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van Ryssen JBJ, Bath GF. Copper (Cu) metabolism in domestic herbivores as guide to criteria for predicting the Cu nutritional status of wild ruminants in southern Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2024; 95:26-34. [PMID: 38533812 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In southern Africa game farming has become an effective way of using underutilised resources and a valuable method of preserving and increasing wildlife numbers. However, little is known about the mineral requirements of wild animal species or the assessment of the mineral nutritional status of these species. To establish criteria for estimating the copper (Cu) nutritional status of wildlife, current knowledge about Cu metabolism and criteria for domestic animals has been used. Since the Cu metabolism of ruminants differs substantially from that of non-ruminants, Cu metabolism in domestic species such as cattle and sheep representing wild ruminants, and pigs and horses as non-ruminant species, has been scrutinised to propose criteria for wild bovids in southern Africa. In the adequate range of dietary Cu intakes, literature suggests that hepatic Cu concentrations in ruminants increase linearly with an increase in Cu intake, allowing a relatively reliable measure of sufficiency. In non-ruminants, hepatic Cu concentrations follow a lag phase during which hepatic Cu concentrations remain relatively constant with increasing dietary Cu intakes of more that 25 times their requirements. A consequence is that non-ruminants can tolerate much higher dietary levels of Cu compared to ruminants. It is proposed that at liver Cu concentrations of < 20 mg/kg dry matter (DM), a wild ruminant could benefit from Cu supplementation; liver Cu concentrations of between 20 and 300 mg Cu/kg DM suggest an adequate Cu intake; concentrations of 300 to 500 mg/kg DM indicate a potentially unhealthy accumulation of Cu, while liver Cu concentrations of > 500 mg/kg DM indicate that the animal probably consumed more Cu than required and might be at risk of developing Cu toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B J van Ryssen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G F Bath
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Afzal A, Mahreen N. Emerging insights into the impacts of heavy metals exposure on health, reproductive and productive performance of livestock. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1375137. [PMID: 38567355 PMCID: PMC10985271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1375137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals, common environmental pollutants with widespread distribution hazards and several health problems linked to them are distinguished from other toxic compounds by their bioaccumulation in living organisms. They pollute the food chain and threaten the health of animals. Biologically, heavy metals exhibit both beneficial and harmful effects. Certain essential heavy metals such as Co, Mn, Se, Zn, and Mg play crucial roles in vital physiological processes in trace amounts, while others like As, Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cu are widely recognized for their toxic properties. Regardless of their physiological functions, an excess intake of all heavy metals beyond the tolerance limit can lead to toxicity. Animals face exposure to heavy metals through contaminated feed and water, primarily as a result of anthropogenic environmental pollution. After ingestion heavy metals persist in the body for an extended duration and the nature of exposure dictates whether they induce acute or chronic, clinical or subclinical, or subtle toxicities. The toxic effects of metals lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis through the generation of free radicals that develop oxidative stress. In cases of acute heavy metal poisoning, characteristic clinical symptoms may arise, potentially culminating in the death of animals with corresponding necropsy findings. Chronic toxicities manifest as a decline in overall body condition scoring and a decrease in the production potential of animals. Elevated heavy metal levels in consumable animal products raise public health concerns. Timely diagnosis, targeted antidotes, and management strategies can significantly mitigate heavy metal impact on livestock health, productivity, and reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afzal
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- School of Zoology, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naima Mahreen
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetics Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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3
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Newcomer BW. Toxicologic Insults to the Bovine Liver. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:421-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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4
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Byrne L, Murphy RA. Relative Bioavailability of Trace Minerals in Production Animal Nutrition: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1981. [PMID: 35953970 PMCID: PMC9367456 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available. With advances in research techniques, and data obtained from both in-vitro and in-vivo studies in recent years, differences between inorganic and organic trace minerals have become more apparent. Furthermore, differences between specific organic mineral types can now be identified. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we carried out an extensive literature search on previously published studies detailing performance responses to trace minerals, in addition to their corresponding relative bioavailability values. This review covers four of the main trace minerals included in feed: copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and encompasses the different types of organic and inorganic products commercially available. Their impact from environmental, economic, and nutritional perspectives are discussed, along with the biological availability of various mineral forms in production animals. Species-specific sections cover ruminants, poultry, and swine. Extensive relative bioavailability tables cover values for all trace mineral products commercially available, including those not previously reviewed in earlier studies, thereby providing a comprehensive industry reference guide. Additionally, we examine reasons for variance in reported relative bioavailability values, with an emphasis on accounting for data misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurann Byrne
