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Guarneri F, Romeo C, Scali F, Zoppi S, Formenti N, Maisano AM, Catania S, Gottschalk M, Alborali GL. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Italian pig farms from 2015 to 2022. Vet Res 2024; 55:48. [PMID: 38594744 PMCID: PMC11005290 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterium frequently associated with porcine pleuropneumonia. The acute form of the disease is highly contagious and often fatal, resulting in significant economic losses for pig farmers. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of APP strains circulating in north Italian farms from 2015 to 2022 were evaluated retrospectively to investigate APP epidemiology in the area. A total of 572 strains isolated from outbreaks occurring in 337 different swine farms were analysed. The majority of isolates belonged to serotypes 9/11 (39.2%) and 2 (28.1%) and serotype diversity increased during the study period, up to nine different serotypes isolated in 2022. The most common resistances were against tetracycline (53% of isolates) and ampicillin (33%), followed by enrofloxacin, florfenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23% each). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was common, with a third of isolates showing resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. Resistance to the different classes and MDR varied significantly depending on the serotype. In particular, the widespread serotype 9/11 was strongly associated with florfenicol and enrofloxacin resistance and showed the highest proportion of MDR isolates. Serotype 5, although less common, showed instead a concerning proportion of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Our results highlight how the typing of circulating serotypes and the analysis of their antimicrobial susceptibility profile are crucial to effectively manage APP infection and improve antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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2
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To H, Maldonado J, Tsutsumi N, Gottschalk M, Frey J, Nagai S. Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 2 isolates reportedly reacted with the serovar 4 antiserum, and development of a multiplex PCR for O-antigen typing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110030. [PMID: 38428226 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We have analyzed the capsule (CPS) and the lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen (O-Ag) biosynthesis loci of twelve Spanish field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 2, eleven of them previously typed serologically as serovar 4 and one non-typable (NT) (Maldonado et al., 2009, 2011). These isolates have the common core genes of the type I CPS locus, sharing >98% identity with those of serovar 2. However, the former possesses the O-Ag locus as serovar 4, and the latter possesses the O-Ag locus as serovar 7. The main difference found between the CPS loci of the 11 isolates and that of serovar 2 reference strain S1536 are two deletions, one of an 8 bp sequence upstream of the coding sequence and one of 111 bp sequence at the 5' end of the cps2G gene. The deletion mutations mentioned lead to a defect in the production of CPS in these isolates, which contributed to their previous mis-identification. In order to complement the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostics and epidemiology, we have developed a multiplex PCR for the comprehensive O-Ag typing of all A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long, Viet Nam.
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Paratge Arbusset s/n, Girona 17170, Spain
| | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joachim Frey
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Huang Q, Li W, Jing X, Liu C, Ahmad S, Huang L, Zhao G, Li Z, Qiu Z, Xin R. Naringin's Alleviation of the Inflammatory Response Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Downregulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1027. [PMID: 38256101 PMCID: PMC10816821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is responsible for causing Porcine pleuropneumonia (PCP) in pigs. However, using vaccines and antibiotics to prevent and control this disease has become more difficult due to increased bacterial resistance and weak cross-immunity between different APP types. Naringin (NAR), a dihydroflavonoid found in citrus fruit peels, has been recognized as having significant therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. In this study, we investigated the effects of NAR on the inflammatory response caused by APP through both in vivo and in vitro models. The results showed that NAR reduced the number of neutrophils (NEs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and decreased lung injury and the expression of proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome after exposure to APP. In addition, NAR inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) P65 in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAMs), reduced protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by APP. Furthermore, NAR prevented the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex by reducing protein interaction between NLRP3, Caspase-1, and ASC. NAR also inhibited the potassium (K+) efflux induced by APP. Overall, these findings suggest that NAR can effectively reduce the lung inflammation caused by APP by inhibiting the over-activated NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling pathway, providing a basis for further exploration of NAR as a potential natural product for preventing and treating APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wei Li
- Lanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Xiaohan Jing
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Saad Ahmad
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730013, China;
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ruihua Xin
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Yang J, Zhang X, Dong J, Zhang Q, Sun E, Chen C, Miao Z, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Tao P. De novo identification of bacterial antigens of a clinical isolate by combining use of proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274027. [PMID: 38098490 PMCID: PMC10720918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to both human and animal populations. Rapid de novo identification of protective antigens from a clinical isolate and development of an antigen-matched vaccine is a golden strategy to prevent the spread of emerging novel pathogens. Methods Here, we focused on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which poses a serious threat to the pig industry, and developed a general workflow by integrating proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies for the rapid de novo identification of bacterial protective proteins from a clinical isolate. Results As a proof of concept, we identified 3 novel protective proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae. Using the protective protein HBS1_14 and toxin proteins, we have developed a promising multivalent subunit vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae. Discussion We believe that our strategy can be applied to any bacterial pathogen and has the potential to significantly accelerate the development of antigen-matched vaccines to prevent the spread of an emerging novel bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Erchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuangxia Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Neixiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Neixiang Animal Health Supervision, Neixiang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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5
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TO H, KONNAI M, TESHIMA K, TSUTSUMI N, ITO S, SATO M, SHIBUYA K, NAGAI S. Pulmonary lesions with asteroid bodies in a pig experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 15. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1131-1135. [PMID: 37612056 PMCID: PMC10600533 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Five pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 15 isolated in our previous study were pathologically examined. One pig died at 2 days post inoculation (dpi) and four pigs were euthanized at 7 dpi. Autopsy revealed fibrinohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia in all pigs. Histopathologically, the lesions were characterized by extensive hemorrhage and necrosis, fibrin deposition, and multifocal abscesses composed of numerous neutrophils including oat cells and numerous Gram-negative bacilli. In one survived pig, asteroid body formation was confirmed in the lung. The bacteria within the abscesses and asteroid bodies were immunohistochemically positive for antiserum raised against A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15. This is the first report describing porcine pleuropneumonia with asteroid bodies in a pig experimentally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho TO
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu
Long, Vinh Long, VietNam
| | - Masaki KONNAI
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaho TESHIMA
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Soma ITO
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi SATO
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinya NAGAI
