1
|
Jankowska U, Jagielski D, Czopowicz M, Sapierzyński R. Prognostic role of the updated Kiel classification in canine high-grade T-cell lymphomas. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1398. [PMID: 38767567 PMCID: PMC11104423 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine and describe the prognostic role of the morphological subtype determined according to the updated Kiel classification in dogs with high-grade T-cell lymphomas (HGTCLs) depending on the treatment applied. OBJECTIVES The HGTCLs were classified into three subtypes according to the updated Kiel classification: pleomorphic mixed (PM), lymphoblastic lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and plasmacytoid (P). The treatment was divided into a palliative therapy (PlT) group and a chemotherapy (ChT) group. METHODS The study was conducted between 2009 and 2017, and it enrolled 58 dogs in which cytomorphological and immunocytochemistry diagnoses were HGTCL. RESULTS Overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the ChT group (median OS-4 months, interquartile range [IQR] from 2 to 8 months) than in the PlT group (median OS-6 weeks, IQR from 1 week to 3 months). In the PlT group, PM subtype and glucocorticosteroids (GCSs) treatment proved significantly and independently linked to longer OS and approximately three-fold lower risk of death during the study period (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj] = 0.26, confidence interval [CI] 95%: 0.08-0.81; p = 0.020 and HRadj = 0.30, CI 95%: 0.11-0.77; p = 0.013, respectively), although due to small group size, precision of estimations was poor (wide CI 95%). In the ChT group, >7 days elapsing between diagnosis and the beginning of chemotherapy and GCS treatment prior to chemotherapy were significantly associated with lower chance of complete remission (CR; p = 0.034 for both); GCS treatment prior to chemotherapy was significantly associated with shorter OS (p = 0.016); chemotherapy based on the modified CHOP protocol was significantly associated with higher chance of CR (p = 0.034) and longer OS (p = 0.039); and CR was significantly linked to longer OS (p = 0.001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The morphological subtype of HGTCL has some prognostic value in dogs treated palliatively (with PM subtype associated with longer OS than P subtype); however, this effect is no longer visible when a dog is treated with chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Jagielski
- Białobrzeska Veterinary ClinicWarsawPoland
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary SciencesNicolaus Copernicus UniversityTorunPoland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and EconomicsInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW)WarsawPoland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Division of Animal PathologyDepartment of Pathology and Veterinary DiagnosticsInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW)WarsawPoland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harris LJ, Rout ED, Labadie JD, Avery PR, Fernandez M, Yoshimoto J, Avery AC. Clinical features of canine nodal T-cell lymphomas classified as CD8+ or CD4-CD8- by flow cytometry. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:416-427. [PMID: 31951040 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine T-cell lymphoma (TCL) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable clinical presentation, cytomorphology, immunophenotype, and biologic behaviour. The most common types of TCL in dogs involving peripheral lymph nodes include indolent T-zone lymphoma (TZL) and biologically aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). TCL phenotypes can be categorized by expression of the surface antigen molecules CD4 and CD8. The majority of TCL cases are CD4+ , with far fewer cases being CD8+ or CD4- CD8- . The clinical features of CD4+ TCLs have been previously described. The less common TCL phenotypes, however, are poorly characterized with little to no information about prognosis. In this retrospective study, we describe and correlate the presenting clinical signs, flow cytometry, and outcomes of 119 dogs diagnosed with nodal, non-TZL, CD8+ or CD4- CD8- TCL by flow cytometry. Skin lesions present at the time of diagnosis were more commonly observed in the CD8+ TCL group. Mediastinal enlargement and/or hypercalcemia were more commonly seen in the CD4- CD8- TCL group. Dogs with either CD8+ or CD4- CD8- TCLs had aggressive clinical disease with median overall survival (OS) times of 198 days and 145 days, respectively. In both groups, neoplastic cell size determined by flow cytometry ranged from small to large, and large cell size was associated with shorter OS times (median OS = 61 days). Cases classified as small cell had a median OS of 257 days. Expression levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD5 were highly variable among cases but were not prognostically significant in this group of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Monica Fernandez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Janna Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jankowska U, Jagielski D, Czopowicz M, Sapierzyński R. Epidemiology, clinical and cytological features of lymphoma in Boxer dogs. Acta Vet Hung 2019; 67:224-240. [PMID: 31238736 DOI: 10.1556/004.2019.