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Berger SS, Riber U, Jensen VF, Lauritsen KT, Andresen LO. Development and evaluation of a bead-based Multiplexed Fluorescent ImmunoAssay (MFIA) for detection of antibodies to Salmonella enterica serogroup B and C1 in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:259. [PMID: 35791012 PMCID: PMC9254579 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Since 1995, a surveillance program for Salmonella has been applied in the Danish pig industry in order to reduce cases of human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to develop a bead-based Multiplexed Fluorometric ImmunoAssay (MFIA) as an improved serological surveillance method compared to the Salmonella mix ELISA, which has been the national reference immunoassay in the Danish Salmonella surveillance program for about 20 years. Results An MFIA for detection of antibodies to Salmonella serogroup B and C1 was developed and optimized with regard to coupling of beads with Salmonella lipopolysaccharide antigens and establishing suitable assay conditions. The Salmonella MFIA was validated by testing sera from experimentally infected pigs as well as field sera from non-infected and infected pig herds, and by comparing to results from the Salmonella mix ELISA, which was run in parallel. Sensitivity and specificity was evaluated using receiver operating curve analysis showing an area under curve for the serogroup B and C1 MFIA of 0.984 and 0.998, respectively. The Salmonella MFIA was shown to detect more antibody-positive samples in seropositive herds compared to the Salmonella mix ELISA, and Bayesian statistics confirmed that the MFIA had a considerably higher sensitivity (94.5%) compared to the mix ELISA (75.1%). The assay specificity was slightly lower for the Salmonella MFIA (96.8%) compared to Salmonella mix ELISA (99.5%). Coupled beads were stable for at least 1 year at 4˚C, and MFIA reproducibility and repeatability of the Salmonella MFIA were acceptable. Results from proficiency tests also indicated that the Salmonella MFIA was more sensitive than the Salmonella mix ELISA and that they had similar specificity. Conclusions A bead-based MFIA for simultaneous detection of porcine serum antibodies to Salmonella enterica serogroup B and C1 was developed and implemented in the Danish porcine serological Salmonella surveillance program in 2018. The Salmonella MFIA can distinguish, as opposed to the Salmonella mix ELISA, between antibodies to serogroup B and C1 and the MFIA shows considerably better sensitivity.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03362-w.
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Boas U, Sørensen MB, Andresen LO, Berger SS. A generic protocol to immobilize lipopolysaccharides on microbeads for multiplex analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2485-2494. [PMID: 34002176 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex serodiagnostics enables simultaneous analysis of antibodies against several antigens. Binding of the antigens onto the surface of the bead, preserving the antigenicity of the antigen is a pivotal step to ensure high sensitivity and selectivity of the assay. Here, a generic method for immobilization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens from different Gram-negative bacteria to microbeads using non-covalent conjugation has been developed and tested. The method involves coupling of N,N-diethylethylenediamine (DEDA) and derivatives to microbeads. This enhances non-covalent interactions so that LPS is easily immobilized. LPS antigens from the Gram-negative bacteria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Salmonella enterica serogroup B (Sal. B) were immobilized on the DEDA-coupled microbeads. In parallel, the same LPS antigens were coupled to beads using two previously reported methods. The performance of microbeads coupled with antigen using the different methods was compared by measuring antibodies in positive and negative serum samples from pigs. DEDA-beads coupled with LPS detected pathogen specific serum antibodies with equal or higher sensitivity and specificity compared to the other coupling methods used in this study. Furthermore, derivatives of DEDA, where the tertiary amine was alkylated with a methyl (m-DEDA) and ethyl group (e-DEDA) to give a positively charged tetraalkylammonium group, were compared with DEDA for the binding of LPS antigens. Here, it was concluded that the DEDA-modified bead was most efficient in the binding of LPS antigens from two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars and Salmonella enterica serogroup B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- The National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section of Immunology and Vaccinology, Denmark
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Lopes Antunes AC, Jensen VF, Jensen D. Unweaving tangled mortality and antibiotic consumption data to detect disease outbreaks - Peaks, growths, and foresight in swine production. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223250. [PMID: 31596880 PMCID: PMC6785175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As our capacity to collect and store health data is increasing, a new challenge of transforming data into meaningful information for disease monitoring and surveillance has arisen. