhibitor (Ganetespib, STA-9090) as an anti-cancer agent for MYC-positive ESCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first analyzed ESCC tissue microarrays and clinical tissue samples to determine MYC expression. The relationship between MYC and HSP90 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence. In in vitro cell models, cell growth was analyzed using the CCK-8 kit, and MYC protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. The in vivo antitumor activity of STA-9090 was assessed in two xenograft animal models. RESULTS We demonstrated that MYC-overexpressing ESCC cells were highly sensitive to STA-9090 treatment through suppressing ESCC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and survival. Moreover, STA-9090 treatment decreased MYC expression, reducing the half-life of the MYC protein. We further established two xenograft mouse models using ESCC cells and clinical ESCC samples to validate the effectiveness of STA-9090 in vivo. In both xenograft models, STA-9090 substantially inhibited the growth of MYC-positive ESCC tumors in vivo. In contrast, STA-9090 treatment demonstrated no beneficial effects in mice with low-MYC expressing ESCC tumors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data support that the HSP90 inhibitor, STA-9090, suppresses the expression of the MYC protein and interferes with HSP90-MYC protein-protein interaction. This, in turn, leads to inhibition of ESCC cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in ESCC cells in vitro and reduction of ESCC tumors in vivo. We propose, based on our findings, that STA-9090 is a potential novel therapeutic target for MYC-positive ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuliu Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: Yiguang Lin School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW2007, AustraliaTel +61 2 95142223Fax +61 2 95148206 Email
| | - Size Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Size Chen Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 19 NonglinXia Road, Guangzhou510080, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 20 61325337 Email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song Y, Liu H, Cui C, Peng X, Wang C, Tian X, Li W. Silencing of Peroxiredoxin 1 Inhibits the Proliferation of Esophageal Cancer Cells and Promotes Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Activity of the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:10883-10890. [PMID: 31920397 PMCID: PMC6941600 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s235317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) on esophageal squamous carcinoma cells and determine whether it plays a role in regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Methods Three esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Eca-109, EC9706, and KYSE150) and one normal cell line (human esophageal epithelial cells) were selected. The protein expression of peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway were detected via Western blotting. The proliferation ability of cells was detected through the MTT assay and cell clone formation. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. Subsequently, cells were treated with a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor and activator, alone or in combination with silencing of PRDX1, and the above indicators were re-tested. Results The expression of PRDX1 and activity of PI3K/AKT pathway-associated proteins were higher in esophageal cancer cells than in normal esophageal epithelial cells. Compared with normal human esophageal epithelial cells, the proliferation of the three types of esophageal cancer cells was increased, whereas their level of apoptosis was decreased (p<0.05). In Eca-109 cells (cell line with silenced expression of PRDX1), the expression of PRDX1 was significantly decreased. In contrast to the control group, the proliferation and clonality of cells in the silencing PRDX1 group was decreased, the proportion of apoptotic cells was increased, and the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT were decreased (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, treatment with the inhibitor LY294002 alone significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis (p<0.05); this effect was similar to that observed in the silencing PRDX1 group. Conclusion PRDX1 was highly expressed in esophageal cancer cells. Silencing of PRDX1 can inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells and promote apoptosis. The mechanism involved in this process may be related to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Cui
- Library, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonu Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elwy AE, Elsaba TM, Abd Elzaher AR, Nassar MI. Prognostic Value of c-Myc Immunohistochemical Expression in Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Retrospective Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3735-3746. [PMID: 31870116 PMCID: PMC7173398 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of c-Myc in muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) of the urinary bladder and to evaluate the correlation of c-Myc expression with different clinicopathological parameters and outcome, including a relatively new histopathological tumor characteristic that is the growth pattern of tumor invasion. Methods: A total of 66 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of MIUC obtained from radical cystectomy specimens were enrolled. The sections were stained with c-Myc antibody using immunohistochemistry technique. Results: Tumor cells showed variability in nuclear c-Myc expression according to the growth pattern of invasion. The median H-score of nuclear expression of infiltrative pattern was significantly higher than that of non-infiltrative pattern (p<0.001). Nuclear expression of c-Myc in tumor tissue had a significant association with poor prognostic factors (sarcomatoid variant (p<0.001), perineural invasion (p=0.037), lymphovascular invasion (p<0.001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), distant metastasis (p=0.042) and advanced stage grouping (p=0.001). Kaplan Meier survival analysis demonstrated that c-Myc expression could not be significantly correlated with overall survival or disease free survival rates. Conclusion: Nuclear c-Myc seems to have a prominent role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition with consequential in tumor progression and metastasis, while it is not as much useful to predict the clinical behavior of patients with MIUC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Emad Elwy