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics of canine lymphomas as well as some aspects of treatment outcomes. The study was conducted on Boxer dogs with lymphoma diagnosed by cytology and immunocytochemistry (CD3 and CD79 alpha). During the study period, lymphoma was diagnosed in 63 Boxers; 86.8% were T-cell (based on the Kiel classification: small clear cell lymphoma, pleomorphic small cell lymphoma, pleomorphic mixed T-cell lymphoma, pleomorphic large T-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) and 13.2% were B-cell lymphomas (according to the Kiel classification: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, centroblastic/centroblastic polymorphic lymphoma). Overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in dogs with low-grade than with high-grade lymphoma (median OS of 6.8 and 4.7 months, respectively; P = 0.024). OS was not influenced by WHO clinical stage, WHO clinical substage, presence of splenomegaly, early administration of glucocorticoids or the time from the first presentation to the beginning of chemotherapy. There are no significant differences in clinical and laboratory parameters between low-grade and high-grade lymphomas. Boxer dogs are predisposed to T-cell lymphoma, with a predominance of high-grade tumour, especially pleomorphic, mixed small and large T-cell subtype. It is possible that Boxer dogs may respond less favourably to chemotherapy than patients of other breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michał Czopowicz
- 2Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- 3Division of Animal Pathomorphology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska str. 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dörfelt S, Matiasek LA, Felten S, Sangl L, Hartmann K, Matiasek K. Antigens under cover-The preservation and demasking of selected antigens for successful poststaining immunocytochemistry of effusion, brain smears, and lymph node aspirates. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:98-107. [PMID: 30802342 PMCID: PMC7169317 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background In clinical cytology, the applicability of an ancillary test such as immunocytochemistry is too often limited by low sample volume, poor cell representation, and sample preservation. Diagnosticians often read Romanowsky‐stained cytology, although specific techniques such as immunocytochemistry are often essential for a definitive diagnosis. Objectives The goal of the present study aimed to investigate if immunocytochemistry on previously‐stained cytologic specimens was possible. Different pretreatments were examined to determine which treatment preserved antigenicity best. Methods One hundred and twenty‐two impression smears and 64 fine‐needle aspirate preparations of brain and lymph nodes were processed and evaluated microscopically. The impact of staining cytologic preparations with a modified Wright's stain, using a destaining method, performing a coverslipping and decoverslipping process, and subjecting smears to a microwave treatment (MWT) were examined for the immunolabeling of selected nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasmalemmal antigens, as well as intracellular feline coronavirus (FCoV). Biotinylated secondary antibodies were used, and the bound primary antibody was visualized using an ABC amplification kit. Results Cellular antigens were reliably detected with immunocytochemistry after smears were stained with a Romansky stain and were coverslipped early after staining and stayed coverslipped until immediately before immunolabeling. The staining intensity reached the same levels as that of the controls if the films underwent MWT in citrate buffer. In contrast, FCoV antigen detection was abolished after any physicochemical interference. Conclusions Poststaining immunocytochemistry represents a practical tool for additional investigations on prestained cytologic specimens when searching for cellular antigens. Paired untreated samples should be kept in case the workup requires testing for more vulnerable viral antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dörfelt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara A Matiasek
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany.,Anicura Small Animal Clinic, Babenhausen, Germany
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Sangl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Epperly E, Hume KR, Moirano S, Stokol T, Intile J, Erb HN, Scrivani PV. Dogs with acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoid neoplasms (large cell lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia) may have indistinguishable mediastinal masses on radiographs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:507-515. [PMID: 29726055 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is an uncommon hematopoietic neoplasm of dogs that should be differentiated from lymphoid neoplasms, such as lymphoma, because of different treatment protocols and a worse prognosis. Thoracic radiography is performed frequently in dogs with suspected hematopoietic neoplasia, and detecting a mediastinal mass often prioritizes lymphoma as the most likely diagnosis. However, we have observed a mediastinal mass in several dogs with acute myeloid leukemia and hypothesized that (1) the frequency of a mediastinal mass was higher and (2) the size of the mass was larger in dogs with acute myeloid leukemia compared to dogs with lymphoid neoplasms. In this analytical study (observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional), the sample population included 238 dogs with hematopoietic neoplasia. These dogs were divided into lymphoid (large cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and myeloid groups based on standard phenotyping tests. A mediastinal mass was detected during thoracic radiography in 73/218 (33%) and nine of 20 (45%) dogs in the lymphoid and myeloid groups (P = 0.21), respectively. The median size ratio of mediastinal mass to cardiac silhouette was 0.20 and 0.23 in the lymphoid and myeloid groups (P = 0.96), respectively. Additionally, we observed normal thoracic radiographs in 111/218 (51%) dogs in the lymphoid group and nine of 20 (45%) dogs in the myeloid group. In conclusion, acute myeloid leukemia should be considered when a mediastinal mass is detected during radiography in dogs with suspected hematopoietic neoplasia-but the presence or size of a mediastinal mass does not differentiate between myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Epperly
