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Ghalichi L, Goodman-Palmer D, Whitaker J, Abio A, Wilson ML, Wallis L, Norov B, Aryal KK, Malta DC, Bärnighausen T, Geldsetzer P, Flood D, Vollmer S, Theilmann M, Davies J. Individual characteristics associated with road traffic collisions and healthcare seeking in low- and middle-income countries and territories. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002768. [PMID: 38241424 PMCID: PMC10798533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Incidence of road traffic collisions (RTCs), types of users involved, and healthcare requirement afterwards are essential information for efficient policy making. We analysed individual-level data from nationally representative surveys conducted in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) between 2008-2019. We describe the weighted incidence of non-fatal RTC in the past 12 months, type of road user involved, and incidence of traffic injuries requiring medical attention. Multivariable logistic regressions were done to evaluate associated sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and alcohol use. Data were included from 90,790 individuals from 15 countries or territories. The non-fatal RTC incidence in participants aged 24-65 years was 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6-5.9), with significant differences dependent on country income status. Drivers, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists composed 37.2%, 40.3%, 11.3% and 11.2% of RTCs, respectively. The distribution of road user type varied with country income status, with divers increasing and cyclists decreasing with increasing country income status. Type of road users involved in RTCs also varied by the age and sex of the person involved, with a greater proportion of males than females involved as drivers, and a reverse pattern for pedestrians. In multivariable analysis, RTC incidence was associated with younger age, male sex, being single, and having achieved higher levels of education; there was no association with alcohol use. In a sensitivity analysis including respondents aged 18-64 years, results were similar, however, there was an association of RTC incidence with alcohol use. The incidence of injuries requiring medical attention was 1.8% (1.6-2.1). In multivariable analyses, requiring medical attention was associated with younger age, male sex, and higher wealth quintile. We found remarkable heterogeneity in RTC incidence, the type of road users involved, and the requirement for medical attention after injuries depending on country income status and socio-demographic characteristics. Targeted data-informed approaches are needed to prevent and manage RTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ghalichi
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dina Goodman-Palmer
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Whitaker
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- King’s Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lee Wallis
- Clinical Services and Systems, Integrated Health Services, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bolormaa Norov
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, National Center for Public Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Krishna Kumar Aryal
- Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University and University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Flood
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Vollmer
- Department of Economics and Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Theilmann
- Professorship of Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justine Davies
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Global Surgery, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Liu CC, Liu CH, Chang KC, Ko MC, Lee PC, Wang JY. Association Between Young-Onset Dementia and Risk of Hospitalization for Motor Vehicle Crash Injury in Taiwan. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2210474. [PMID: 35511178 PMCID: PMC9073564 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Several studies have suggested that older-onset dementia is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle crash injury (MVCI). However, evidence of an association between young-onset dementia and the risk of MVCI is insufficient, particularly in Asia. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between young-onset dementia and MVCI-related hospitalization in Taiwan. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan, a cohort of 39 344 patients aged 40 to 64 years with incident dementia diagnosed between 2006 and 2012 was matched 1:1 with a cohort of participants without dementia by age, sex, and index year (initial diagnosis of dementia). Participants were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Data were analyzed between March 25 and October 22, 2021. EXPOSURES Dementia, defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hospitalization for MVCI, determined using linked data from Taiwan's Police-Reported Traffic Accident Registry and the NHIRD from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2015. Hazard ratios (HRs) for MVCI-related hospitalization were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for sex, age, salary-based insurance premium, urbanization level, and comorbidities. RESULTS Of the 78 688 participants, 47 034 (59.8%) were male; the mean (SD) age was 54.5 (7.4) years. During the 10-year follow-up period, the incidence density of MVCI-related hospitalization was 45.58 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI, 42.77-48.39 per 10 000 person-years) among participants with dementia and 24.10 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI, 22.22-25.99 per 10 000 person-years) among participants without dementia. Compared with participants without dementia, patients with young-onset dementia were at higher risk of MVCI-related hospitalization (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.63-2.06), especially those in younger age groups (aged 40-44 years: aHR, 3.54; 95% CI, 2.48-5.07) and within a shorter period (within 1 year of follow-up: aHR, 3.53; 95% CI, 2.50-4.98) after dementia was diagnosed. Patients with young-onset dementia also had a higher risk of being a pedestrian when the crash occurred (aHR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.04-4.11), having an intracranial or internal injury (aHR, 2.44; 95% CI, 2.02-2.94), and having a severe injury (aHR, 2.90; 95% CI, 2.16-3.89). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this retrospective cohort study, patients in Taiwan with a diagnosis of young-onset dementia had a higher risk of MVCI-related hospitalization than did individuals without dementia and the risk varied by age, disease duration, transport mode, injury type, and injury severity. These findings suggest a need for the planning of strategies to prevent transportation crashes among patients with young-onset dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Liu