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, A86 X006 Co. Meath, Ireland
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Miroshnikov SA, Notova SV, Skalnaya MG, Sizova EA, Marshinskaia OV, Kazakova TV, Skalny AV, Michalke B, Ajsuvakova OP, Tinkov AA. Speciation of Serum Copper and Zinc-Binding High- and Low-Molecular Mass Ligands in Dairy Cows Using HPLC-ICP-MS Technique. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:591-599. [PMID: 33723798 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was assessment of the major copper and zinc species in dairy cow blood serum using a hybrid high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) technique. A total of seventeen 5-6-year-old female Simmental cows, cultivated in the Southern Ural region, were examined. Speciation of serum Cu and Zn was performed using chromatographic PerkinElmer Series 200 system equipped with Agilent Bio SEC-5 Column and docked with NexION 300D mass spectrometer. Analysis of serum 63Cu species revealed four major fractions containing 2.5% (A), 15.6% (B), 75.6% (C), and 11.9% (D) of total copper levels. The revealed fractions could be assigned to tetrameric and dimeric macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, albumin, and low molecular mass (LMM) copper compounds, respectively. Minor fraction (E) containing <1% of total serum Cu levels may be represented by low-molecular mass Cu species. Speciation analysis also revealed four Zn fractions containing 6.3% (A), 16.9% (B), 71% (C), and 3% (D) of total Zn levels that may be attributed to zinc-bound tetrameric and dimeric macroglobulin, albumin, and Zn-amino acid compounds. Correlation analysis demonstrated that relative levels (%) of Zn-B (dimeric α2-macroglobulin), Zn-C (albumin), and Zn-D (LMM) fractions correlate inversely with Cu-A (monomeric α2-macroglobulin) (r = -0.600), Cu-D (albumin) (r = -0.696), and Cu-C (ceruloplasmin) (r = -0.652), respectively. The obtained data demonstrate the particular features of Zn and Cu transport in dairy cows that may be used for assessment of dietary status of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana V Notova
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | | | - Elena A Sizova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Olga V Marshinskaia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | | | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
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6
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Weber J, Roder A, Müller AE, Pieper R, Staufenbiel R. [Chronic oversupply with copper as a potential herd health problem on a German dairy farm - Diagnostic value of different sample types for assessment of copper supply in dairy cows]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:203-209. [PMID: 34157749 DOI: 10.1055/a-1418-3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to sheep, chronic copper oversupply or toxicity represent infrequent events in cattle. This case report describes a chronically elevated exposure to copper arising from excessive supplementation of mineral feedstuff leading to a herd health problem in a German Holstein dairy herd. For diagnosis on herd level, 10 cows of both the close-up (VB) and high-yielding (HL) groups were selected and blood as well as urine samples were collected. Clinical chemistry investigation of these samples only revealed slightly raised activities of liver enzymes in cows of the HL group. Analysis of the total mixed ration (TMR) of both groups revealed a significant oversupply with copper, zinc, cobalt, and selenium. On the basis of these findings, the copper content of urine, feces, pigmented hair as well as plasma ceruloplasmin activity were measured additionally. Liver biopsies were performed in cows of the HL group and in heifers, the latter of which had received a mineral feed for young cattle according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results indicated increased fecal copper in both HL and VB groups as well as above normal or high-normal values of hepatic copper and cobalt resp. selenium, zinc, and manganese in the HL cows. In contrast, heifers had physiological amounts of trace elements in their liver tissues. This report demonstrates the suitability of fecal analysis and TMR for a reliable assessment of copper supply, while blood, urine, and hair failed to represent appropriate sample types. In order to attain a dependable diagnosis of potential copper oversupply, a liver biopsy - which may also be performed in buiatric practice - is deemed necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Weber
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Andrea Roder
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
| | | | - Robert Pieper
- Fachgruppe Futtermittel und Futterzusatzstoffe, Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
| | - Rudolf Staufenbiel
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin
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Yasotha A, Dabadé DS, Singh VP, Sivakumar T. Risk assessment of heavy metals in milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1799-1815. [PMID: 33123929 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the health risk associated with exposure to heavy metals through consumption of milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India. Heavy metals, namely Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, were determined in water and forage from four locations as well as in milk produced by dairy cattle raised in these locations, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A quantitative risk assessment using probabilistic approaches was performed to assess the exposure of adults and children to the heavy metals via milk consumption. In milk samples, the highest levels of Cd and Pb were 0.18 mg L-1 and 0.37 mg L-1, respectively, which were above the international permissible levels. Possible sources of Pb in the milk could be the industrial by-products and wastes or automobiles exhaust gas. Significant (P < 0.05) positive relationships were found between the concentration of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd in milk and in the environmental samples (water or forage). Exposure assessment showed that milk consumers were mostly exposed to Zn, Cd, and Pb, with 63.7%, 51.2%, and 41.2% of children exposed to a dose greater than the references dose for these metals, respectively. Our results suggest that industrial activities lead to possible transfer of heavy metals to cows from their rearing environment (water, plant), which can be accumulated and cause potential health risks to milk consumers. The outcome of this study can be used by policy makers to manage the potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yasotha