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Kelly R Hume
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Steven Moirano
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Tracy Stokol
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Joanne Intile
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Hollis N Erb
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Peter V Scrivani
- The Departments of Clinical Sciences and Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bally A, Acevedo KF, Pargass I, Gyan L, Rajh S, Suepaul R. A Multicentric T-Cell Lymphoma with a Plasmacytoid Morphology in a Dog. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010010. [PMID: 29361706 PMCID: PMC5876584 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old male (neutered) Labrador with a history of erythematous skin lesions and exercise intolerance for a prolonged period was suddenly found dead. Necropsy findings revealed an infiltrative, focally extensive mass which occupied 25% of the cardiac interventricular septum. Severe endocardiosis was also found on the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The submandibular lymph nodes and kidneys were bilaterally enlarged, and the pre-hepatic lymph node and spleen were also enlarged. Multiple dermal pustules were present around the mouth and on the ear, and small ulcers were present on the tongue. Histopathological examination detected the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes with a plasmacytoid morphology in these tissues as well as in the tongue and skin lesions. Immunohistochemical (CD3+/CD18+) evaluation was consistent with a T-cell lymphoma, which could be classified as a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Bally
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Karelma Frontera Acevedo
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Indira Pargass
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Lana Gyan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Uriah Butler Highway, Mt Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Stacy Rajh
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Rod Suepaul
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Sixty-six cases of indolent canine lymphoid proliferation were reviewed. Age ranged from 1.5 to 16 years (median 9.0 years). Dogs of 26 breeds, plus 13 of mixed breeding or unknown lineage, were represented. B-Cell lymphomas (CD79a+) predominated. Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), the largest group, involved lymph node (33 cases) and spleen (13 cases), with both tissues involved in five of these cases. Follicular lymphoma (FL) involved lymph nodes (five cases), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) occurred as solitary splenic masses (three cases). Nodal CD3+ T-zone lymphomas (TZL) (10 cases), were included since they resembled late-stage MZL at the architectural level. Two cases of marginal zone hyperplasia (MZH) were included to aid in differentiation of early MZL. Clonality status was determined in 54 cases by analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and T-cell antigen receptor gamma (TCRG) gene rearrangement. Clonal rearrangement of IGH was detected in 28 of 35 MZL cases (80%), four of four FL cases (100%) and three of three MCL cases (100%). Concurrent cross lineage rearrangement of TCRG was detected in six MZL and two FL cases. Clonal rearrangement of TCRG was documented in five of eight TZL cases (63%). Limited survival data obtained for 18 dogs indicated that the B-cell lymphomas (MZL, MCL, and FL) and the T-cell lymphoma (TZL) were associated with indolent behavior and long survival. Although to the authors' knowledge, the true incidence of canine indolent lymphomas is unknown, the tumors are not rare and may have been underrecognized. Recognition of their architectural features, routine application of immunophenotyping, and molecular clonality assessment should alleviate this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Valli
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Room 284 SAC, 1008 W Hazelwood Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sözmen M, Tasca S, Carli E, De Lorenzi D, Furlanello T, Caldin M. Use of Fine Needle Aspirates and Flow Cytometry for the Diagnosis, Classification, and Immunophenotyping of Canine Lymphomas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:323-30. [PMID: 16130989 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty canine lymphomas were classified cytomorphologically using the updated Kiel classification scheme. Aspirates of lymph nodes from dogs with lymphoma were stained using 5 canine-specific antibodies and 3 human-specific antibodies that cross-react with canine lymphocytes. The antibody-stained aspirates were analyzed by flow cytometry. A total of 32 (64%) of the 50 lymphomas were characterized as