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Ahmed SAA, Quattrocchi A, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium sp. infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:305-316. [PMID: 38054456 PMCID: PMC11234916 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2290379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are vulnerable groups at risk of parasitic infections. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in OTRs and shed light on this potentially serious complication of organ transplantation. (2) Methods: We systematically searched studies on Cryptosporidium sp. infections in OTRs in four databases (Academia, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct). Random effects models were used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sub-group and meta-regression analyses were conducted. A quality assessment of the included studies was also performed. (3) Results: Among 876 articles retrieved, 21 were included, accounting for 2,642 OTRs. Twenty studies were cross-sectional in design, of which seven reported data on a comparison group, and one was a retrospective cohort. The pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in OTRs was 15% (95% CI: 7.4-24.6). Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection was higher in adults, symptomatics and developing countries and in studies using only non-molecular methods. However, substantial heterogeneity was reported. Low to moderate heterogeneity was observed in subgroups reporting lower prevalence Cryptosporidium sp. including children (5.8; 95% CI: 2.8-9.6), studies conducted in developed countries (5.8; 95% CI: 3.0-9.4) and studies using both molecular and non-molecular diagnostics (11.4; 95% CI: 6.4-17.4). The majority of the listed research reported low-medium quality scores. (4) Conclusion: Cryptosporidium sp. infection is a significant complication in OTRs with underreported prevalence. Preventive strategies to reduce the burden should include Cryptosporidium sp. routine screening for OTRs, particularly post-transplantation in patients with diarrhea. Additional well-designed research studies are required to determine the extent of the Cryptosporidium sp. burden in OTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Quattrocchi
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Centre of Antomy, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Shalaby NE, Shoheib ZS, Yassin NA, El-Kaliny HH, Hasby Saad MA. Pyroptosis Tuning in Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis via the Natural Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Romidepsin. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13032. [PMID: 38497997 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic protozoan, with many species of cross-human infectivity. It causes life-threatening diarrhoea in children and CD4-defective patients. Despite its limited efficacy, nitazoxanide remains the primary anti-cryptosporidial drug. Cryptosporidium infects the intestinal brush border (intracellular-extracytoplasmic) and down-regulates pyroptosis to prevent expulsion. Romidepsin is a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor that triggers pyroptosis. Romidepsin's effect on cryptosporidiosis was assessed in immunocompromised mice via gasdermin-D (GSDM-D) immunohistochemical expression, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 blood levels by ELISA, and via parasite scanning by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Oocyst deformity and local cytokines were also assessed in ex vivo ileal explants. Following intraperitoneal injection of romidepsin, oocyst shedding significantly reduced at the 9th, 12th and 15th d.p.i. compared with infected-control and drug-control (nitazoxanide-treated) mice. H&E staining of intestinal sections from romidepsin-treated mice showed significantly low intestinal scoring with marked reduction in epithelial hyperplasia, villous blunting and cellular infiltrate. SEM revealed marked oocyst blebbing and paucity (in vivo and ex vivo) after romidepsin compared with nitazoxanide. Regarding pyroptosis, romidepsin triggered significantly higher intestinal GSDM-D expression in vivo, and higher serum/culture IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 levels in romidepsin-treated mice than in the control groups. Collectively, in cryptosporidiosis, romidepsin succeeded in enhancing pyroptosis in the oocysts and infected epithelium, reducing infection and shifting the brush border towards normalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha E Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S Shoheib
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabila A Yassin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba H El-Kaliny
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Anatomy and Histology Department, Mutah University, Mutah, Jordan
| | - Marwa A Hasby Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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3
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Montalvo-Otivo R, Vilcapoma P, Murillo A, Mathey C, Olivera A, Veliz G, Estrella D. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection through the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2024; 89:80-88. [PMID: 36890062 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment and diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in the immunocompromised patient depends on the ability to rapidly detect the etiologic agents. AIMS Our aim was to evaluate the results of the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection that presented with chronic diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS Utilizing nonprobability consecutive convenience sampling, 24 patients were included that underwent molecular testing for the simultaneous detection of 22 pathogens. RESULTS In 24 HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea, enteropathogen bacteria were detected in 69% of the cases, parasites in 18%, and viruses in 13%. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were the main bacteria identified, Giardia lamblia was found in 25%, and norovirus was the most frequent viral agent. The median number of infectious agents per patient was three (range of 0 to 7). The biologic agents not identified through the FilmArray® method were tuberculosis and fungi. CONCLUSIONS Several infectious agents were simultaneously detected through the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel in patients with HIV infection and chronic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Vilcapoma