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007, India
| | - D Sylvain Dabadé
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 03 B.P., 2819, Jericho-Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - T Sivakumar
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007, India
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8
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Ranches J, Alves R, Vedovatto M, Palmer EA, Moriel P, Arthington JD. Differences in copper and selenium metabolism between Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6135120. [PMID: 33585942 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-yr study was conducted at the Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) (Ona, FL), to evaluate differences in the metabolism of Cu and Se of Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. Thirty-two pregnant beef cows (n = 8 Brahman and 8 Angus/yr) were enrolled in the study in the first trimester of gestation. This study consisted of three phases: 1) restriction (day 0 to 90), 2) supplementation (day 91 to 150), and 3) calving. During all three phases, cows were individually fed and housed in partially covered drylot pens. During the restriction and supplementation phases, cows were provided a 1.5 kg/d of a grain-based concentrate supplement, which was fortified with flowers of S (50 g of supplemental S/cow daily; restriction phase) or Cu and Se (100 and 3 mg/d of Cu and Se, respectively; supplementation phase). Blood and liver samples were collected from all cows at 30 d intervals and from both cows and calves within 24 h of calving. Colostrum and milk samples were collected at calving and 7 d after birth. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, where cow and calf were the experimental unit. During the restriction phase, a breed × day effect (P = 0.03) was observed where Brahman had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus cows in all sampling days. For liver Se concentration, a tendency (P = 0.07) for a breed effect was observed where Angus cows tended to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman. During the supplementation phase, breed (P < 0.001) and day (P < 0.01) effects were observed, where Brahman cows had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus. For liver Se concentration, a day effect (P < 0.001) was observed, where liver Se concentration increased (P < 0.001) from day 90 to 120 and remained unchanged (P = 0.86) until day 150. At calving, no effects of breed (P = 0.34) were observed for liver Cu concentration of cows; however, Brahman calves tended (P = 0.09) to have greater liver Cu concentration than Angus calves. For Se liver concentration at calving, Angus cows tended (P = 0.07) to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman cows; however, no breed differences (P = 0.70) were observed for liver Se concentration of calves at birth. In summary, substantial differences in multiple indicators of Cu and Se status were observed between Angus and Brahman cattle, implying that Angus and Brahman cattle possibly have different mechanisms to maintain adequate Cu and Se status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ranches
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR, USA
| | - Rhaiza Alves
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Vedovatto
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Philipe Moriel
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - John D Arthington
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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López-Alonso M, Miranda M. Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101890. [PMID: 33076570 PMCID: PMC7602799 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers' awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of "if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response". Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-982-822-615
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Martins KP, Padilha VH, Damasceno TK, Souza MA, Silva EM, Ribeiro M, Pereira AH, Colodel EM. Chronic copper poisoning in beef cattle in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Copper is an essential micromineral in animal feed; however, when consumed in excess, it can cause liver necrosis, hemolytic crisis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis and death in cattle. Although uncommon in this species, copper poisoning occurs as a result of exacerbated supplementation, deficiency of antagonist microminerals, or previous liver lesions. An outbreak of chronic copper poisoning is reported in semi-confined cattle after supplementation with 50 mg/Kg of dry matter copper. The cattle showed clinical signs characterized by anorexia, motor incoordination, loss of balance, jaundice, brownish or black urine, diarrhea and death, or were found dead, 10 to 302 days after consumption. Of the 35 cattle that died, 20 underwent necropsy, whose frequent findings were jaundice, enlarged liver with evident lobular pattern, black kidneys, and urinary bladder with brownish to blackish content. Microscopically, the liver showed vacuolar degeneration and/or zonal hepatocellular centrilobular or paracentral coagulative necrosis, in addition to cholestasis, mild periacinal fibrosis, apoptotic bodies, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium and intratubular hemoglobin cylinders were observed in the kidneys. Copper levels in the liver and kidneys ranged from 5,901.24 to 28,373.14 μmol/kg and from 303.72 to 14,021 μmol/kg, respectively. In conclusion, copper poisoning due to excessive nutritional supplementation is an important cause of jaundice, hemoglobinuria, and death in semi-confined cattle.