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Li N, Zhu J, Chen P, Bao C, Wang J, Abdelaal T, Chen D, Zhu S, Wang W, Mao J, Scicluna BP, Koning F, Li F, Lei L. High-dimensional analysis reveals an immune atlas and novel neutrophil clusters in the lungs of model animals with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-induced pneumonia. Vet Res 2023; 54:76. [PMID: 37705063 PMCID: PMC10500746 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increase in bacterial resistance, improving the anti-infectious immunity of the host is rapidly becoming a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial pneumonia. However, the specific lung immune responses and key immune cell subsets involved in bacterial infection are obscure. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) can cause porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease that has caused severe economic losses in the swine industry. Here, using high-dimensional mass cytometry, the major immune cell repertoire in the lungs of mice with APP infection was profiled. Various phenotypically distinct neutrophil subsets and Ly-6C+ inflammatory monocytes/macrophages accumulated post-infection. Moreover, a linear differentiation trajectory from inactivated to activated to apoptotic neutrophils corresponded with the stages of uninfected, onset, and recovery of APP infection. CD14+ neutrophils, which mainly increased in number during the recovery stage of infection, were revealed to have a stronger ability to produce cytokines, especially IL-10 and IL-21, than their CD14- counterparts. Importantly, MHC-II+ neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features were identified, and their numbers increased in the lung after APP infection. Similar results were further confirmed in the lungs of piglets infected with APP and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by using a single-cell RNA-seq technique. Additionally, a correlation analysis between cluster composition and the infection process yielded a dynamic and temporally associated immune landscape where key immune clusters, including previously unrecognized ones, marked various stages of infection. Thus, these results reveal the characteristics of key neutrophil clusters and provide a detailed understanding of the immune response to bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peiru Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tamim Abdelaal
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangnan Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mater Dei Hospital, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Flagellin elicits potent immune response and may serve as a vaccine adjuvant. We previously reported that the N-terminus of flagellin (residues 1-99, nFliC) is sufficient for vaccine efficacy enhancement against Pasteurella multocida challenge in chickens. In this study, we futher tested the adjuvancy of nFliC in a subunit vaccine against the pig pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a mice model. For vaccine formulation, the antigen ApxIIPF (the pore-forming region of the exotoxin ApxII) was combined with nFliC, either through genetic fusion or simple admixture. RESULTS Immune analysis showed that nFliC, introduced through genetic fusion or admixture, enhanced both humoral (antibody levels) and cellular (T cell response and cytokine production) immunity. In a challenge test, nFliC increased vaccine protective efficacy to 60-80%, vs. 20% for the antigen-only group. Further analysis showed that, even without a supplemental adjuvant such as mineral salt or oil emulsion, genetically linked nFliC still provided significant immune enhancement. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that nFliC is a versatile and potent adjuvant for vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpun Chuekwon
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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Chen P, Bao C, Zhu R, Wang J, Zhu J, Li Z, Li F, Gu J, Feng X, Li N, Lei L. IL-5 enhances the resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in mice through maintaining appropriate levels of lung M2, PMN-II and highly effective neutrophil extracellular traps. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109438. [PMID: 35468400 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) regulates the maturation, activation, proliferation and function of immune cells, and plays an important role in the inflammatory response induced by an allergy. However, its anti-pathogen effect is poorly understood currently, especially on pneumonia. Here, this study was designed to elucidate the immunological role of IL-5 in the infection of mice with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). We established an acute lung infection model of APP in IL-5 knockout mice (IL-5-/-) and wild-type mice (WT) through nasal infusion or intraperitoneal injection, compared the survival rate, clinical symptoms, lung bacterial load, proportion of various immune cells, immune molecular expression, and neutrophil germicidal ability through flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence. Compared to WT mice, the IL-5-/- mice had a lower survival rate, more severe clinical symptoms, significantly increased bacterial load, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung after APP infection. In an uninfected state, IL-5 deficiency decreased the number of M1 interstitial macrophages and CD14- monocytes, while after infection, IL-5 deficiency significantly reduced the M2 alveolar macrophages, and increased PMN-II cells in the lung. Furthermore, the expression of IL-10, IL-4, IL-33, TNF-α, iNOS in the lung was lower in IL-5-/- mice under an uninfected condition, and the secretion of IL-18 was significantly increased after infection. In addition, IL-5 deficiency decreased bactericidal ability by inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Collectively, these results provide evidence that IL-5 can enhance the resistance of APP infection, and its anti-infection mechanism, implying new targets and ideas for APP or similar respiratory agents' prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ziheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China.
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9
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Sun M, Gao AX, Ledesma-Amaro R, Li A, Wang R, Nie J, Zheng P, Yang Y, Bai Z, Liu X. Hypersecretion of OmlA antigen in Corynebacterium glutamicum through high-throughput based development process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2953-2967. [PMID: 35435456 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane lipoprotein A (OmlA) is a vaccine antigen against porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP), a disease severely affecting the swine industry. Here, we aimed to systematically potentiate the secretory production of OmlA in Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum), a widely used microorganism in the food industry, by establishing a holistic development process based on our high-throughput culture platform. The expression patterns, expression element combinations, medium composition, and induction conditions were comprehensively screened or optimized in microwell plates (MWPs), followed by fermentation parameter optimization in a 4 × 1 L parallel fermentation system (CUBER4). An unprecedented yield of 1.01 g/L OmlA was ultimately achieved in a 5-L bioreactor following the scaling-up strategy of fixed oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), and the produced OmlA antigen showed well-protective immunity against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae challenge. This result provides a rapid and reliable pipeline to achieve the hyper-production of OmlA, and possibly other recombinant vaccines, in C. glutamicum. KEY POINTS: • Established a holistic development process and applied it to potentiate the secretion of OmlA. • The secretion of OmlA reached an unprecedented yield of 1.01 g/L. • The recombinant OmlA antigen induced efficient protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Alex Xiong Gao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - An Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Rongbin Wang
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jianqi Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pei Zheng
- Tecon Biology CO.Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214112, China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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10
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Fry NK, Ragione RML. JMM Profiles for the Journal of Medical Microbiology: an update. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35262475 PMCID: PMC9176266 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norman K. Fry
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Reference Services, Specialised Microbiology and Laboratories Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Norman K. Fry,
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Edward Jenner Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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11
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Boas U, Sørensen MB, Andresen LO, Berger SS. A generic protocol to immobilize lipopolysaccharides on microbeads for multiplex analysis. Anal Methods 2021; 13:2485-2494. [PMID: 34002176 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex serodiagnostics enables simultaneous analysis of antibodies against several antigens. Binding of the antigens onto the surface of the bead, preserving the antigenicity of the antigen is a pivotal step to ensure high sensitivity and selectivity of the assay. Here, a generic method for immobilization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens from different Gram-negative bacteria to microbeads using non-covalent conjugation has been developed and tested. The method involves coupling of N,N-diethylethylenediamine (DEDA) and derivatives to microbeads. This enhances non-covalent interactions so that LPS is easily immobilized. LPS antigens from the Gram-negative bacteria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Salmonella enterica serogroup B (Sal. B) were immobilized on the DEDA-coupled microbeads. In parallel, the same LPS antigens were coupled to beads using two previously reported methods. The performance of microbeads coupled with antigen using the different methods was compared by measuring antibodies in positive and negative serum samples from pigs. DEDA-beads coupled with LPS detected pathogen specific serum antibodies with equal or higher sensitivity and specificity compared to the other coupling methods used in this study. Furthermore, derivatives of DEDA, where the tertiary amine was alkylated with a methyl (m-DEDA) and ethyl group (e-DEDA) to give a positively charged tetraalkylammonium group, were compared with DEDA for the binding of LPS antigens. Here, it was concluded that the DEDA-modified bead was most efficient in the binding of LPS antigens from two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars and Salmonella enterica serogroup B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- The National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section of Immunology and Vaccinology, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality. The knowledge about the interaction between bacterium and host within the porcine respiratory tract has improved significantly in recent years. A. pleuropneumoniae expresses multiple virulence factors, which are required for colonization, immune clearance, and tissue damage. Although vaccines are used to protect swine herds against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, they do not offer complete coverage, and often only protect against the serovar, or serovars, used to prepare the vaccine. This review will summarize the role of individual A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors that are required during key stages of pathogenesis and disease progression, and highlight progress made toward developing effective and broadly protective vaccines against an organism of great importance to global agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Nahar