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
| | - A Murillo
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Huancayo, Peru
| | - C Mathey
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
| | - A Olivera
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Los Andes, Huancayo, Peru
| | - G Veliz
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Los Andes, Huancayo, Peru
| | - D Estrella
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Huancayo, Peru
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4
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Ramezanzadeh S, Barzegar G, Osquee HO, Pirestani M, Mahami-Oskouei M, Hajizadeh M, Hosseini SA, Rodrigues Oliveira SM, Agholi M, de Lourdes Pereira M, Ahmadpour E. Microscopic and Molecular Identification of Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-Infected People in Tabriz, Northwest of Iran. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:368. [PMID: 37505664 PMCID: PMC10385261 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis cause various gastrointestinal and non-digestive disorders in people with HIV/AIDS. These symptoms are especially severe in HIV-infected people who have a CD4+ count of less than 200 cells/mL. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. belli and C. cayetanensis infections among people living with HIV in Tabriz, northwest of Iran. This descriptive study was performed on 137 people with HIV who had been referred to behavioral disease counseling centers in Tabriz. Then, after receiving written consent, fecal samples were collected and evaluated for the detection of parasitic infections using direct methods and modified acid fast staining, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).From the 137 fecal samples collected (98 males and 39 females, between 20 and 40 years old), 1.5% were positive for C. cayetanensis and 2.9% were positive for C. belli. Due to the prevalence of C. cayetanensis and C. belli in people with HIV in Tabriz, essential measures, including personal hygiene training for infection control and prevention, seem necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ramezanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Barzegar
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Hamid Owaysee Osquee
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 331-14115, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-15731, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-15731, Iran
| | - Maryam Hajizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-15731, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Sonia M Rodrigues Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Agholi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
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Montalvo-Otivo R, Vilcapoma P, Murillo A, Mathey C, Olivera A, Veliz G, Estrella D. Evaluación de la diarrea crónica en pacientes con reciente diagnóstico de infección por VIH mediante el panel gastrointestinal FilmArray®. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Talebi R, Javadi Mamaghani A, Kheirandish F, Karimi A, Ebrahimzadeh F, Kazempour M, Zebardast N, Fallahi S. Molecular evaluation of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding calves of Lorestan province Western Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:363-371. [PMID: 36534036 PMCID: PMC9857120 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic intestinal protozoans with global distribution and are of great importance as zoonotic protozoans are common to humans and domestic animals, including cattle and calves. Identification and detection of parasite species using precise methods including molecular methods can be an effective step in treating and controlling parasites. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium among breeding calves of Khorramabad city, Lorestan province, Western Iran, using PCR. METHODS The faecal samples were taken from 181 healthy and diarrhoeal calves and after the Ziehl Neelsen Acid-fast staining and microscopic evaluation, the genomic DNA was extracted for molecular evaluations. To detect Cryptosporidium species, specific primers targeting the SAM-1 gene of Cryptosporidium and a commercial master mix were used for PCR. RESULTS Out of 181 faecal samples of breeding calves in Khorramabad city, 9 samples (5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant statistical relationship between Cryptosporidium infection of the calves and variables of age, breed, type of water consumption, clinical signs of diarrhoea, and sampling location, while parasite infection had a significant relationship with calf gender so that all Cryptosporidium positive samples were from male calves (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering the presence of Cryptosporidium infection, the region's traditional grazing system, and the close relationship between livestock and humans, there is a possibility of human infection in the region. So preventive measures such as periodic animal testing with sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques including PCR, pharmacological treatment of livestock, water hygiene and the use of industrial grazing instead of traditional grazing to improve the hygiene of food consumed by livestock are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Talebi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Hepatitis Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical ScienceKhorramabadIran
| | - Farnaz Kheirandish
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Azadeh Karimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Farzad Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Mohamad Kazempour
- Department of ChemistryTabriz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTabrizIran
| | - Nozhat Zebardast
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSchool of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Hepatitis Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical ScienceKhorramabadIran
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7