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Strickland JM, Herdt TH, Sledge DG, Buchweitz JP. Short communication: Survey of hepatic copper concentrations in Midwest dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4209-4214. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Counotte G, Holzhauer M, Carp-van Dijken S, Muskens J, Van der Merwe D. Levels of trace elements and potential toxic elements in bovine livers: A trend analysis from 2007 to 2018. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214584. [PMID: 30964882 PMCID: PMC6456170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements and potential toxic elements were analyzed in bovine livers submitted for autopsy in the Netherlands during the years 2007 to 2018. The age of each animal was recorded. In total, 1544 livers were analyzed for cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc. Less than 2% of the liver samples were from veal calves. Young animals had significantly higher concentrations of iron and zinc in their livers compared to animals older than one year, while older animals had significantly higher levels of cadmium and molybdenum in their livers. Animals aged 1 to 2 years had the lowest copper and selenium levels. There was a tendency for lower chromium and nickel levels during the last years of the testing period, while copper showed an increase. Lead intoxication was only seen in the youngest group of cattle, while copper intoxication, defined as a liver copper of more than 1000 mg/kg dry matter, occurred in older animals, mainly in animals of 3 to 4 years old. This trend analysis of trace elements in bovine livers of cattle over time in recent years, and the relation of liver element concentrations with age of the animal, provides insight in the uptake and storage of these elements by cattle in The Netherlands. Possible reasons for observed trends and age-related patterns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Muskens
- Animal Health Services, AA Deventer, The Netherlands
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Luna D, Miranda M, Pereira V, López-Alonso M. Variation in trace element content between liver lobes in cattle. How important is the sampling site? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:53-57. [PMID: 30732899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish the pattern of lobular distribution of trace elements in the liver of cattle. The objective was to determine which part of the liver would provide accurate estimation of the trace element content of the whole organ. Liver samples were obtained from 10 Holstein-Friesian (HF), 10 Galician Blond (GB) and 10 GBxHF crosses (all aged 10 months) at slaughter. Samples were taken from 6 regions of the liver: the internal and external faces of the right lobe (IR and ER respetively); the left lobe (L), caudate lobe (CAU), quadrate lobe (QUA) and the processus papillaris (PP). The samples were acid digested and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The distribution of all trace elements, except cobalt and zinc, varied significant across the liver. In all cases, the concentrations were highest in L and lowest in CAU. Variations in the distribution between the other areas of the liver (ER, IR, QUA, PP) were not significant. The distribution of trace elements may be related to oxygen perfusion. Moreover, the trace element content of CAU was weakly correlated with those of the other lobes, and the capacity of L to accumulate high levels of trace elements would only be observed at high levels of exposure. Taking into account the main findings of the study, a single sample of liver taken from the same anatomical region (excluding CAU and L) would be adequate for determining the trace element status of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luna
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Víctor Pereira
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Minervino AHH, López-Alonso M, Barrêto Júnior RA, Rodrigues FAML, Araújo CASC, Sousa RS, Mori CS, Miranda M, Oliveira FLC, Antonelli AC, Ortolani EL. Dietary Zinc Supplementation to Prevent Chronic Copper Poisoning in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8120227. [PMID: 30513571 PMCID: PMC6315410 DOI: 10.3390/ani8120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sheep are susceptible to copper toxicosis, a deadly disease that usually occurs when the animals ingest large amounts of this mineral. Considering that the susceptibility of sheep to copper accumulation varies widely among breeds and from animal to animal., we evaluate whether Zn supplementation could be an option as a preventive measure to protect against hepatic Cu accumulation in sheep. Zn at 300 mg/kg dry matter (DM) is useful for preventing excessive hepatic Cu accumulation. Hepatic Cu accumulation is lower in animals receiving the Zn supplementation. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate whether zinc (Zn) supplementation protects against hepatic copper (Cu) accumulation in copper-loaded sheep. Forty cross-bred lambs were assigned to five experimental groups. These included the control group (C) and four treatment groups that received Cu and/or Zn supplementation (dry matter (DM) basis) over 14 weeks, as follows: Cu (450 mg Cu/kg); Zn-35 (450 mg Cu + 35 mg Zn/kg); Zn-150 (450 mg Cu + 150 mg Zn/kg); and Zn-300 (450 mg Cu + 300 mg Zn/kg). Blood, liver, and bile samples were obtained for mineral determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The hepatic metallothionein (MT) concentrations were also determined. At the end of the experiment, hepatic Cu concentrations were higher in all Cu-supplemented groups than in C. Hepatic Cu accumulation was lower in the groups receiving the Zn supplementation than in the Cu group, although the difference was only statistically significant (66%) in the Zn-300 group. The MT concentrations tended to be higher (almost two-fold) in the Zn groups (but were not dose related) than in the C and Cu groups, and they were related to hepatic Zn concentrations. Zn supplementation at 300 mg/kg DM is useful for preventing excessive hepatic Cu accumulation in sheep exposed to high dietary concentrations of Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino
- Laboratory of Animal Health (LARSANA), Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Rua Vera Paz, S/N, Salé, CEP 68040-255 Santarém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Raimundo Alves Barrêto Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid Region (UFERSA), Av. Francisco Mota, S/N, Bairro Pres. Costa e Silva, CEP 59625-900 Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Frederico Augusto Mazzocca Lopes Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Akiko Sato Cabral Araújo
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rejane Santos Sousa
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Clara Satsuk Mori
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marta Miranda
- Departamento de Anatomía Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Leonardo Costa Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Coutinho Antonelli
- Federal University of Vale do São Franciso (UNIVASF), Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, S/N, Centro, CEP: 56304-917, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
| | - Enrico Lippi Ortolani