B-cell origin and 18 (36%) were of T-cell origin. B-cell lymphomas were identified in 12 females and 20 males with a mean age of 8.35 years. T-cell lymphomas were identified in 8 females and 10 males with a mean age of 7.9 years. A minority of the lymphomas were low-grade B-cell and T-cell lymphomas (6/50, 12% and 4/50, 8%, respectively). The most common morphologic types were high-grade centroblastic and unclassifiable plasmacytoid for B- and T-cell lymphomas (18/50, 36% and 7/50, 14%, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Sözmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Pasacayiri, Kars 36100, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jankowska U, Jagielski D, Czopowicz M, Sapierzyński R. The animal-dependent risk factors in canine T-cell lymphomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:307-314. [PMID: 26300427 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant lymphomas are one of the most common malignancies occurring in dogs; among them T-cell tumours are less commonly recognized. Recently, many authors have recommended cytology as a sufficient diagnostic method for canine lymphomas, especially if supported by immunocytochemistry or flow cytometry. The aim of the study was to characterize animal-dependent risk factors in canine T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) in Poland, including specific cytological subtypes. Determination of the type and subtype of the tumour was made based on the updated Kiel cytological classification adopted for dogs as previously described. Two breeds turned out predisposed to TCL (dog de Bordeaux and Boxer) while no predisposition to B-cell lymphoma could be evidenced. Dogs with low-grade lymphoma were significantly older than those with high-grade lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Jankowska
- Białobrzeska Veterinary Surgery in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Jagielski
- Białobrzeska Veterinary Surgery in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Sapierzyński
- Division of Animal Pathomorphology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Munasinghe LI, Kidney BA, MacDonald-Dickinson V, Larson VS, Jackson ML, Fernandez NJ. Evaluation of lymph node aspirates at diagnosis and relapse in dogs with high-grade multicentric lymphoma and comparison with survival time. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:310-9. [PMID: 25676780 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine high-grade multicentric lymphoma, a common disease with variable response to chemotherapy, is often diagnosed using cytology. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to compare cytologic features of canine peripheral lymph node aspirates collected at diagnosis and at relapse, and evaluate their usefulness in predicting survival. METHODS Cytologic scoring based on a rubric and nuclear morphometry analyses were performed on cytologic smears collected at diagnosis and at relapse. Scores at diagnosis and relapse were compared by paired t-test and evaluated in relation to time from diagnosis to remission, remission to relapse, relapse to death, and total survival time, using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. RESULTS Number of mitoses and total cytologic score were significantly higher at relapse compared to diagnosis (P < .05). None of the nuclear morphometry measures were significantly different between diagnosis and relapse. The presence of binucleated or multinucleated cells at diagnosis was associated with a shorter remission and decreased total survival (P < .05). Increased mean nucleoli at relapse was associated with longer remission and total survival (P < .05). Increased minimum nuclear radius and diameter at diagnosis were associated with a decreased time from relapse to death (P < .05). Several nuclear morphometry measures at relapse were associated with a shorter time from diagnosis to remission (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Number of mitoses and total score were higher at relapse than at diagnosis in canine lymphoma. The presence of binucleated or multinucleated cells at diagnosis may be useful as indicator of a poor prognosis. Further studies including a larger number of cases are required to reinforce the prognostic values of these cytologic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilani I Munasinghe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Beverly A Kidney
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Victoria S Larson
- Department of Calgary Animal Referral and Emergency Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marion L Jackson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nicole J Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seelig DM, Avery P, Webb T, Yoshimoto J, Bromberek J, Ehrhart EJ, Avery AC. Canine T-zone lymphoma: unique immunophenotypic features, outcome, and population characteristics. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:878-86. [PMID: 24655022 PMCID: PMC4895451 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is clinically and histologically heterogeneous with some forms, such as T‐zone lymphoma (TZL), having an indolent course. Immunophenotyping is an important tool in the classification of TCL in people, and can be equally useful in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that loss of expression of the CD45 antigen is a specific diagnostic feature of TZL. Animals Twenty dogs with concurrent histology and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were studied in depth. An additional 494 dogs diagnosed by immunophenotyping were used to characterize the population of dogs with this disease. Methods Lymph node biopsies from 35 dogs with TCL were classified by 2 pathologists using WHO criteria. Twenty lymph nodes were from dogs with CD45− TCL and 15 were from CD45+ TCL. The pathologists were blinded to the flow cytometry findings. Outcome information was sought for the 20 dogs with CD45− lymphoma, and population characteristics of the additional 494 dogs were described. Results All 20 CD45− cases were classified as TZL. The 15 CD45+ cases were classified as aggressive TCL and are described in an accompanying paper. TZL cases had a median survival of 637 days. Examination of 494 additional dogs diagnosed with TZL by immunophenotyping demonstrated that 40% of cases are in Golden Retrievers, are diagnosed at a median age of 10 years, and the majority have lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis. Conclusions TZL has unique immunophenotypic features that can be used for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Seelig
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Forty five lymphomas, 14 of T cell origin, 28 of B cell and 3 with null-cell phenotype, were included in this study. Tumors were classified according to the updated Kiel classification system adapted to canine lymphomas. The percentage of Ki67+ cells and mitotic index (MI) were estimated in each specimen. Most of lymphomas (39 of 45) had high proliferation activity. Among them in 27 cases 50-70% of lymphoma cells expressed Ki67, the highest Ki67 expression (> 70% Ki67+ cells) was identified less frequently, in 12 cases. Moderate Ki67 expression (20-50% positive cells) was observed in 5 cases, only one tumor had low Ki67 expression (< 20% positive cells). Lower percentage of Ki67+ cells was usually accompanied with lower MI. The mean MI values in discussed groups differed significantly. Mean MI value was also significantly higher in T cell than in B cell lymphomas (4.30 vs. 3.33). Moreover, high positive correlation between the expression of Ki67 and MI was found (r = 0.668; P < or = 0.001). In T-cell tumors the correlation was very high (r = 0.83; P < or = 0.001) and in B-cell lymphomas the correlation was high (r = 0.61; P < or = 0.001). There were also differences between mean MI values in the lymphomas of different morphological subtypes, but in some of them high variations in the range of MI values were identified and wide overlaps of MI between individual cases from different subtypes were observed. Because of differences in the proliferation activity in single cases of the same subtype of lymphoma, the proliferation activity assessment may be helpful to chose appropriate scheme of treatment and should be commonly performed during routine histopathological diagnosis of canine lymphomas.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Seelig DM, Perry JA, Zaks K, Avery AC, Avery PR. Monoclonal immunoglobulin protein production in two dogs with secretory B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1477-82. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.11.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine: A Comparative and Evidence-Based Approach. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
18
|
Bienzle D, Vernau W. The Diagnostic Assessment of Canine Lymphoma: Implications for Treatment. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Ponce F, Marchal T, Magnol JP, Turinelli V, Ledieu D, Bonnefont C, Pastor M, Delignette ML, Fournel-Fleury C. A Morphological Study of 608 Cases of Canine Malignant Lymphoma in France With a Focus on Comparative Similarities Between Canine and Human Lymphoma Morphology. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:414-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810363902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports cytomorphological, histomorphological, and immunological characterization of 608 biopsy cases of canine malignant lymphoma, with epidemiological and clinical data, collected from 7 French veterinary pathology laboratories. It compares morphological characteristics of malignant lymphoma in canines, per the updated Kiel classification system, with those reported in humans, per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. Of tumors described, 24.5% and 75.5% were classified as low- and high-grade malignant lymphomas, respectively. Presenting clinical signs included generalized or localized lymphadenopathy (82.4%) and extranodal diseases (17.6%) involving the skin (12.34%) and other sites (5.26%). Immunohistochemistry confirmed 63.8% B-cell (CD3–, CD79a+), 35.4% T-cell (CD3+, CD79a–), and 0.8% null-cell (CD3–, CD79a–) lymphomas. Most B-cell cases (38.49%) were of high-grade centroblastic polymorphic subtype; most T-cell cases (8.55%), high-grade pleomorphic mixed and large T-cell lymphoma subtypes. Some B-cell tumors showed morphologic characteristics consistent with follicular lymphomas and marginal zone lymphomas per the Revised European American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms and WHO canine classification systems and the WHO human classification system. Unusual high-grade B-cell subtypes included an atypical high-grade small B-cell lymphoma (0.66%), Burkitt-type B-cell lymphoma (1.64%), plasmacytoid lymphoma (0.99%), and mediastinal anaplastic large B-cell lymphoma (0.16%). Unusual T-cell subtypes included a previously undescribed high-grade canine immunoblastic T-cell type (1.15%), a rare low-grade prolymphocytic T-cell lymphoma (0.16%), and a recently described high-grade canine T-cell entity—aggressive granulocytic large-cell lymphoma (0.16%). Marginal zone lymphomas were common (10.86%); follicular lymphomas were rare (0.49%). Canine primary cutaneous malignant lymphoma subtypes were present (11.84%). There was no significant difference between B- and T-cell malignant lymphoma in regard to canine age and sex. A significant overrepresentation of Boxers (24.19%) was found for T-cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ponce