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Asymptomatic Cryptosporidiosis in Children Living with HIV. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110352. [DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of opportunistic Cryptosporidium infection. Cryptosporidium usually causes chronic diarrhea that may lead to impaired growth and cognitive function in children. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children, describe its clinical characteristics, and the risk factors. A cross-sectional study involving children aged 6 months to 18 years old with confirmed HIV infection was carried out in Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. Diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis was made by PCR of 18S rRNA after being screened by microscopic examination. The clinical characteristics and risk factors were obtained from medical records and structured questionnaires. A total of 52 participants were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was 42.3%. Approximately 68% of the HIV children with cryptosporidiosis were asymptomatic, while those who reported symptoms showed weight loss and diarrhea. Independent risk factors of cryptosporidiosis were diarrhea (AOR 6.5; 95% CI 1.16–36.67), well water as drinking water source (AOR 6.7; 95% CI 1.83–24.93), and drink untreated water (AOR 5.8; 95% CI 1.04–32.64). A high prevalence of asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis was observed among children with HIV infection and PCR screening of Cryptosporidium in high-risk children is advisable.
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8
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Ulusan Bagci O, Guldaval F, Muftuoglu C, Mert U, Serce Unat D, Unat OS, Polat G, Toz S, Caner A. A Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Cryptosporidium Infection in Patients with Lung Cancer; Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:569-574. [PMID: 35908878 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is one the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Increasing evidences have shown that Cryptosporidium spp., an opportunistic parasite, is associated with cancers, causing a life-threatening infection. The most common clinical form of Cryptosporidium is intestinal infection. However, respiratory cryptosporidiosis has been rarely documented although the parasite infects respiratory epithelium cells as well as GIS epithelium cells. To evaluate respiratory cryptosporidiosis in patients with lung cancer, we investigated Cryptopsoridium spp. in patients with lung cancer (n=69) by comparing with healthy groups (n=40). Sputum and stool samples were tested by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction. Two cancer patients were diagnosed with respiratory cryptosporidiosis (2.9%), by PCR examination of the sputum samples. Cryptopsoridium spp. was detected in the stool sample of one patient (1.5%), and two healthy individuals (5.4%), by PCR and microscopy. Firstly, respiratory cryptosporidiosis was documented in two patients with lung cancer. Cryptosporidium is an important agent of respiratory tract infection as well as GIS infection, in cancer patients. These new findings highlight the molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., an opportunistic infection, in patients with lung cancer, and respiratory cryptosporidiosis should also be considered when patients have respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ulusan Bagci
- Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey.,Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Filiz Guldaval
- Chest Disease Department, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Can Muftuoglu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Turkey.,Translational Pulmonary Research Group (EGESAM), Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Mert
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Turkey.,Translational Pulmonary Research Group (EGESAM), Ege University, Turkey.,Atatürk Health Care Vocational School, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Damla Serce Unat
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Turkey.,Chest Disease Department, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Omer Selim Unat
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Chest Disease, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Gulru Polat
- Chest Disease Department, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ayse Caner
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Turkey.,Translational Pulmonary Research Group (EGESAM), Ege University, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Turkey.,Cancer Research Center, Ege University, Turkey
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9
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Luka GS, Najjaran H, Hoorfar M. On-chip-based electrochemical biosensor for the sensitive and label-free detection of Cryptosporidium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6957. [PMID: 35484282 PMCID: PMC9051104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, an intestinal protozoan pathogen, is one of the leading causes of death in children and diarrhea in healthy adults. Detection of Cryptosporidium has become a high priority to prevent potential outbreaks. In this paper, a simple, easy to fabricate, and cost-effective on-chip-based electrochemical biosensor has been developed for the sensitive and label-free detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples. The sensor was fabricated using standard lithography using a mask with a 3-electrode design and modified by self-assembling a hybrid of a thiolated protein/G and the specific anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibodies (IgG3). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to quantitate C. parvum in the range of 0 to 300 oocysts, with a detection limit of approximately 20 oocysts/5 µL. The high sensitivity and specificity of the developed label-free electrochemical biosensor suggest that this novel platform is a significant step towards the development of fast, real-time, inexpensive and label-free sensing tool for early warning and immediate on-site detection of C. parvum oocysts in water samples, as compared to the traditional methods (such as PCR and microscopy). Furthermore, under optimized conditions, this label-free biosensor can be extended to detect other analytes and biomarkers for environmental and biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Luka
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada.