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Diaz JM, Gadberry MS, Beck PA, Richeson JT, Hufstedler GD, Hubbell DS, Tucker JD, Hess T, Pohler KG. Performance-enhancing technologies for steers grazing tall fescue pastures with varying levels of toxicity1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3712-3727. [PMID: 29917102 PMCID: PMC6127829 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a combination of best management practices strategy for steer calves grazing tall fescue pastures with a range of toxicity. The experiment was conducted over 2 grazing seasons (fall 2015 for 91 d and spring 2016 for 84 d). Steers (n = 80 within season, body weight [BW] = 197.0 ± 15.43 kg [fall] and 116.9 ± 4.88 [spring]) were stocked at 2.45 and 4.1 calves/ha in fall and spring, respectively, to 16 pastures with varying levels of toxicity based on interim ergovaline (EV) concentration within season. Pastures were assigned to either mineral (MIN, n = 8) only management (MGMT) or a cumulative MGMT (CM, n = 8). The CM treatment included an implant containing 40-mg trenbolone acetate, 8-mg estradiol, and 29-mg tylosin tartrate (Component TE-G with Tylan, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 150 mg/calf daily monensin (Elanco Animal Health), and 1% BW of a 50:50 corn gluten feed:soybean hull supplement (as-is basis). Data were analyzed within season using pasture as the experimental unit. For fall and spring, the EV concentration was 1,476 ± 883.2 and 1,173 ± 620.6 ppb, respectively, and ranged from 90 to 2,180 ppb. During the fall, forage allowance did not differ (P = 0.76) between CM and MIN. In the spring, however, forage allowance only differed for the month of June (P ≤ 0.05, 2.55 vs. 3.22 ± 0.177 kg DM/kg BW, for MIN and CM, respectively). In the fall, average daily gain (ADG) responded to the simple effects of EV (P = 0.01) and MGMT (P < 0.001), and ADG for MIN steers was explained by ADG = 0.41 - 0.000064 × EV, whereas ADG for CM was explained by ADG = 1.05 - 0.000064 × EV. In the spring, there was an EV × MGMT interaction (P = 0.03) for ADG. For MIN, ADG = 0.80 - 0.000278 × EV, whereas for CM, ADG = 0.94 + 0.000001835 × EV. In spring, the ADG response to CM relative to MIN increased as EV increased. The CM strategy resulted in lower blood urea nitrogen than MIN in fall and spring (P < 0.01), but prolactin and serum Cu were not affected by MGMT in either season. In conclusion, performance was improved within the fescue belt by implementing feeding strategies using implants, ionophores, and supplementation, but a detailed economic analysis is warranted. Further research is needed to evaluate CM programs under varied stocking rates and in combination with dilution of endophyte-infected fescue pastures with nontoxic grasses or legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Diaz
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - M Shane Gadberry
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, Little Rock, AR
| | - Paul A Beck
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR
| | - John T Richeson
- Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | | | - Don S Hubbell
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - John D Tucker
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - Tom Hess
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Pechová A, Husáková T, Pavlata L, Holasová M, Hauptmanová K. Assessment of the Zinc and Copper Status in Alpaca. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:242-250. [PMID: 28508190 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed with the aim of investigating the concentration of zinc and copper in the blood of healthy alpacas (Vicugna pacos) kept in central Europe and to compare the concentration of Zn and Cu in plasma and in whole blood. A further objective was to evaluate blood Zn and Cu in relation to different micromineral supplementation, age and sex groups of alpacas. A total of 299 alpacas (224 adults and 75 crias) from 18 farms were included in this study. The concentrations of copper and zinc in plasma/whole blood were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of this study show high individual variability in plasma Zn (median 3.54, range 1.56-8.01 μmol/l), whole blood Zn (median 10.01, range 6.23-75.0 μmol/l), plasma Cu (median 7.53, range 2.93-16.41 μmol/l) and whole blood Cu (median 6.33, range 3.02-13.95 μmol/l). Plasma Zn was not significantly influenced by sex, age or feeding group. Whole blood Zn was only significantly higher in females than in males. The intake of Zn in all groups was equal to or higher than the nutritional recommendation. During excessive supplementation, Zn absorption decreased and thus blood Zn did not reflect the higher intake. Only a weak correlation was found (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.384; p > 0.01; n = 204) between plasma and whole blood Zn concentrations. Plasma copper concentration was significantly influenced by age, sex and feeding; whole blood Cu by age and feeding. However, neither plasma Cu nor whole blood Cu reflected the intake of the element. We found a close correlation between plasma and blood copper concentrations (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.9043; p ≤ 0.01; n = 99). According to our results, copper in plasma or blood is not a good indicator of copper intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pechová
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - T Husáková
- Private Veterinary Surgeon, Lhoty u Potštejna, Czech Republic
| | - L Pavlata
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Holasová
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Hauptmanová
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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Fazzio LE, Rosa DE, Picco SJ, Mattioli GA. Assessment of Cu-Zn EDTA Parenteral Toxicity in Calves. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:213-217. [PMID: 28205080 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) parenteral administration is used in a beef cow-calf operations to prevent or correct Cu deficiency in bovines. At present, Zinc (Zn) salts have been incorporated to complement Cu antioxidant effect. A risk of hepatotoxicity generated by overdose is a negative consequence of injectable Cu application. Cu-Zn EDTA appears as an alternative; however, data about its toxicity is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess toxicity risk of different doses of Cu-Zn EDTA in calves. Thirty two Aberdeen Angus calves of 162 (±20) kg BW were assigned to 4 groups (n = 8), homogeneous in weight, sex, and age. Cu-Zn EDTA was administrated in doses of 0.3 mg/kg BW (group 1X); 0.6 mg/kg BW (group 2X); 0.9 mg/kg BW (group 3X) and sterile saline solution (control group-with no treatment). Clinical and blood parameters in animals were monitored during 28 days. In groups' control, 1X and 2X there were no alterations in the assessed parameters. In group 3X, one of the animals showed depression, permanent decubitus, and muscular twitching; that animal had to be killed in extremis for humanitarian reasons. Necropsy and Cu tissue concentration findings confirmed intoxication in the clinically affected animal. The rest of the animals in group 3X showed only a temporary increase in liver enzymes. The results indicate that a dose of 0.9 mg/kg BW of Cu as Cu-Zn EDTA is potentially hepatotoxic, this dose is similar to other soluble salts of parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Emilio Fazzio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 60 and 118 