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - T. Marchal
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - J. P. Magnol
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - V. Turinelli
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - D. Ledieu
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - C. Bonnefont
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - M. Pastor
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - M. L. Delignette
- Unité de Biomathématiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| | - C. Fournel-Fleury
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Unité d’Oncologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vezzali E, Parodi AL, Marcato PS, Bettini G. Histopathologic classification of 171 cases of canine and feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma according to the WHO. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:38-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Stacy NI, Nabity MB, Hackendahl N, Buote M, Ward J, Ginn PE, Vernau W, Clapp WL, Harvey JW. B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation in two young adult dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:113-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2008.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Pastor M, Chalvet-Monfray K, Marchal T, Keck G, Magnol JP, Fournel-Fleury C, Ponce F. Genetic and environmental risk indicators in canine non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: breed associations and geographic distribution of 608 cases diagnosed throughout France over 1 year. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:301-10. [PMID: 19192140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is multifactorial. Environmental and genetic factors are frequently incriminated both in humans and dogs. OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to study the geographic distribution of canine NHL (CNHL) in France and to evaluate genetic and environmental influences. ANIMALS Six hundred and eight cases of CNHL, diagnosed throughout France over 1 year, were collected from 7 Veterinary Histopathologic Laboratories. METHODS Retrospective study. Breeds affected by lymphomas were compared with the national population and associations between breed and immunophenotype were studied. The distribution of CNHL and canine T-cell NHL per 100,000 dogs per department was compared with the distribution of waste incinerators, polluted sites, and radioactive waste. RESULTS The breeds significantly overrepresented among lymphoma cases were Boxer, Setter, and Cocker Spaniel (P < .001). There was a significant association between Boxer and T-cell NHL (P < .001), and between German Shepherd and Rottweiler and B-cell NHL (P < .01). The geographic distribution of CNHL and canine T-cell NHL indicated significant heterogeneity. Significant association between distributions of CNHL and waste incinerators (rho= 0.25, P < .05), polluted sites (rho= 0.36, P < .001), and radioactive waste (rho= 0.51, P < .001) was found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Influence of genetics in the development of CNHL was supported by the existence of an association between breed and immunophenotype. Waste incinerators, polluted sites, and radioactive waste could just be considered as risk indicators of CNHL, but not as risk factors. Case-control studies around critical sites are necessary to confirm the implication of those environmental factors in the development of CNHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pastor
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lurie DM, Milner RJ, Suter SE, Vernau W. Immunophenotypic and cytomorphologic subclassification of T-cell lymphoma in the boxer breed. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:102-10. [PMID: 18579219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The boxer breed is at high risk for developing lymphoma and, in contrast to the general canine population, is predisposed to the T-cell variant of the disease. The purpose of this study was to more accurately classify lymphoma in this breed. Clinical, cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic data were examined in 43 boxers with lymphoma. Twenty-five cases were collected prospectively and a further 18 cases were obtained retrospectively. Lymphomas were classified as multicentric (n=29), mediastinal (n=6) and intestinal (n=8). Of the 40 immunophenotyped samples, 34 (85%) were T-cell, 5 (12.5%) were B-cell and 1 was a non-B-cell non-T-cell lymphoma. Immunophenotypic subtyping was done on prospectively collected T-cell lymphoma samples (n=22) to differentiate CD4 (helper) from CD8 (cytotoxic) T-cell origin as well as to determine the T-cell receptor (TCR) expression (TCRalphabeta vs. TCRdeltagamma). Phenotypic expression was CD4+ (n=12), double negative (DN) (n=6), double positive (DP) (n=1) and CD8+ (n=1), respectively, while two samples had no interpretable result. 