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The risk factors for intestinal Giardia spp infection: Global systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105968. [PMID: 34029531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a public health concern as they can cause aggression, growth retardation, weight loss, anemia, and other health problems. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to find an association between the probable social-environmental risk factors including lack of safe drinking water, no hand washing, sex, age, no access to education, no access to toilet, and Giardia spp infection. We conducted literature research among international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane from1 January 1995 to March 15, 2020, including 23 articles with 102 studies while the odds ratio (OR) was calculated using 2 × 2 tables or extracted. The pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using a random or fixed-effects model. The results show a significant association between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and lack of safe drinking water (OR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.25); no access to toilet (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07-1.37); and age (2-10 vs 10-30 year) (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.09-1.78). An insignificant association was observed between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and age (<2 vs 2-10 year) (OR: 0.89; 95%CI: 0.75-1.02); no access to education (OR: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.80-1.40); Sex (male vs female) (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 0.74-1.34); and no handwashing (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 0.87-1.49). The results of meta-regression also indicate that intestinal Giardia spp infection has decreased over time (C= -0.024, p-value = 0.03) significantly, and also by growth of human development index (HDI) (C= - 0.42, p-value = 0.29) insignificantly. Improvement of personal hygiene, sanitation and raising public awareness can be effective in reducing Giardia spp infections.
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Betancourth S, Archaga O, Moncada W, Rodríguez V, Fontecha G. First Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Patients Living with HIV in Honduras. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030336. [PMID: 33805766 PMCID: PMC8000384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis in the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is caused by the Apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium spp., and mainly affects children and immunocompromised people, in whom it can pose a serious threat to their health, or even be life threatening. In Honduras, there are no data on parasite species or on molecular diversity or Cryptosporidium subtypes. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2019 and March 2020 for the molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in 102 patients living with HIV who attended a national hospital in Tegucigalpa. Stool samples were analyzed by direct microscopy, acid-fast stained smears, and a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test. All samples that tested positive were molecularly analyzed to identify the species and subtype of the parasite using three different markers: gp60, cowp, and 18Sr. PCR products were also sequenced. Four out of 102 samples (3.92%) were positive for Cryptosporidiumparvum, and all were assigned to subtype IIa. These findings suggest a possible zoonotic transmission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Betancourth
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Osman Archaga
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Wendy Moncada
- Servicio de Atención Integral para Pacientes que Viven con VIH/SIDA-Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (W.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Vilma Rodríguez
- Servicio de Atención Integral para Pacientes que Viven con VIH/SIDA-Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (W.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-33935443
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12
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. is present in humans in these countries at both species and subtype levels and that anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common Cryptosporidium species in humans in almost all the low- and middle-income countries examined, with five subtype families (namely, Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) being commonly found in most regions. In addition, most Cryptosporidium parvum infections in these areas are caused by the anthroponotic IIc subtype family rather than the zoonotic IIa subtype family. There is geographic segregation in Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, as revealed by multilocus subtyping. Concurrent and sequential infections with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are common, as immunity against reinfection and cross protection against different Cryptosporidium species are partial. Differences in clinical presentations have been observed among Cryptosporidium species and C. hominis subtypes. These observations suggest that WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)-based interventions should be implemented to prevent and control human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries.
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