st. (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana Esther Rosa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 60 and 118 st. (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Julio Picco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 60 and 118 st. (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Alberto Mattioli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), 60 and 118 st. (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Desrues O, Peña-Espinoza M, Hansen TVA, Enemark HL, Thamsborg SM. Anti-parasitic activity of pelleted sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) against Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:329. [PMID: 27283323 PMCID: PMC4901493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing anthelmintic-resistance in nematodes of ruminants emphasises the need for sustainable parasite control. Condensed tannin-containing legume forages such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) have shown promising anthelmintic properties in small ruminants but this has never been explored in cattle. Therefore, our aim was to examine the efficacy of sainfoin against cattle nematodes in vivo. Methods Fifteen Jersey male calves (2–4 month-old) were allocated into two groups and fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets mainly composed of sainfoin pellets (Group SF; n = 9, three pens) or concentrate and grass-clover hay (Group CO; n = 6, two pens). After 16 days of adaptation, all animals were experimentally infected with 10,000 and 66,000 third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, respectively. Egg excretion, blood parameters and bodyweights were recorded throughout the study. Worms were harvested by sieving for quantification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 42 days post-infection (dpi) when the calves were necropsied. Results The number of O. ostertagi adults in the abomasum was reduced by 50 % in Group SF compared with Group CO (P < 0.05). This was further reflected in higher albumin (P < 0.1) and lower pepsinogen levels (P < 0.05) in Group SF at 21 dpi, and structural damage of the worm cuticle could be visualised by SEM. Yet, the nematode egg excretion in Group SF was not significantly different from that of the controls (P > 0.05). Likewise, no statistical difference in total worm burdens of C. oncophora was found between the groups. Weight gains were lower for Group SF (P < 0.05), which may reflect lower digestibility and phosphorus levels in the SF diet, despite similar feed intake at pen-level. Conclusions Overall, the effect of sainfoin on abomasal nematodes corroborates results from studies with small ruminants and encourages further investigations of the use of this crop for control of cattle nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Desrues
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina V A Hansen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Norway
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Li Q, Liu H, Alattar M, Jiang S, Han J, Ma Y, Jiang C. The preferential accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues following frequent respiratory exposure to PM2.5 in rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16936. [PMID: 26582271 PMCID: PMC4652264 DOI: 10.1038/srep16936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the pattern of accumulation of some of main heavy metals in blood and various organs of rats after exposed to the atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Rats were randomly divided into control and three treatment groups (tracheal perfusion with 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of PM2.5 suspension liquid, respectively). Whole blood and the lung, liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex were harvested after rats were treated and sacrificed. The used heavy metals were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument. As results, Lead was increased in the liver, lung and cerebral cortex and the level of manganese was significantly elevated in the liver and cerebral cortex in PM2.5 treated rats. Besides, arsenic was prominently enriched both in cerebral cortex and in blood, and so did the aluminum in the cerebral cortex and the copper in the liver. However, cadmium, chromium and nickel have shown no difference between the control group and the three PM2.5 treated groups. Following the exposure of PM2.5, different heavy metals are preferentially accumulated in different body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Jianshe Road 57, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huibin Liu
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohamed Alattar
- Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, Zagazig University hospital, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Shoufang Jiang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Jianshe Road 57, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Ma
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, People’s Republic of China
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Manent J, Cuenca R, López-Olvera JR, Fernández-Sirera L, Lavín S, Marco I. Mineral levels in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:218-23. [PMID: 24446193 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mineral deficiencies are often sub-clinical, and the importance of mineral status is often underestimated in wildlife populations. To our knowledge, this is the first study that gives reference intervals of hepatic minerals for Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). We determined macro and trace mineral concentrations in liver samples from 100 animals (44 healthy and 56 sick) collected in the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Spain) from 1995 to 2008. After wet digestion, we determined Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, and Fe concentrations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Cu, Zn, and Mo concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We observed low hepatic concentrations of Cu in a considerable percentage of chamois, without evidences that these low concentrations increased their susceptibility to infectious diseases. The group of sick chamois had very similar percentage of animals (10/56) with low concentration of Cu (<20 ppm DW) than the group of healthy chamois (9/44). On the other hand, we observed that infectious diseases increased significantly the hepatic concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, very likely, as a consequence of processes associated with the acute phase inflammatory response. The obtained values of liver mineral levels and their sources of variation, such as sex, age and disease, mostly fall within the range of those described for other ruminants, but possible deficiencies and differences between individuals and populations require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Manent
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals. Facultat de Veterinària (Edifici V), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Bidewell CA, Drew JR, Payne JH, Sayers AR, Higgins RJ, Livesey CT. Case study of copper poisoning in a British dairy herd. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.100267rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Bidewell
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) Bury St EdmundsRougham Hill, Bury St EdmundsSuffolkIP33 2RXUK
| | - J. R. Drew