20/22 samples were TCRalphabeta+ with only 1 sample being TCRdeltagamma+ and 1 with no interpretable result. Cytomorphologic analysis was done on the same 22 samples using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme. According to this scheme, 17/22 samples were classified as lymphoblastic, 2/22 as large cell peripheral T-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), 2/22 as large granular lymphoma (LGL) high-grade and 1/22 as small lymphocytic. The results of this study indicate that lymphoma in the boxer breed is a disease comprised predominantly of TCRalphabeta+, CD4+ (helper) T-cells with lymphoblastic (high-grade) morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Lurie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mellor PJ, Haugland S, Smith KC, Powell RM, Archer J, Scase TJ, Villiers EJ, McNeil PE, Nixon C, Knott C, Fournier D, Murphy S, Polton GA, Belford C, Philbey AW, Argyle DJ, Herrtage ME, Day MJ. Histopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Cytologic Analysis of Feline Myeloma-Related Disorders: Further Evidence for Primary Extramedullary Development in the Cat. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:159-73. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-2-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline myeloma-related disorders (MRD) are rare neoplasms of plasma cells. The multistep transformation model of myeloma in humans is based on the premise that plasma cells undergo neoplastic transformation primarily within the intramedullary compartment and that over time they become poorly differentiated and metastasize to extramedullary locations. Historically, diagnostic criteria used for human multiple myeloma have been applied to the cat, with the assumption that feline MRD commonly arises in the intramedullary compartment. Our objectives were to describe the features of feline MRD confirmed by cytology, histopathology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry and to categorize these tumors. A priori hypotheses were 1) tumor category predicts survival and 2) cats with well-differentiated tumors commonly have extramedullary involvement in contrast to human myeloma patients. This multicenter, retrospective study identified 26 MRD cases. There was good agreement between histopathologic and cytologic tumor categorization. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were shown to be valuable adjunct tests in the diagnosis of MRD. Cats with well-differentiated tumors had increased median survival relative to those with poorly differentiated tumors (254 versus 14 days). We have reported that marked extramedullary involvement at initial clinical presentation is significantly more common in the cat than in human MRD patients. In this study, we demonstrate that cats with well-differentiated tumors more commonly have extramedullary involvement than human myeloma patients with well-differentiated tumors (90% versus 20%, P < 0.0002). These results contrast strongly with the human myeloma model of primary intramedullary neoplastic transformation and suggest that primary extramedullary neoplastic transformation may be more common in feline MRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Mellor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - S. Haugland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - K. C. Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - R. M. Powell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - T. J. Scase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - E. J. Villiers
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - C. Nixon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - G. A. Polton
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, UK
| | | | - A. W. Philbey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - M. E. Herrtage
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - M. J. Day
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aberrant phenotypes and quantitative antigen expression in different subtypes of canine lymphoma by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Avery PR, Avery AC. Molecular methods to distinguish reactive and neoplastic lymphocyte expansions and their importance in transitional neoplastic states. Vet Clin Pathol 2004; 33:196-207. [PMID: 15570556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although lymphoma and leukemia usually can be diagnosed by routine cytology and histology, some cases present a diagnostic challenge for pathologists and clinicians. Often the dilemma lies in determining whether a population of lymphocytes is reactive or neoplastic. We review currently available methods for analyzing lymphocyte populations by immunophenotyping and by identifying clonally rearranged immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes and discuss how these tests can be used to clarify such diagnostic dilemmas. We also describe the detection of chromosomal abnormalities and methods on the horizon, such as gene expression profiling, to identify diagnostically useful oncogenes. Finally, we review the emerging concept of transitional neoplastic states, in which reactive lymphocytes transform to neoplastic lymphocytes in the presence of continued antigenic stimulation, such as that caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. The existence of transitional neoplastic states underscores the need for an array of molecular diagnostic tools that would improve our ability to characterize lymphocyte populations in human and animal patients and enhance early detection of neoplastic lymphocytes such that eradication of the infectious or inflammatory stimulus could lead to cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|