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of using livestock mortality and antibiotic consumption data as a proxy for detecting disease outbreaks at herd level. Changes in the monthly records of mortality and antibiotic consumption were monitored in Danish swine herds that became positive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine pleuropneumonia. Laboratory serological results were used to identify herds that changed from a negative to a positive status for the diseases. A dynamic linear model with a linear growth component was used to model the data. Alarms about state changes were raised based on forecast errors, changes in the growth component, and the values of the retrospectively smoothed values of the growth component. In all cases, the alarms were defined based on credible intervals and assessed prior and after herds got a positive disease status. The number of herds with alarms based on mortality increased by 3% in the 3 months prior to laboratory confirmation of PRRS-positive herds (Se = 0.47). A 22% rise in the number of weaner herds with alarms based on the consumption of antibiotics for respiratory diseases was found 1 month prior to these herds becoming PRRS-positive (Se = 0.22). For porcine pleuropneumonia-positive herds, a 10% increase in antibiotic consumption for respiratory diseases in sow herds was seen 1 month prior to a positive result (Se = 0.5). Monitoring changes in mortality data and antibiotic consumption showed changes at herd level prior to and in the same month as confirmation from diagnostic tests. These results also show a potential value for using these data streams as part of surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Lopes Antunes
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice–Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute/Centre for Diagnostics–Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Vibeke Frøkjær Jensen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice–Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute/Centre for Diagnostics–Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dan Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Teshima K, Lee J, To H, Kamada T, Tazumi A, Hirano H, Maruyama M, Ogawa T, Nagai S, Turni C, Tsutsumi N. Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 15 in pig sera. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1968-1972. [PMID: 29070770 PMCID: PMC5745173 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using lipopolysaccharide extract as
antigen was evaluated for detection of antibodies to Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae serovar 15. The serovar 15 ELISA had a higher sensitivity and
specificity than latex agglutination test for 63 and 80 sera from pigs experimentally
infected and not infected with A. pleuropneumoniae, respectively. When
the serovar 15 ELISA was applied to 454 field sera, high rates of seropositivity were
found in pigs from farms infected with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15,
but not in those from farms free of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15. The
results suggest that the serovar 15 ELISA may be useful for the serological surveillance
of infection with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Teshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Jina Lee
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tazumi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Haruna Hirano
- Yamanashi Prefecture Eastern Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1001-1 Karakashiwa, Ishiwa, Fuefuki, Yamanashi 406-0034, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Yamanashi Prefecture Livestock Dairy Technology Center, 963-1, Otokuro, Chuou, Yamanashi 409-3812, Japan
| | - Torata Ogawa
- Fukuoka Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 4-14-5, Hakozakihutou, Higashi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-0051, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - Nobuyuki Tsutsumi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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Berger SS, Lauritsen KT, Boas U, Lind P, Andresen LO. Simultaneous detection of antibodies to five Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars using bead-based multiplex analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:797-804. [PMID: 28685648 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717719481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and made a preliminary validation of a bead-based multiplexed immunoassay for simultaneous detection of porcine serum antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 2, 6, 7, and 12. Magnetic fluorescent beads were coupled with A. pleuropneumoniae antigens and tested with a panel of serum samples from experimentally infected pigs and with serum samples from uninfected and naturally infected pigs. The multiplex assay was compared to in-house ELISAs and complement fixation (CF) tests, which have been used for decades as tools for herd classification in the Danish Specific Pathogen Free system. Assay specificities and sensitivities as well as the corresponding cutoff values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the A. pleuropneumoniae multiplex assay showed good correlation with the in-house ELISAs and CF tests with areas under ROC curves ≥ 0.988. Benefits of multiplexed assays compared to ELISAs and CF tests include reduced serum sample volumes needed for analysis, less labor, and shorter assay time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Schou Berger
- Section for Diagnostic and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klara Tølbøll Lauritsen
- Section for Diagnostic and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Boas
- Section for Diagnostic and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Lind
- Section for Diagnostic and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Ole Andresen
- Section for Diagnostic and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Li Y, Bossé JT, Williamson SM, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 predominates in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2016; 179:276. [PMID: 27531715 PMCID: PMC5036230 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - S M Williamson
- APHA-Bury St Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX, UK