- Mildmay Farm & StudLarksborough FarmWhitchurchHampshireRG28 7PNUK
| | - J. H. Payne
- AHVLA Sutton BoningtonThe ElmsCollege RoadSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RBUK
| | - A. R. Sayers
- AHVLA WeybridgeNew HawAddlestoneSurreyKT15 3NBUK
| | - R. J. Higgins
- AHVLA LasswadePentlands Science ParkBush LoanPenicuikMidlothianEH26 0PZUK
| | - C. T. Livesey
- Givendale HouseLeppingtonMaltonNorth YorkshireYO17 9RLUK
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Trace element supplementation of livestock in new zealand: meeting the challenges of free-range grazing systems. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:639472. [PMID: 23316417 PMCID: PMC3539419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/639472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the mineral nutrition of free-range grazing livestock can be challenging. On farms where grazing animals are infrequently yarded, there are limited opportunities to administer trace element supplements via feeds and concentrates. In New Zealand, where the majority of sheep, cattle, and deer graze pasture year round, inadequate intake of cobalt, copper, iodine and selenium is prevalent. Scientists and farmers have developed efficient strategies to monitor and treat these dietary deficiencies. Supplementation methods suited to grazing livestock include long-acting injections, slow-release intraruminal boluses, trace element-amended fertilisers, and reticulated water supplies on dairy farms.
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Hunter AG, Suttle N, Martineau HM, Spence MA, Thomson JR, Macrae AI, Brown S. Mortality, hepatopathy and liver copper concentrations in artificially reared Jersey calves before and after reductions in copper supplementation. Vet Rec 2012. [PMID: 23180151 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
High winter mortality (28 per cent) in female Jersey calves (<one month) characterised by mild hepatopathy and enteropathy was investigated. Liver copper (Cu) was very high in casualties, but also high in culled, newborn males (19.2 ± 1.54 and 12.0 ± 2.74 sd mmol/kg dry matter (DM) respectively). Serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was >80 IU/l in healthy females aged 3-24 weeks, and correlated with serum aspartate transaminase (AST). Copper supplementation of total mixed rations during lactation was excessive (40-60 mg added Cu/kg DM) and reduced to 16-28 mg Cu/kg, but supplementation of milk replacer and creep feed (10 and 35 mg added Cu/kg DM, respectively) continued. The syndrome recurred two years later, and liver Cu remained high in casualties (13.6 ± 2.6) and culled cows (6.38 ± 2.38 mmol/kg DM) prompting withdrawal of all Cu supplements. Mortality remained low (6-9 per cent) thereafter. Three years after removal of all Cu supplements, six culled newborn were examined postmortem; five had normal liver Cu (4.5 ± 1.73), but a sixth had 11.65 mmol/kg DM. In live, healthy calves (1-6 months old) sampled at the same time, GLDH and AST increased with age to levels found five years earlier, indicating possible subclinical hepatopathy. Causative links between Cu supplementation, high calf mortality and hepatopathy are plausible, and reductions in Cu supplementation may prove beneficial in other dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Hunter
- Edinburgh Disease Surveillance Centre, Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services, Penicuik EH26 0QE, UK
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Varga A, Puschner B. Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2012; 3:111-127. [PMID: 30155434 PMCID: PMC6065581 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s28770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study all suspect bovine intoxications submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011 were reviewed. A total of 1199 cases were submitted, but a diagnosis of intoxication was only established in 13.5% of cases. In these cases, overexposures to minerals, metals, and poisonous plants were determined as the most commonly diagnosed poisonings in cattle in California. Nitrate/nitrite poisoning was the most commonly diagnosed plant-associated intoxication, followed by gossypol and oleander. This study details the diagnostic challenges and treatment options for the most commonly diagnosed intoxications. To ensure proper treatment and prevention of new cases, accurate diagnosis is necessary, and therefore this review provides an essential tool for the food animal practitioner. Available toxicological analyses are offered at select laboratories, which can be time consuming and expensive, yet the potential for residues in consumed animal products and implications for human health necessitate testing and consultation. Any potential exposure to a toxicant in cattle should be reviewed to determine whether a residue hazard exists. Therapy focuses on immediate removal of the toxicant from the environment and from the gastrointestinal tract. With few antidotes available, most are cost prohibitive to treat numerous affected cattle. In addition, most antidotes will require extra-label drug use and establishment of meat and milk withdrawal times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Varga
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Large Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,
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Cregar LC, Wiedmeyer CE, Ringen DR, Evans TJ, Johnson GC, Kuroki K. Copper toxicosis in a Boer goat. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:502-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Cregar
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - Charles E. Wiedmeyer
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - Davin R. Ringen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - Tim J. Evans
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - Gayle C. Johnson
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - Keiichi Kuroki
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
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López-Alonso M, García-Vaquero M, Benedito J, Castillo C, Miranda M. Trace mineral status and toxic metal accumulation in extensive and intensive pigs in NW Spain. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bidewell CA, Drew JR, Payne JH, Sayers AR, Higgins RJ, Livesey CT. Case study of copper poisoning in a British dairy herd. Vet Rec 2012; 170:464. [PMID: 22562897 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Following the initial diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning (CCP), the copper (Cu) status of a British dairy herd was investigated. Eight fatal cases of CCP were identified over a 17-month period, from December 1999 to May 2001, involving seven Jersey cows and one Holstein-Friesian; seven cows were dry when CCP occurred. Case diagnostic criteria were necrotising hepatopathy associated with abnormally high liver and kidney Cu concentrations. Analysis of the ration for the high-yielding Jersey cow group revealed about 50 mg Cu/kg dry matter intake (DMI). Risk factors predisposing to fatal CCP were Jersey breed, previous high yield, first two weeks of the dry period and moderately high dietary Cu (greater than 40 mg Cu/kg DMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bidewell
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) Bury St Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP33 2RX, UK.