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Blackwell T, Bossé J. Long-chain LPS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect swine herds infected by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 17. Can Vet J 2021; 62:62-65. [PMID: 33390602 PMCID: PMC7739393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 17, one of the two most recent serotypes described, has been isolated from diseased pigs in North America. Yet, no serological test for surveillance has been developed so far. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the long-chain lipopolysaccharide antigen (LC-LPS) of this serotype is described. As predicted by previous genetic data on the O-antigen locus, cross reactions were observed between this serotype and serotypes 3, 6, 8, and 15. Although animals infected by serotype 17 would be detected using the current serotype 3 LC-LPS ELISA, better results may be obtained when plates are coated with the antigen purified from the homologous serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Tim Blackwell
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Janine Bossé
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
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14
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Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Distribution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2015 to June 2020) and Glaesserella parasuis (from 2017 to June 2020) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1261-1263. [PMID: 33299240 PMCID: PMC7659881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
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15
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Müllebner A, Sassu EL, Ladinig A, Frömbling J, Miller I, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I, Duvigneau JC. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae triggers IL-10 expression in tonsils to mediate colonisation and persistence of infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:17-23. [PMID: 30458998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) persisting in clinically healthy pigs may be the causative agent of sudden outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in swine herds. During the course of acute disease, the pathogen is eliminated from inflamed lung tissue, which is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an influx of neutrophils. However, if clearance by the porcine immune system fails, APP may switch to a persistent form. At later stages of infection, the pathogen may reside in tonsillar tissue without being eliminated by the host immune defence. To better understand the host immune response at different stages of infection, expression pattern of cytokines in tonsils and lung were recorded. In contrast to lung tissue, in which APP presence was associated with a pronounced pro-inflammatory character, APP presence in the tonsils elicited an increased IL-10 expression. In both organs of infected animals, a marked reciprocal correlation of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was found, supporting the idea that both cytokines are produced in highly associated, but reciprocal differentiated cell types, possibly APP-specific Th17 subsets. It appears that a persistent phenotype of APP triggers the anti-inflammatory immune response in tonsillar tissue in an attempt to evade the porcine immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Müllebner
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Dorey L, Hobson S, Lees P. What is the true in vitro potency of oxytetracycline for the pig pneumonia pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:517-529. [PMID: 28101885 PMCID: PMC5600113 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline was determined for pig respiratory tract pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Indices of potency were determined for the following: (i) two matrices, broth and pig serum; (ii) five overlapping sets of twofold dilutions; and (iii) a high strength starting culture. For A. pleuropneumoniae, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was similar for the two matrices, but for P. multocida, differences were marked and significantly different. MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) serum: broth ratios for A. pleuropneumoniae were 0.83:1 and 1.22:1, respectively, and corresponding values for P. multocida were 22.0:1 and 7.34:1. For mutant prevention concentration (MPC) serum: broth ratios were 0.79:1 (A. pleuropneumoniae) and 20.9:1 (P. multocida). These ratios were corrected for serum protein binding to yield fraction unbound (fu) serum: broth MIC ratios of 0.24:1 (A. pleuropneumoniae) and 6.30:1 (P. multocida). Corresponding fu serum: broth ratios for MPC were almost identical, 0.23:1 and 6.08:1. These corrections for protein binding did not account for potency differences between serum and broth for either species; based on fu serum MICs, potency in serum was approximately fourfold greater than predicted for A. pleuropneumoniae and sixfold smaller than predicted for P. multocida. For both broth and serum and both bacterial species, MICs were also dependent on initial inoculum strength. The killing action of oxytetracycline had the characteristics of codependency for both A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida in both growth media. The in vitro potency of oxytetracycline in pig serum is likely to be closer to the in vivo plasma/serum concentration required for efficacy than potency estimated in broths.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Dorey
- Department of Comparative Biological SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertsUK
| | - S. Hobson
- Norbrook Laboratories Ltd.NewryCo. DownUK
| | - P. Lees
- Department of Comparative Biological SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertsUK
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17
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New Veterinary Biologic Products. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1390. [PMID: 27270061 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.12.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Haneveld JK. [Half of the pigs for food consumption are Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae carriers when slaughtered]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2014; 139:36-37. [PMID: 25272904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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19
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Ampicillin-resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Vet Rec 2012; 170:667-70. [PMID: 22934308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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20
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Rehm T, Benga L, Danilowicz E, Drungowski M, Hoeltig D, Kahlisch D, Oehlmann W, Probst I, Gerlach GF. [Functional genome analysis investigating resistance to respiratory tract disease in a porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection model]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008; 115:260-264. [PMID: 18672736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the work of the multidisciplinary consortium IRAS (Development of Genetic Markers for Immune Defence and Resistance in the Porcine Respiratory Tract) which includes different commercial and research institutions and was formed as a response to the call "Functional Genome Analysis in the Animal Organism (FUGATO)" by the German Ministry of Education and Research. IRAS started work in the fall of 2005 and--using the experimental infection of pigs with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as model pathogen--aims at i) characterizing the course of infection by clinical as well as advanced laboratory tools (phenotypic-genetic approach) and ii) defining the diversity and distribution of allels known to be associated with immune defence in mouse and man (homolog-genetic approach). The intention is to identify genetic markers for increased resistance to infection thereby providing additional tools for the estimation of breeding values to the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rehm
- Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie der Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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21
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Cirera S, Nygård AB, Jensen HE, Skovgaard K, Boye M, Fredholm M. Molecular characterization of the porcine surfactant, pulmonary-associated protein C gene. Genomics 2006; 88:659-68. [PMID: 16769199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The surfactant, pulmonary-associated protein C (SFTPC) is a peptide secreted by the alveolar type II pneumocytes of the lung. We have characterized the porcine SFTPC gene at genomic, transcriptional, and protein levels. The porcine SFTPC is a single-copy gene on pig chromosome 14. Two transcripts were found in a newborn pig lung cDNA library: a full-length clone and a clone missing exon 5. cDNA sequence comparison revealed four synonymous and two nonsynonymous substitutions and in-frame insertions at the beginning of exon 5. Comparison of the SFTPC coding region between several mammals showed high levels of conservation. Northern blot studies showed lung-specific expression of the full-length SFTPC transcript, appearing in 50-day-old fetus and increasing during lung development. Both SFTPC transcripts were detected mainly in lung by real-time RT-PCR and they were significantly down-regulated in necrotic lungs of pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Additionally, the protein levels were also decreased or absent in the necrotic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cirera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences, Division of Genetics, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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22