| | - D J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - A W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - B W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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Oral immunization against porcine pleuropneumonia using the cubic phase of monoolein and purified toxins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vaccine 2014; 32:6805-11. [PMID: 25446832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this work was to obtain an orally administered immunogen that would protect against infections by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The Apx I, II and III toxins were obtained from the supernatants of cultures of serotypes 1 and 3 of A. pleuropneumoniae. The capacity of monoolein gel to trap and protect the Apx toxins, and the effect of their incorporation on the stability of the cubic phase were evaluated. The gel was capable of trapping a 400-μg/ml concentration of the antigen with no effects on its structure. Approximately 60% of the protein molecules were released from the gel within 4h. Four experimental groups were formed, each one with four pigs. All challenges were conducted in a nebulization chamber. Group A: Control (-) not vaccinated and not challenged; Group B: Control (+) not vaccinated but challenged; Group C: vaccinated twice intramuscularly with ToxCom (a commercial toxoid) at an interval of 15 days and then challenged; and Group D: vaccinated orally twice a week for 4 weeks with ToxOral (an oral toxoid) and challenged on day 28 of the experiment with a same dose of 2.0 × 10(4) UFC of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 3. The lesions found in group B covered 27.7-43.1% of the lungs; the pigs in group C had lesions over 12.3-28%; and those in group D over 15.4-32.3%. No lesions were found in the Group A pigs. A. pleuropneumoniae induced macroscopic lesions characteristic of infection by and lesions microscopic detected by histopathology. The etiologic agent was recovered from the infected lungs, tonsils and spleen. The serotypes identified were 1 and 3. An indirect ELISA test identified the antibodies against the Apx toxins in the serum of the animals immunized orally.
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Opriessnig T, Hemann M, Johnson JK, Heinen S, Giménez-Lirola LG, O'Neill KC, Hoang H, Yoon KJ, Gottschalk M, Halbur PG. Evaluation of diagnostic assays for the serological detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on samples of known or unknown exposure. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:61-71. [PMID: 23293160 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712469607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of exposure to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is important for maintaining negative farms. In the present study, the ability of a dual-plate complement fixation (CF) assay and 3 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs; quad-plate ELISA-1, single-plate ELISA-2, and single-plate ELISA-3) in detecting serological evidence of A. pleuropneumoniae exposure was compared using serum samples of experimentally infected or vaccinated pigs, or field samples from the United States. Forty-two pigs were divided into groups of 2 pigs and were inoculated with 1 of 15 A. pleuropneumoniae strains representing all known serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae, or with Actinobacillus suis, or were vaccinated with a bacterin containing A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1, 3, 5, or 7. Serum samples collected at the day of inoculation or vaccination and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days later were used to compare the assays. On samples from experimentally infected pigs, the dual-plate CF assay, quad-plate ELISA-1, single-plate ELISA-2, and single-plate ELISA-3 had sensitivities of 0.46, 0.74, 0.13, and 0.13 and specificities of 0.90, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0, respectively. Vaccinated pigs were identified only by the dual-plate CF assay and the quad-plate ELISA-1. In addition, 90 serum samples with unknown A. pleuropneumoniae exposure collected under field conditions were tested with all assays. The agreement of the 4 assays on field samples was slight to fair. While several assays are available for demonstration of A. pleuropneumoniae exposure, differences in assay targets complicate test choices. Decisions on which assay or combination of assays to use depend on the specific reasons for running the assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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11
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O'Neill C, Jones SCP, Bossé JT, Watson CM, Williamson SM, Rycroft AN, Kroll JS, Hartley HM, Langford PR. Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2010; 167:661-2. [PMID: 21257468 PMCID: PMC4851232 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C O'Neill
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London
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12
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Zhou L, Jones SCP, Angen Ø, Bossé JT, Nash JHE, Frey J, Zhou R, Chen HC, Kroll JS, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. PCR specific for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3. Vet Rec 2008; 162:648-52. [PMID: 18487584 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Serotypes 3 and 8 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the aetiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, have been reported to predominate in the UK. Direct serotyping of isolates of the organism is typically determined by the immunological reactivity of rabbit serum to its surface polysaccharides, but the method has limitations, for example, cross-reactions between serotypes 3, 6 and 8. This study describes the development of a serotype 3-specific pcr, based on the capsule locus, which can be used in a multiplex format with the organism's specific gene apxIV. The pcr test was evaluated on 266 strains of A pleuropneumoniae and 121 strains of other organisms, including all the major respiratory bacterial pathogens of pigs. The test was highly specific and sensitive and should be useful for differentiating strains of serotypes 3, 6 and 8, and in seroprevalence and epidemiological surveys in regions where serotype 3 is prevalent, such as the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London w2 1pg
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