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López-Alonso M. Trace minerals and livestock: not too much not too little. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:704825. [PMID: 23762589 PMCID: PMC3671743 DOI: 10.5402/2012/704825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The new approaches of the animal production systems make managing the mineral nutrition a challenge. Versus the excessive, trace mineral supply in intensively managed livestock, well above the physiological requirements, is the no trace mineral supplementation of organic systems, which become highly dependent on trace minerals in the soil. Nowadays, in addition to the animal health perspective, trace mineral nutrition must be environment friendly and allow getting mineral-enriched animal products. We are in a new scenario, where a balance between animal trace mineral needs and limits is needed. This papers focuses on different aspects that will help us to enter a critical dialogue in relation to animal-human-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- *Marta López-Alonso:
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Ceruloplasmin activity in Holstein dairy cows: effects of lactation stages and anticoagulants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Miranda M, Gutiérrez B, Benedito JL, Blanco-Penedo I, García-Vaquero M, López-Alonso M. Influence of breed on blood and tissue copper status in growing and finishing steers fed diets supplemented with copper. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:98-110. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903461576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Minervino AHH, Barrêto Júnior RA, Queiroz GF, Headley SA, Ortolani EL. Predictive values of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase for the hepatic accumulation of copper in cattle and buffalo. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:791-5. [PMID: 18987231 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten cattle and 10 buffalo were divided into 2 groups (control [n = 8] and experimental [n = 12] that received daily administration of copper. Three hepatic biopsies and blood samples were performed on days 0, 45, and 105. The concentration of hepatic copper was determined by spectrophotometric atomic absorption, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were analyzed. Regression analyses were done to verify the possible existing relationship between enzymatic activity and concentration of hepatic copper. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were determined. The serum activities of AST and GGT had coefficients of determination that were excellent predictive indicators of hepatic copper accumulation in cattle, while only GGT serum activity was predictive of hepatic copper accumulation in buffalo. Elevated serum GGT activity may be indicative of increased concentrations of hepatic copper even in cattle and buffalo that appear to be clinically healthy. Thus, prophylactic measures can be implemented to prevent the onset of a hemolytic crisis that is characteristic of copper intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio H H Minervino
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Av. Prof. Orlando M. de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
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Safety and efficacy of Mintrex®Cu (Copper chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine) as feed additive for all species - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cornish J, Angelos J, Puschner B, Miller G, George L. Copper toxicosis in a dairy goat herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:586-9. [PMID: 17696861 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.4.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A closed herd of 400 mixed-breed dairy goats was examined because of a decrease in milk production and increase in mortality rate. Nine animals had died within a 1-month period. CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical signs were evident only in lactating goats and included anorexia and recumbency. In the most severely affected goats, signs progressed to neurologic abnormalities and death. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and total bilirubin concentration were high in clinically affected does, but no evidence of hemolysis was found. A diagnosis of copper toxicosis was made on the basis of high liver and kidney copper concentrations and histologic evidence of hepatic necrosis. Goats were found to have been fed a mineral mix containing 3,050 ppm copper for 9 months prior to the onset of copper toxicosis. Overall, there was no consistent relationship between serum hepatic enzyme activities, serum copper concentration, and liver copper concentration. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Clinically affected goats were treated with penicillamine, ammonium molybdate, sodium thiosulfate, and vitamin E. Penicillamine increased urine copper excretion in treated does versus untreated control animals. An increased incidence of infectious disease was identified in the herd 9 months later. Liver vitamin E concentration was low in 10 of the 12 goats that underwent necropsy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that penicillamine may be an effective treatment for goats with copper toxicosis. Production losses months after the diagnosis was made suggested that the intoxication had a prolonged animal welfare and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cornish
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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