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Shin SJ, Shin SW, Choi EJ, Lee DY, Ahn JM, Yang MS, Jang YS, Yoo HS. A predictive model for the level of sIgA based on IgG levels following the oral administration of antigens expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:305-9. [PMID: 16293994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination may be the most efficient way of inducing an immune response at the remote mucosal site through the common mucosal immune network. Antigen-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) is the major immunoglobulin type generally detected in the secretions of experimental animals following an effective oral immunization. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causing disease in the lung of pig initially interacts, colonizes, and infects the host tissues at the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. Also, importantly for A. pleuropneumoniae protection, the quantity of sIgA in the lung had merits associated with the mucosal immunity. However, there is no simple method to monitor the level of sIgA as an indicator for the induction of local immune responses by an oral vaccination in the target tissue. Therefore, the relationship between sIgA and IgG was analyzed to evaluate the induction of local immune responses by an oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the apxIA and apxIIA genes of A. pleuropneumoniae in this study. The correlation coefficient of determination (r2 x 100) for paired samples in both vaccinated and control groups showed a significant positive-relationship between IgG in sera and sIgA in the lung or intestine. These results indicated that IgG antibody titers in sera could be useful to indirectly predict local immune response, and sIgA, in the lung or intestine to evaluate the efficacy of an oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Faldyna M, Nechvatalova K, Sinkora J, Knotigova P, Leva L, Krejci J, Toman M. Experimental Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in piglets with different types and levels of specific protection: Immunophenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets in the circulation and respiratory mucosal lymphoid tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:143-52. [PMID: 15963572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection in piglets results in severe and fatal fibrinous hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumoniae. The aim of our study was to analyze changes in lymphocyte subset distribution in peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheobronchal lymph nodes (TLN) in non-immune piglets upon a challenge with a high dose of APP and to compare the quality of such changes in unprotected piglets with counterparts exhibiting specific immunity mediated by high titers of colostrum-derived APP-specific antibodies and/or a low dose APP infection in the early postnatal period. Challenge with APP resulted in a massive increase in CD8-negative gammadelta T-cells in parallel with a reduction in numbers of CD3-CD8low cells in BALF independent of the type and level of immunity and this seems to be a general phenomenon associated with experimental infection. An increase in B-lymphocyte numbers in TLN was another characteristic feature accompanying APP infection in all experimental groups. In piglets with colostrum-derived APP-specific antibodies, this was associated with higher relative numbers of IgM+CD2+ lymphocytes in TLN, while B-cells with the CD2- surface phenotype apparently expanded in the absence of passive humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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24
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Lauritzen B, Lykkesfeldt J, Friis C. Evaluation of a single dose versus a divided dose regimen of amoxycillin in treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2005; 79:61-7. [PMID: 15894026 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The theory of a time-dependent effect of amoxycillin was examined in a model of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap)-infection using clinically relevant dosage regimens. Twenty hours after infection of fourteen pigs, when clinical signs of pneumonia were present, one group of pigs received a single dose of amoxycillin (20 mg/kg, i.m.), whereas another group received four doses of 5 mg/kg injected at 8-h intervals. A similar AUC of the plasma amoxycillin concentration versus time curve was obtained in the two groups, whereas the maximum concentration was threefold higher using the single high dose. Plasma amoxycillin was above the MIC for twice as long using the fractionated dosage scheme. The condition of the animals was evaluated by clinical and haematological observations combined with quantification of biochemical infection markers: C-reactive protein, zinc and ascorbic acid. Within 48 h of treatment, the pigs in both treatment groups recovered clinically. No significant differences in the time-course of clinical observations or plasma concentrations of the biomarkers of infection were observed between the two treatments. In conclusion, the efficacy of these two dosage regimens of amoxycillin was not significantly different in treatment of acute Ap-infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lauritzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Cho WS, Jung K, Kim J, Ha Y, Chae C. Expression of mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 in lungs from pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29:111-22. [PMID: 15730135 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000047488.05304.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression of mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 was studied, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by in situ hybridization with a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled cDNA probe, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded lung tissue from pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Forty-eight 7-week-old colostrum-deprived pigs were randomly allocated to infected (n = 24) or control (n = 24) groups. Three pigs from each group were euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h post inoculation (hpi). IL-10 mRNA was detected in the lung at 3 hpi, numbers of cells positive for IL-10 increasing at 36 hpi. IL-12p35 mRNA was detected in the lung at 3 hpi, numbers of cells positive for IL-12p35 increasing at 36 and 48 hpi and rapidly decreasing thereafter whereas IL-12p40 mRNA was constitutively expressed at low levels during the experiment. Hybridization signals for IL-10, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 were always associated with inflammation, in particular with macrophages and neutrophils within alveolar spaces. Expression of these cytokines was minimal in non-lesional lung of A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs and in normal lung from control pigs. In situ hybridization of A. pleuropneumoniae and these cytokines in serial sections of lung tissues indicated close co-localization of A. pleuropneumoniae and these cytokines in pleuropneumonia. The results suggest that the expression of IL-10 and IL-12 play a role in pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nerland EM, LeBlanc JM, Fedwick JP, Morck DW, Merrill JK, Dick P, Paradis MA, Buret AG. Effects of oral administration of tilmicosin on pulmonary inflammation in piglets experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:100-7. [PMID: 15691043 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of oral administration of tilmicosin in piglets experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. ANIMALS Forty 3-week-old specific-pathogen free piglets. PROCEDURES Piglets were assigned to 1 of 4 groups as follows: 1) uninfected sham-treated control piglets; 2) infected untreated piglets that were intratracheally inoculated with 10(7) CFUs of A pleuropneumoniae; 3) infected treated piglets that were intratracheally inoculated with A pleuropneumoniae and received tilmicosin in feed (400 ppm [microg/g]) for 7 days prior to inoculation; or 4) infected treated piglets that were intratracheally inoculated with A pleuropneumoniae and received chlortetracycline (CTC) in feed (1100 ppm [microg/gl) for 7 days prior to inoculation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue specimens of piglets for each group were evaluated at 3 or 24 hours after inoculation. For each time point, 4 to 6 piglets/group were studied. RESULTS Feeding of CTC and tilmicosin decreased bacterial load in lungs of infected piglets. Tilmicosin delivered in feed, but not CTC, enhanced apoptosis in porcine BAL fluid leukocytes. This was associated with a decrease in LTB4 concentrations in BAL fluid of tilmicosin-treated piglets, compared with untreated and CTC-treated piglets, and also with a significant decrease in the number of pulmonary lesions. Tilmicosin inhibited infection-induced increases in rectal temperatures, as measured in untreated and CTC-treated piglets. Pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the BAL fluid were not significantly different among groups at any time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of tilmicosin to infected piglets induces apoptosis in BAL fluid leukocytes and decreases BAL fluid LTB4 concentrations and inflammatory lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Nerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Paradis MA, Vessie GH, Merrill JK, Dick CP, Moore C, Charbonneau G, Gottschalk M, MacInnes JI, Higgins R, Mittal KR, Girard C, Aramini JJ, Wilson JB. Efficacy of tilmicosin in the control of experimentally induced Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in