- Department of Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Tarek Mohamed Elsaba
- Department of Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan YH, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Xu MD, Wu J, Li W, Wu MY, Li DM. Identification of key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells using bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1117-1132. [PMID: 31423172 PMCID: PMC6607041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, the β-catenin-transcription factor 7 like 1 (TCF7L1) complex activates transcription and regulates downstream target genes that serve important roles in the pathology of pancreatic cancer. To identify associated key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells, the current study used the gene expression profiles GSE57728 and GSE90926 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. GSE57728 is an array containing information regarding β-catenin knockdown and GSE90926 was developed by high throughput sequencing to provide information regarding TCF7L1 knockdown. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted separately and the shared 88 DEGs, including 37 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes, were screened. Clustering analysis of these DEGs was performed by heatmap analysis. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were then performed using FunRich software and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, which revealed that the DEGs were predominantly enriched in terms associated with transport, transcription factor activity, and cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway process. A DEG-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, consisting of 58 nodes and 171 edges, was then constructed using Cytoscape software and the 15 genes with top node degrees were selected as the hub genes. Overall survival (OS) analysis of the 88 DEGs was performed and the relevant gene expression datasets were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Consequently, three upregulated and seven downregulated genes were identified to be associated with prognosis. Furthermore, high expression levels of five downregulated genes, including CXCL5, CYP27C1, FUBP1, CDK14 and TRIM24, were associated with worse OS. In addition, CDK14 and TRIM24 were revealed as hub genes in the PPI network and both were confirmed to be involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Promoter analysis was also applied to the five downregulated DEGs associated with prognosis, which revealed that TCF7L1 may serve as a transcription factor of the DEGs. In conclusion, the genes and pathways identified in the current study may provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Dan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P.R. China.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Ming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei R, Mao L, Xu P, Zheng X, Hackman RM, Mackenzie GG, Wang Y. Suppressing glucose metabolism with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces breast cancer cell growth in preclinical models. Food Funct 2019; 9:5682-5696. [PMID: 30310905 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies propose that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an abundant polyphenol in green tea, has anti-cancer properties. However, its mechanism of action in breast cancer remains unclear. This study investigated the capacity of EGCG to suppress breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, characterizing the underlying mechanisms, focusing on the effect of EGCG on glucose metabolism. EGCG reduced breast cancer 4T1 cell growth in a concentration- (10-320 μM) and time- (12-48 h) dependent manner. EGCG induced breast cancer apoptotic cell death at 24 h, as evidenced by annexin V/PI, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 activation. Furthermore, EGCG affected the expression of 16 apoptosis-related genes, and promoted mitochondrial depolarization. EGCG induced autophagy concentration-dependently in 4T1 cells by modulating the levels of the autophagy-related proteins Beclin1, ATG5 and LC3B. Moreover, EGCG affected glucose, lactate and ATP levels. Mechanistically, EGCG significantly inhibited the activities and mRNA levels of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and to a lesser extent the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK). In addition, EGCG decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), critical players in regulating glycolysis. In vivo, EGCG reduced breast tumor weight in a dose-dependent manner, reduced glucose and lactic acid levels and reduced the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In conclusion, EGCG exerts an anti-tumor effect through the inhibition of key enzymes that participate in the glycolytic pathway and the suppression of glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Jin Y, An L, Xu H, Liu Z, Chen X, Zhou H, Wang H, Zhang W. A Functional 5'-UTR Polymorphism of MYC Contributes to Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Susceptibility and Chemoradiotherapy Induced Toxicities. J Cancer 2019; 10:147-155. [PMID: 30662535 PMCID: PMC6329860 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor acting as a pivotal regulator of genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, differentiation and metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the association of MYC polymorphisms with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk and chemoradiotherapy induced toxicities among Chinese population. By using bioinformatic tools, five potential functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of MYC were genotyped in a case-control study with 684 NPC patients and 823 healthy controls. We found two SNPs rs4645948 (C>T) and rs2071346 (G>T) were significantly associated with increased risk of developing NPC (TT+CT vs CC, OR=1.557, P=3.34×10-4; TT+GT vs GG, OR=1.361, P=0.007, respectively). In addition, rs4645948 (C>T) was conferred with increased risk of anemia (CT vs CC, OR=2.152, P=0.001) and severe leukopenia (CT vs CC, OR=1.893, P=0.034) for NPC patients receiving chemoradiotherapy. We also found rs2071346 (G>T) variant genotype carriers were subjected to higher risk of anemia (GT vs GG, OR=1.665, P=0.022) and thrombocytopenia (GT vs GG, OR=1.685, P=0.035). Our results demonstrated that the relative expression of MYC was dramatically higher in NPC tissues compared to rhinitis tissues. Over-expression of MYC was positively correlated with advanced T stage, N stage, and late clinical stage. Notably, the expression of MYC in rs4645948 CT and TT genotypes carriers were significantly higher than CC genotype carriers. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that the T allele of rs4645948 led to significantly higher transcription activity of MYC compared to the C allele. These findings suggested that individual carrying the rs4645948 T allele may be at greater risk for NPC due to an increase of MYC transcriptional activity and an augment of MYC expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Youhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Liang An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Province; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Expression analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients suffering from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205508. [PMID: 30339710 PMCID: PMC6195262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the aggressive malignancies and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme system plays a crucial role in many gastrointestinal malignancies and is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and transformation. More precise outcome of COX-2 in ESCC is less investigated. In this study we investigated the risk factors of ESCC and expression of COX-2 in Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and ESCC compared to normal esophageal mucosa. ESCC relationship to clinico-pathological parameters using immunohistochemistry was also part of this investigation. Current study was conducted in the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 69 diagnosed patients of ESCC, both Pakistanis and Afghans were enrolled. Various risk factors associated with ESCC were recorded. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 55 years. Out of 69 patients of ESCC 46 (67%) were users of dipping tobacco (Naswar). Expression of COX-2 was determined in normal esophageal mucosa, CIS and invasive ESCC using Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Differences of mean were computed using ANOVA followed by applying Post Hoc test. Patients were categorized as positive with high expression or negative with low to nil expression. ANOVA showed large differences in expression of COX-2 in normal healthy mucosa compared with CIS and ESCC with the mean difference of -9.529 and -7.370 respectively, p-value being <.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI). No significant difference was noticed in the expression of COX-2 in CIS compared with ESCC with p-value >.05 at 95% CI. Our complete cohort (23-85 years) showed statistically significant difference in the expression of COX-2 gene in ESCC and CIS tissue samples compared with normal healthy mucosa. Results of this study indicate that over-expression of COX-2 is positively associated with ESCC.
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang J, Jiang D, Zhu T, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Tan L, Zhu H, Yao J, Hou Y. Prognostic Significance of c-MYC Amplification in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 107:436-443. [PMID: 30273571 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the frequency of c-MYC amplification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), including both stage I to II and III to IVa disease, and evaluated the correlation of c-MYC amplification with clinicopathologic variables and outcome. METHODS In 259 ESCCs resected at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, from January 2007 to November 2010, c-MYC amplification was analyzed by using tissue microarray, with fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. RESULTS c-MYC gene amplification was found in 43.2% (112 of 259) of patients with ESCC. Significant differences were found between c-MYC amplification and patient age (p = 0.009) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.046). The median follow-up period was 33 months (range: 4 to 102 months). A survival difference was found between patients with different c-MYC status. Among 112 patients with c-MYC amplification, a significantly poorer prognosis was observed, with a median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of 24.0 and 31.0 months compared with 48.0 and 48.0 months, respectively, for patients without c-MYC amplification (p = 0.011 and 0.018). On univariate and multivariate analysis, site, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, adjuvant therapy, and c-MYC amplification were associated with DFS and OS. When patients were divided into stage I to II and stage III to IV subgroups, c-MYC amplification tended to associate with poorer survival but without statistical difference (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS c-MYC amplification was associated with age and lymph node metastasis and was an independent poor-prognostic factor for DFS and OS in the full cohort of patients with ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Yao
- Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|