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Liu
- School of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chia Chang
- Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, NanHua University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Ko
- Department of Surgery, Zhong-Xing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Lee
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Alammar MA, Ram D, Al-Arifi OA, Alseleem AT, Alsumayt AI. Levels and Relationships of Impulsivity and Aggressive Driving in Shaqra, Saudi Arabia. Am J Health Behav 2022; 46:134-142. [PMID: 35501959 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.46.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Aggressive driving is prevalent and may be associated with impulsivity. The relationships between these variables among Saudi drivers have received scant attention. In this study, we aimed to examine the level of aggressive driving and its relationships with impulsivity among Saudi drivers in Shaqra. Methods: Overall, 504 Saudi drivers were recruited and assessed in this cross-sectional study using demographic and driving proforma, a self-reporting Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), and an Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS). Results: BIS and ADBS had mean scores of 37.97 (3.24) and 21.74 (8.51), respectively. In linear regression analysis, the value of the BIS non-planning subscale negatively predicted the value of the ADBS Conflict subscale (beta = -.151, p = .002) and Speeding subscale (beta = -.103, p = .031). In contrast, the value on the score of the BIS Motor subscale statistically significantly and positively predicted the value on the score of the ADBS Speeding subscale (Beta = -.103, p = .032). Conclusion: The result shows a differential link between the component of impulsivity and aggressive driving. The lack of foresight is negatively linked with conflict behavior and high- speed driving, whereas acting without thinking is positively associated with high-speed driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath A. Alammar
- Muath A. Alammar, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dushad Ram
- Dushad Ram, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia;,
| | - Osman Abdulaziz Al-Arifi
- Osman Abdulaziz Al-Arifi, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Talal Alseleem
- Abdulaziz Talal alseleem, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim Alsumayt
- Abdullah Ibrahim Alsumayt, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
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Hossain S, Maggi E, Vezzulli A. Factors associated with crash severity on Bangladesh roadways: empirical evidence from Dhaka city. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2022; 29:300-311. [DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2022.2029908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hossain
- Department of Economics, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Maggi
- Department of Economics, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Vezzulli
- Department of Economics, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, a great number of people typically utilize public transportation such as Taxis. Therefore, taxi drivers have an important role in residents' well-being and safety. The aim of this study was to describe the subjective experiences and insights on safe driving among taxi drivers in Zanjan, Iran. METHOD In this qualitative study, 17 taxi drivers (23-54 years) were purposefully selected to participate in 11 semi-structured interviews, as well as one focus group (n = 6). The data was then analyzed based on a combination of Braun's and Colaizzi's methods. RESULT By analysis of the qualitative data, four main themes emerged from expressed experiences by taxi drivers, including 1) traffic chaos, 2) social prestige, 3) economic pressure, and 3) job satisfaction. CONCLUSION The emerging concepts of the present study imply a threefold structure of existence, which introduced by Heidegger, as taxi drivers' (the self) feelings and experiences of being under pressure of traffic chaos (the world), accompanied by low social prestige, economic pressure and job dissatisfaction (being in). Thus, strategic planning for traffic safety should consider taxi drivers' needs to feel a friendly world, as well as, to find themselves in a respectful and supportive environment.
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Noda M, Malhotra R, DeSilva V, Sapukotana P, DeSilva A, Kirkorowicz J, Allen J, Østbye T. Occupational risk factors for low back pain among drivers of three-wheelers in Sri Lanka. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2015; 21:216-24. [PMID: 25133353 PMCID: PMC4597010 DOI: 10.1179/2049396714y.0000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5% of all households in Sri Lanka operate a three-wheeler as their primary source of income. However, very little is known about the occupational health risks associated with driving these vehicles. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess occupational risk factors, including the number of hours worked associated with the 4-week prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among drivers of three-wheelers. METHODS Questionnaires were administered to 200 full-time drivers of three-wheelers from the Galle District in Sri Lanka. Occupational, psychological, socio-demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric variables were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to investigate the correlation between occupational risk factors of the prevalence of LBP. RESULTS 15·5% of respondents reported experiencing LBP in the previous 4 months. Univariate analysis revealed that the number of hours worked per week, feeling pressure to compete with other drivers, and perceived stress scale scores were significantly associated with the 4-week prevalence of LBP. Multivariate analysis found that the number of hours worked per week and engine type were significantly associated with LBP. CONCLUSIONS LBP is common among drivers of three-wheelers in Sri Lanka. Long work hours and two-stroke engines were significantly associated with LBP. Results from this study point towards a role for educational, behavioral health, and policy interventions to help prevent and reduce LBP among these drivers.