swine. Can J Vet Res 2004; 68:7-11. [PMID: 14979429 PMCID: PMC1142123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of tilmicosin administered in the feed to control Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections in pigs was evaluated through a multisite, multitrial study. For each of 6 trials, 48 pigs (stratified by weight and sex) were randomly assigned to 6 to 8 pens. Medicated feed containing tilmicosin (200 g/t) and unmedicated feed were randomly assigned at the pen level and were provided ad libitum from day -7 to trial termination (day 14). Seeder pigs (inoculated intranasally with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 and showing signs of clinical disease) were introduced to each pen on day 0. Rates of death, gross lesions, and culture of A. pleuropneumoniae at necropsy, clinical scores, average daily gain in weight, and average body temperature were compared between the medicated and unmedicated pigs. Compared with the unmedicated pigs, significantly fewer (P < 0.05) pigs given tilmicosin had lesions typical of A. pleuropneumoniae or had A. pleuropneumoniae isolated from their tissues at necropsy. Together with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the average percentage of pneumonic lung involvement (both visually and by weight), there were reductions in the numbers of pigs with moderate and severe pneumonic lung lesions and with A. pleuropneumoniae associated mortality. With tilmicosin treatment, the average daily weight gain, daily temperature, abdominal appearance, attitude, and respiration were also significantly better (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate the in vivo effectiveness of tilmicosin (200 g/t) in controlling pleuropneumonia among swine experimentally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Lauritzen B, Lykkesfeldt J, Skaanild MT, Angen Ø, Nielsen JP, Friis C. Putative biomarkers for evaluating antibiotic treatment: an experimental model of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74:261-70. [PMID: 12726745 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers of infection were screened for their possible role as evaluators of antibiotic treatment in an aerosol infection model of porcine pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap). Following infection of 12 pigs, clinical signs of pneumonia developed within 20 h, whereafter the animals received a single dose of either danofloxacin (2.5mg/kg) or tiamulin (10 mg/kg). To test the discriminative properties of the biomarkers, the dosage regimens were designed with an expected difference in therapeutic efficacy in favour of danofloxacin. Accordingly, the danofloxacin-treated pigs recovered clinically within 24h after treatment, whereas tiamulin-treated animals remained clinically ill until the end of the study, 48 h after treatment. A similar picture was seen for the biomarkers of infection. During the infection period, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and haptoglobin increased, whereas plasma zinc, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol decreased. In the danofloxacin-treated animals, CRP, interleukin-6, zinc, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol reverted significantly towards normalisation within 24h of treatment. In contrast, signs of normalisation were absent (CRP, zinc and ascorbic acid) or less marked (interleukin-6 and alpha-tocopherol) in the tiamulin-treated animals. Plasma haptoglobin remained elevated throughout the study in both groups. This indicates that CRP, zinc, ascorbic acid and to a lesser extent interleukin-6 and alpha-tocopherol might be used to evaluate antibiotic treatment of acute Ap-infection in pigs. The present model provides a valuable tool in the evaluation of antibiotic treatments, offering the advantage of clinical and pathological examinations combined with the use of biochemical infection markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lauritzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lauritzen B, Lykkesfeldt J, Friis C. Evaluation of a single dose versus a divided dose regimen of danofloxacin in treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74:271-7. [PMID: 12726746 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A single versus a divided dose regimen of danofloxacin was evaluated in treatment of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection using clinical observations combined with biochemical infection markers: C-reactive protein, zinc and ascorbic acid. Twenty hours after experimental infection, the 18 pigs received danofloxacin intravenously as a single dose of 2.5mg/kg or four doses of 0.6 mg/kg administered at 24h intervals. These dosage regimens resulted in similar AUCs of the plasma danofloxacin vs time curve. The maximum concentration was 3.5-fold higher using the single dose regimen, while the time with concentrations above the MIC was 2.5-fold longer using the fractionated regimen. Using the single dose regimen, temperature was normalised 32 h post-infection. In contrast, normalisation was delayed until 44 h post-infection using four low doses and a relapse with elevated temperatures at 52 and 68 h was observed. No other significant differences between the treatments were found, neither regarding clinical, haematological nor biochemical observations. The use of the more convenient single dose regimen was appropriate, as it was at least equivalent to the fractionated regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lauritzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 9 Ridebanevej, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Evidence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 activity was determined by formation of nitrotyrosine (a reaction product of peroxynitrite) and by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) in NOS2-expressed pleuropneumonic lungs from 20 pigs naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using immunohistochemistry. Intense immunostaining for nitrotyrosine residue was seen within the lung lesions from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs, but it was minimal in the unaffected parts of the lung from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs and in the normal lung from control pigs. Staining was especially strong in neutrophils and macrophages in the periphery of the lesions and within the alveolar spaces. There was close cell-to-cell correlation when serial sections were examined by immunohistochemistry for NOS2 and nitrotyrosine in each of the 20 lung samples. Expression of PARS was always present within inflammatory lesions but was minimal in the unaffected lung of A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Macrophages in alveolar spaces frequently exhibited strong staining for PARS. Colocalization of nitrotyrosine and PARS antigen was especially prominent in macrophages in the periphery of lesions. NOS2 expression in pleuropneumonic areas associated with protein nitrosation and PARS suggests that NOS2 is functionally active during infections caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu J, Fung KF, Chen Z, Zeng Z, Zhang J. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy pigs and in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:820-3. [PMID: 12543702 PMCID: PMC151723 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.2.820-823.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of florfenicol was conducted in 18 crossbred pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), or oral (p.o.) administration of a single dose of 20 mg/kg. The disease model was confirmed by clinical signs, X rays, pathohistologic examinations, and organism isolation. Florfenicol concentrations in plasma were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection at a wavelength of 223 nm. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using the MCPKP software (Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, China). The disposition of florfenicol after a single i.v. bolus was described by a two-compartment model with values for the half-life at alpha phase (t(1/2alpha)), the half-life at beta phase (t(1/2beta)), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0- infinity )), and the volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) of 0.37 h, 2.91 h, 64.86 micro g. h/ml, and 1.2 liter/kg, respectively. The concentration-time data fitted the one-compartment (after i.m.) and two-compartment (after p.o.) models with first-order absorption. The values for the maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max)), t(1/2alpha), t(1/2beta), and bioavailability after i.m. and p.o. dosing were 4.00 and 8.11 micro g/ml, 0.12 and 3.91 h, 13.88 and 16.53 h, and 122.7 and 112.9%, respectively, for the two models. The study showed that florfenicol was absorbed quickly and completely, distributed widely, and eliminated slowly in the infected pigs, and there was no statistically significant difference between the pharmacokinetic profiles for the infected and healthy pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li JZ, Fung KF, Chen ZL, Zeng ZL, Zhang J. Tissue pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 27:265-71. [PMID: 12587956 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study has been to determine the tissue pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol in the pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. 21 crossed-bred (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) local species of pigs were infected experimentally with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 and confirmed as typical sub-acute pleuropneumonia. A single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight of florfenicol, a novel animal-using antibiotic, was administrated intramuscularly in the pigs and then samples of blood, lung, trachea with bronchi, liver, kidney and muscle were taken at scheduled time points. Drug concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector via extraction with ethyl acetate under nitrogen flow. The statistic moment theory (SMT) mathematic package was applied to calculate the tissue pharmacokinetic parameters of florfenicol in the infected model. AUC of lung, trachea with bronchi, liver, kidney and muscle were 121.69, 79.37, 81.05, 181.2, and 94.07 mg/l x h, respectively, MRT were from 34.66 to 90.17 h, and t1/2beta from 24.75 to 69.34 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Florfenicol was widely distributed in these tissues and maintained the effective therapeutic concentrations especially in the respiratory tract tissues that are the target organs of Actinobacillus pneuropneumoniae. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tissue pharmacokinetic data could be evidence for regime designing of florfenicol in treatment of porcine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Post LO, Cope CV, Farrell DE, Baker JD, Myers MJ. Influence of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:217-22. [PMID: 11907176 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection in swine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin were determined. Twenty-four animals were used in a 2 x 2 factorial of treatment groups (six animals per group) to determine the impact of APP-induced inflammation and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters. All animals received enrofloxacin as a single intravenous dose (5 mg/kg). Administration of dexamethasone was associated with an increase in clearance of enrofloxacin Clearance of enrofloxacin was not affected by APP. Volume of distribution at steady state was significantly increased in the dexamethasone-treated pigs. Volume of distribution at steady state was decreased by APP infection. Dexamethasone significantly increased the terminal elimination half-life of enrofloxacin. APP infection decreased the terminal elimination half-life of enrofloxacin in the infected pigs. Infection and dexamethasone significantly decreased the urine enrofloxacin/creatinine and ciprofloxacin/creatinine ratios. This study shows that APP infection does affect plasma pharmacokinetic parameters. Dexamethasone and APP infection may reduce renal clearance of enrofloxacin with a compensatory increase in intestinal clearance. Neither infection nor dexamethasone altered the metabolism of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin, the principal metabolite of enrofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn O Post
- Division of Surveillance, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Cho WS, Chae C. Expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in swine naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:27-32. [PMID: 12102216 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were detected and localized in 15 pigs with naturally occurring pleuropneumonia by use of in situ hybridization with a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe. Two cDNA probes 491 and 219 base pairs for NOS2 and TNF-alpha, respectively, were generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. All 15 pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae had distinct positive hybridization signals for NOS2 and TNF-alpha. Strong hybridization signals for both NOS2 and TNF-alpha were evident in degenerate alveolar leukocytes bordering zones of coagulative necrosis and in alveolar spaces. NOS2 nucleic acids were detected in neutrophils and macrophages. In situ hybridization of serial sections of lung tissue revealed numerous cells positive for NOS2 and TNF-alpha, suggesting that NOS2 and TNF-alpha expression may play a role in the pathophysiology of pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Balaji R, Wright KJ, Turner JL, Hill CM, Dritz SS, Fenwick B, Carroll JA, Zannelli ME, Beausang LA, Minton JE. Circulating cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma in pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:202-7. [PMID: 11831518 DOI: 10.2527/2002.801202x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the time course of systemic cytokine concentrations in an acute model of pneumonia in pigs challenged intranasally with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Feed intake and serum cortisol were measured as overt clinical and systemic markers of disease onset, respectively, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma as representative systemic inflammatory markers. Crossbred barrows (n = 15), approximately 5 wk of age, were used in the study. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled facility at 25 degrees C and under continuous illumination in pens measuring approximately 1.5 m2. Pigs had free access to water and an unmedicated diet. Approximately 1 wk prior to disease challenge, pigs were fitted nonsurgically with venous catheters. At challenge, pigs were given 5 x 10(8) CFU Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae intranasally (n = 8) or a similar volume of sterile growth media intranasally (Control; n = 7). Feed intake was estimated by the change in feeder weight at 12-h intervals from -12 to 72 h relative to the time of disease challenge. Blood sampling began 12 h prior to challenge and continued until 72 h after challenge. Pigs were sampled at -12, -6, and 0 h, then at 90-min intervals until 12-h post-challenge, continuing at 3-h intervals until 24-h post-challenge, then again at 6-h intervals until 72 h after challenge. Serum was harvested and frozen until assayed for cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma. Feed intake was reduced in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae pigs during the intervals 0 to 12 h (P < 0.001), 24 to 36 h (P < 0.001), 48 to 60 h (P <0.05), and 60 to 72 h (P < 0.05). TheActnobacillus pleuropneumoniae-challenged pigs had elevated serum cortisol from 180-min to 18-h post-challenge (P < 0.001) and also at 36 (P < 0.05), 42 (P < 0.001), and 60 (P < 0.05) h following infection. Circulating cytokines were not affected by disease challenge. Thus, in this experimental model of pneumonia, weaned pigs demonstrated expected behavioral and endocrine characteristics of disease in the absence of significant changes in circulating inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Balaji
- Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Loughmiller JA, Spire MF, Dritz SS, Fenwick BW, Hosni MH, Hogge SB. Relationship between mean body surface temperature measured by use of infrared thermography and ambient temperature in clinically normal pigs and pigs inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:676-81. [PMID: 11341384 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between ambient temperature and mean body surface temperature (MBST) measured by use of infrared thermography (IRT) and to evaluate the ability of IRT to detect febrile responses in pigs following inoculation with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. ANIMALS 28 crossbred barrows. PROCEDURES Pigs (n = 4) were subjected to ambient temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 C in an environmental chamber. Infrared thermographs were obtained, and regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between ambient temperature and MBST. The remaining pigs were assigned to groups in an unbalanced randomized complete block design (6 A pleuropneumoniae-inoculated febrile pigs [increase in rectal temperature > or = 1.67 C], 6 A pleuropneumoniae-inoculated nonfebrile pigs [increase in rectal temperature < 1.67 C], and 12 noninoculated pigs). Infrared thermographs and rectal temperatures were obtained for the period from 2 hours before to 18 hours after inoculation, and results were analyzed by use of repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS A significant linear relationship was observed between ambient temperature and MBST (slope, 0.40 C). For inoculated febrile pigs, a treatment X method interaction was evident for rectal temperature and MBST, whereas inoculated nonfebrile pigs only had increased rectal temperatures, compared with noninoculated pigs. A method X time interaction resulted from the longer interval after inoculation until detection of an increase in MBST by use of IRT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infrared thermography can be adjusted to account for ambient temperature and used to detect changes in MBST and radiant heat production attributable to a febrile response in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Loughmiller
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Johansson E, Fossum C, Fuxler L, Wallgren P. Effects of an experimental infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on the interferon-alpha and interleukin-6 producing capacity of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with bacteria, virus or plasmid DNA. Vet Microbiol 2001; 79:171-82. [PMID: 11230938 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a bacterial infection on interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by porcine cells was studied in specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs, infected intranasally with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. Three experimental groups of five pigs were used: infected non-treated pigs, infected pigs that were treated with enrofloxacin at disease onset, and non-infected, non-treated control pigs. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on the day of infection and on days 1, 4, 7, 13 and 17 post-infection. Sera were analysed for presence of antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae and for the cytokines IL-6 and IFN-alpha. Ability to produce these cytokines was tested in vitro using whole blood cultures stimulated with inactivated virus (Aujeszky's disease virus infected porcine kidney cells (ADV/PK-15)), inactivated bacteria (A. pleuropneumoniae) or bacterial plasmid (pcDNA3). All cytokine inducers were used neat or pre-incubated with the transfectious agent lipofectin. IL-6 appeared in the serum of all infected non-treated animals but no IFN-alpha was found in the serum of any of the experimental pigs. Accordingly, the bacteria induced a substantial IL-6 but hardly any IFN-alpha production when tested in vitro. However, following incubation with lipofectin, the inactivated bacteria as well as pcDNA3 became efficient inducers of IFN-alpha in whole blood cultures. The increased IFN-alpha production, previously recorded in vitro during the acute phase of infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, was confirmed using lipofected plasmid DNA and it was indicated that leukocytes obtained from infected but apparently cured animals also exhibited an increased production of IFN-alpha. Thus, even mild/sub-clinical bacterial infections may affect cytokine production in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johansson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Division of Immunology, SLU, BMC, Box 588, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of anticytokines is a powerful tool for modulating the cytokine environment under conditions of respiratory disease. In order to determine the feasibility of cytokine modulation in the context of respiratory disease in swine, nonreplicating E1- and E3-deficient adenovirus constructs expressing a model protein, beta-galactosidase, and an anticytokine, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), were evaluated for in vitro expression in porcine PK15 cells, and in vivo following endotracheal instillation into the lungs. beta-Galactosidase and IL-1Ra were readily expressed in vitro in swine cells. Endotracheal administration of lacZ-containing adenovirus demonstrated that endothelial and epithelial cells in the alveolar spaces and bronchi of the middle and lower lobes were the principal sites of infection and expression, whereas beta-galactosidase staining was not observed in the upper lobe. Endotracheal administration of IL-1Ra recombinant adenovirus resulted in sustained expression of IL-1Ra into the alveolar spaces, where it was recovered in a concentration of 660 pg/ml in 500 ml of lavage fluid, equivalent to 330 ng IL-1Ra, in the lungs 7 days after treatment. Moreover, in vivo instillation of nonreplicating adenovirus did not induce an inflammatory response in the 1-week time frame of the study period. Lung weight as a percent of body weight, serum zinc, serum amyloid A, leukocyte differentials, neutrophil activity, and TNF levels all were the same between untreated pigs and pigs treated with either recombinant adenovirus. The results indicate that the delivery of IL-1Ra to swine lungs via nonreplicating, recombinant adenovirus may be an effective method for in vivo modulation of IL-1 activity and investigation of cytokine involvement in respiratory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Morrison
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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39
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Abstract
Respiratory infection by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes a highly pathogenic necrotizing pleuropneumonia with severe edema, hemorrhage and fever. Acute infection is characterized by expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8. To determine if high level production of inflammatory cytokines contributed to disease pathogenesis, we investigated if inhibiting macrophage activation with adenovirus type 5-expressed IL-10 (Ad-5/IL-10) reduced the severity of acute disease. Porcine tracheal epithelial cells infected with Ad-5/IL-10 produced bioactive human IL-10. When pigs were intratracheally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae, pigs pretreated with Ad-5/IL-10 showed a significant reduction in the amount of lung damage when compared to adenovirus type 5-expressing beta-galactosidase (Ad-5/beta-Gal)-treated and untreated pigs. In addition, serum zinc levels were unchanged, the lung weight/body weight ratio (an indicator of vascular leakage) was significantly reduced, and lung pathology scores were reduced. Myeloperoxidase activity in lung lavage fluid samples, an indicator of neutrophil invasion, was decreased to levels similar to that seen in pigs not infected with A. pleuropneumoniae. Reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels in lung lavage fluid samples correlated with the clinical observations in that pigs pretreated with Ad-5/IL-10 showed a corresponding reduction of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) compared with untreated and Ad-5/beta-Gal-treated pigs. IL-6 levels were unaffected by pretreatment with Ad-5/IL-10, consistent with observations that IL-6 was not derived from alveolar macrophages. Since inflammatory cytokines are expressed at high levels in acute bacterial pleuropneumonia, these results indicate that macrophage activation, involving overproduction of IL-1 and TNF, is a prime factor in infection-related cases of massive lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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40
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Mengelers MJ, Kuiper HA, Pijpers A, Verheijden JH, van Miert AS. Prevention of pleuropneumonia in pigs by in-feed medication with sulphadimethoxine and sulphamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim. Vet Q 2000; 22:157-62. [PMID: 10952447 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2000.9695047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic effect of in-feed medication of conventional pigs with sulphadimethoxine (SDM), sulphamethoxazole (SMX), and trimethoprim (TMP) was tested by using an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection model. In each of five experiments, six pigs were given medicated feed twice daily and three pigs received antibiotic-free feed and served as positive (unmedicated, infected) controls. The following drugs or drug combinations were tested (in mg per kg feed): 500 SDM + 100 TMP, 500 SMX + 100 TMP, 125 SMX + 25 TMP, 125 SMX (alone) and 25 TMP (alone). After six days of feed medication, all animals were endobronchially inoculated with A. pleuropneumoniae in a dose of 1-3.10(4) colony-forming units (CFU). The response to the challenge in all control pigs was characterized by fever, lethargy, anorexia, reduced water consumption, and laboured breathing. At autopsy all controls manifested a fibrinous haemorrhagic pleuropneumonia. In-feed medication with 500 SDM + 100 TMP, 500 SMX + 100 TMP as well as 125 SMX + 25 TMP resulted in an effective protection against the challenge in all treated animals. After consumption of feed medicated with 125 mg per kg SMX or 25 mg per kg TMP, pleuropneumonia was evident in all challenged pigs. The results of this study indicate an in vivo potentiation of SMX and TMP in pigs against this respiratory tract pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mengelers
- State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products, Department of Toxicology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Gutiérrez-Martín CB, Rodríguez-Delgado O, Alvarez-Nistal D, De La Puente-Redondo VA, García-Rioja F, Martín-Vicente J, Rodríguez Ferri EF. Simultaneous serological evidence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, PRRS, Aujeszky's disease and influenza viruses in Spanish finishing pigs. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68:9-13. [PMID: 10684752 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 198 pigs with tachypnoea and temperature >/= 40 degrees C were selected on a Spanish finishing unit, and their sera were examined for antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky' disease virus (ADV), and swine influenza virus (SIV). Eighty-nine point nine per cent of the pigs were seropositive to App, 88.6 per cent to PRRS, 73.0 per cent to ADV, and 30.6 per cent to SIV. Thirty-one pigs (15.6 per cent) were seropositive for App, PRRSV, ADV and SIV, and only one (0.5 per cent) was seronegative for all. Statistical association was assessed for dual infections but it was not found in any case (P > 0.05). Other parameters (dyspnoea, nasal discharge and coughing) were also recorded, and no significant associations between them and the presence of antibodies against any of the four infections was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Gutiérrez-Martín
- Microbiology and Immunology Section. Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 - León, Spain
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42
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Wallgren P, Segall T, Pedersen Mörner A, Gunnarsson A. Experimental infections with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs--II. Comparison of antibiotics for oral strategic treatment. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1999; 46:261-9. [PMID: 10379236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at scrutinizing the efficacy of oral antimicrobial treatments at experimental challenge using a strain of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 known to cause severe disease. SPF pigs aged 10 weeks were infected intranasally and the antimicrobial treatments were initiated 5 h prior to that exposure. Several antimicrobial drugs, as well as the length of the treatment period, were elucidated. The outcome of the challenge was monitored by registration of clinical symptoms, weight gains and the development of serum antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae. At necropsy, the magnitude of pathological lesions in the respiratory tract and the rate of reisolation of the infective strain were recorded. Animals that became diseased displayed a decreased growth rate caused, to a large extent, by a reduced feed intake. The performance with respect to daily weight gain and feed conversion corresponded well with the clinical signs developed and serologic reactions, as well as with the findings made at necropsy. The results obtained among pigs treated with enrofloxacin, but also with florfenicol or chlortetracycline, were superior to those of pigs treated with penicillin, tiamulin or tilmicosin. A positive effect was obtained using a strategic in-feed medication against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. Provided that the drug used is effective against the target microbe, initiating treatment prior to infection appeared to be more important than the length of the treatment. It should, however, be remembered that A. pleuropneumoniae was reisolated from all but one medicated group following an experimental challenge given after initiating the medication. Consequently medical treatment as described did not eradicate the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wallgren