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Rehman A, Imran S, Hassan M, Akhlaq A, Iqbal S, Beg F, Zahid G, Khalid H, Qadir FS, Murad HF, Baloch NUA, Awais M, Saleem S. Taxi drivers' attitudes toward road safety in Pakistan. Public Health 2015; 129:818-21. [PMID: 25936972 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rehman
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - S Imran
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M Hassan
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - A Akhlaq
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - S Iqbal
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - F Beg
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - G Zahid
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - H Khalid
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - F S Qadir
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - H F Murad
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - N U A Baloch
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M Awais
- Department of Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - S Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Waseela M, Laosee O. Determinants of road traffic injury among adult motorcyclists in Malé, Maldives. Asia Pac J Public Health 2014; 27:277-85. [PMID: 24958612 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514539544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the incidence of nonfatal road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Malé, the capital city of the Maldives, and identifies risk factors associated with RTIs. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among young adult motorcyclists in 3 public areas. A total of 350 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the motorcycle riders who visited the study areas between December 2012 and January 2013. The incidence of RTIs for the previous 12 months was 39.8% among the 294 respondents who returned a completed questionnaire. About half (49.6%) of those were caused by the riders. The majority of riders were male (96.6%). None of the motorcycle riders wore a helmet. RTIs had a significant association with sex, age, and attitude. Young riders were 1.6 times more likely to be involved in an RTI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94-2.95). Having a negative attitude about road safety was a risk factor of RTIs (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.11-3.03). Based on the results of the present study, it is important to promote safe riding attitudes in young riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Waseela
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Orapin Laosee
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
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Johnell K, Laflamme L, Möller J, Monárrez-Espino J. The role of marital status in the association between benzodiazepines, psychotropics and injurious road traffic crashes: a register-based nationwide study of senior drivers in Sweden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86742. [PMID: 24489781 PMCID: PMC3906075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among senior drivers, benzodiazepines (BZDs) have a documented effect on the risk of road traffic crashes (RTCs). It remains unclear however if BZDs play the same role when considering marital status. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of marital status in the association between BZD use and injurious RTCs among senior drivers. METHODS Matched case-control study based on five national Swedish registers (n = 154 225). Cases comprised the first non-alcohol-related injurious RTC sustained by drivers aged 50-80 years from July 2005 to December 2009 and controls included registered residents with a valid license who did not crash during that period. Four controls were matched to each case by sex, age and place of residence. Conditional logistic regression analysis for injurious RTC was performed with adjustment for occupation and number of medications. The main exposure was dispensation of BZDs, alone or in combination with other psychotropic medications, 1-30 days prior to the crash date stratified by marital status. RESULTS BZD use, alone or in combination with other psychotropic medications, increased the risk of being involved in an RTC (BZD only: adjusted OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.17-1.36; BZDs and other psychotropics: adjusted OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12-1.41). Compared to married drivers, those divorced (1.48, 1.43-1.53) and widowed (1.54; 1.45-1.63) had higher adjusted ORs. Marital status modified the association between BZDs and RTCs, particularly among younger male drivers. CONCLUSIONS Both BZDs and marital status independently affect the risk for senior drivers to be involved in an RTC. However, marital status plays a role in the association between BZD use and RTCs and this may have implications for targeting risk populations for RTCs among senior drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Johnell
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucie Laflamme
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jette Möller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Edirisinghe AS, Kitulwatte ID, Senarathne UD. A study into blood alcohol concentration in fatal accidents among vulnerable road users in a tertiary care hospital Sri Lanka. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2013; 22:158-64. [PMID: 24341667 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.857696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reckless driving behaviour associated with alcohol has been well known. In Sri Lanka, research on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in road fatalities is scares. Thus, we studied the BAC in vulnerable road users (VRUs) encountered in medico-legal autopsies. A retrospective descriptive study based on case records of VRU fatalities from 2005 to 2012 referred for a tertiary care unit for post-mortem examination was conducted. A pro-forma was developed to extract data from the post-mortem blood alcohol reports. Data were analysed using percentages and p-values. There were 119 cases from the 328 autopsies to investigate blood alcohol tests. A total of 51% (n = 61) out of 119 had BAC above 80 mg/100 ml and mean level was 103 mg/100 ml. 2/3 of pedestrians had a BAC above 80 mg/100 ml with a mean level of 139 mg/dl. The highest mean blood alcohol (158 mg/dl) was reported from three-wheeler users. Majority of cases with more than 80 mg/100 ml BAC was reported in the age group of 40-60 years, while 40% of the elderly too had a BAC above 80 mg/100 ml. The comparison between pedestrians having above 80 mg/100 ml of BAC with that of other VRUs (active road users) showed a significant statistical difference (p = 0.017). The study results suggest that alcohol influence among pedestrians represent a significant risk factor for fatal road traffic accidents.
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