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Furesz SE, Wilkie BN, Mallard BA, Rosendal S, MacInnes JI. Anti-haemolysin IgG1 to IgG2 ratios correlate with haemolysin neutralization titres and lung lesion scores in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs. Vaccine 1998; 16:1971-5. [PMID: 9796052 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently available porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae bacterins afford only minimal protection by decreasing mortality but not morbidity. To evaluate a possible role of IgG subclasses in protection, IgG1 and IgG2 responses to A. pleuropneumoniae haemolysin (HLY) were examined in piglets exposed to a low dose (10(5) c.f.u. ml-1) of A. pleuropneumoniae CM5 (LD) given by aerosol (which affords complete protection) or bacterin-vaccinated piglets (no protection). Only the LD group developed HLY neutralizing antibody. These animals produced both IgG1 and IgG2-associated antibody in response to HLY, and there was a positive correlation (r = 0.6) between IgG1 anti-HLY antibody and neutralizing titres. Anti-HLY IgG1 antibody was negatively correlated with pneumonic scores at necropsy (r = -0.67, p < or = 0.005). These results suggest that immunization procedures that bias anti-HLY antibody to IgG1 may be more efficacious than those inducing IgG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Furesz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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44
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Agersø H, Friis C, Nielsen JP. Penetration of amoxycillin to the respiratory tract tissues and secretions in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:251-7. [PMID: 9690612 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmokinetic properties of amoxycillin, and its penetration into respiratory tract tissue, were determined in 18 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs, after a single i.v. dose of 8.6 mg amoxycillin kg(-1) bodyweight. Pleuropneumoniae was produced experimentally in pigs by an aerosol infection model. The infection created a homogeneous response, characterised by depression of breathing and increased body temperature. The clinical symptoms were accompanied by increased haptoglobin levels and circulating white blood cell counts. At necropsy the findings were characterised by a bilateral fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Twenty hours after infection, the pigs were administered amoxycillin i.v. The plasma concentration-time curve was described by a three compartment open model. The mean residence time and the elimination half-life were 1.5 and 3.4 hours, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution was 0.67 litres kg(-1), and the clearance was 0.46 litres kg(-1) hour(-1). There were no significant differences between these values and those reported previously for healthy pigs. The concentration of amoxycillin in bronchial secretions, lung tissue and diseased lung tissue peaked two hours after intravenous drug administration, while amoxycillin concentration in pleural fluid, lymph nodes and tonsil tissue peaked at the first sampling point one hour after drug administration. The concentration of amoxycillin in secretions and tissue decreased by a slower rate than amoxycillin concentration in plasma, resulting in an increasing tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio. The distribution ratios (AUCtissue/AUCplasma) was 0.53 for bronchial secretions, 0.44 for pneumonic lung tissue, 0.42 for lung tissue, 1.04 for pleural fluid, 0.58 for lymph nodes and 0.37 for tonsil tissue. The distribution of amoxycillin to secretions was increased compared with that previously reported for healthy pigs, while only minor changes were observed in lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Agersø
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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45
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Hennig I, Waldmann KH, Ganter M, Gerlach GF. [Clinical and laboratory diagnostic findings in chronic pleuropneumonia of swine]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 1998; 26:78-84. [PMID: 9587973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the course of an experimental study 12 pigs were infected intrabronchially with the pathogen of infectious porcine pleuropneumonia, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. All animals survived the acute stage of infection due to the application of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics. After infection all of the animals showed clinical signs of acute pneumonia with an elevation of body temperature to about 41 degrees C. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was taken every week endoscopically. An increase of neutrophil granulocytes could be observed at day 7 and 14 after infection. In parallel, a clear granulocytosis and a shift to the left of the nuclei was observed at day 7. Comparing the methods for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serological assays like the complement-fixation assay (CFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as immunofluorescence in lung tissue and BALF were more sensitive than cultural isolation from lung tissue, tonsils and BALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hennig
- Klinik für kleine Klauentiere, Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover
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46
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Heegaard PM, Klausen J, Nielsen JP, González-Ramón N, Piñeiro M, Lampreave F, Alava MA. The porcine acute phase response to infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, major acute phase protein and serum amyloid A protein are sensitive indicators of infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 119:365-73. [PMID: 9629669 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)00362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In an experimental infection model mimicking acute Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap) infection in swine (Sus scrofa) by aerosol inoculation, the development of a number of typical clinical signs was accompanied by a prototypic acute phase reaction encompassing fever and an acute phase protein response peaking at around 2 days after infection. Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and major acute phase protein (MAP) responded with large increases in serum levels, preceding the development of specific antibodies by 4-5 days. Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) was also strongly induced. The increase, kinetics of induction and normalization were different between these proteins. It is concluded that experimental Ap-infection by the aerosol route induces a typical acute phase reaction in the pig, and that pig Hp, CRP, MAP, and SAA are major acute phase reactants. These findings indicate the possibility of using one or more of these reactants for the nonspecific surveillance of pig health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Heegaard
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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47
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Beskow P, Norqvist M, Wallgren P. Relationships between selected climatic factors in fattening units and their influence on the development of respiratory diseases in swine. Acta Vet Scand 1998; 39:49-60. [PMID: 9592945 PMCID: PMC8050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The correlation between climatic parameters with one another in fattening units and the influence of environmental factors on lung lesions registered at slaughter were studied in 6 integrated herds with continuous production systems. In addition, the influence of environmental parameters on the spread of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotypes 2 and 3) and on the productivity was monitored in 2 specialized fattening herds with strict batch production. The outdoor temperature was positively correlated to the indoor temperature, but negatively correlated to the relative humidity and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the stables. These indoor parameters were also correlated to each other. The concentration of ammonia was not correlated to any other climatic parameter. No correlation between the climatic parameters measured and the prevalences of pneumonia and pleuritis registered at slaughter was shown. The rapidness in spread of mycoplasmosis seemed to be more dependent of the antibody status of the pigs on arrival than on the climate of the units. In contrast, a correlation between the climatic parameters and the spread of the less contagious infection (Actinobacillus) was indicated. The influence of the climatic parameters on the daily weight gain was not ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beskow
- Swedish Animal Health Service, Vännäs, Sweden
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48
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Oishi E, Kitajima T, Nakamura H, Matsuda C, Amimoto K, Yasuhara H. A field trial of oil adjuvanten trivalent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:421-3. [PMID: 9192370 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The trivalent vaccine of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1, 2 and 5 (AP3V) was prepared in the oil-in-water type adjuvanten form. At an SPF farm, the vaccinated pigs were observed for their antibody response, finishing rate, and lung lesions at the time of slaughter and for injection scars. The CF titers against serotype 1, 2 and 5 started to rise after the second injection, showed the highest titer at 30 days after injection and then gradually decreased in vaccinated pigs. The finishing rate in the vaccinated group was 91.6% and that in the control group immunized with commercial vaccine was 60%. The lungs in the control pigs showed severe pneumonia with hyperemia, pleural adhesion and abscess. In contrast, vaccinated pigs showed slight pneumonia. Injection scars were not observed in vaccinated pigs 100 days after the second injection. In conclusion, the pigs immunized with AP3V were sufficiently protected against A. pleuropneumoniae infection and the trial proved to be satisfactory in the safety of the vaccine under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oishi
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Japan
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49
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Pol JM, van Leengoed LA, Stockhofe N, Kok G, Wensvoort G. Dual infections of PRRSV/influenza or PRRSV/ Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol 1997; 55:259-64. [PMID: 9220621 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of a previous porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome-infection (PRRS) of the respiratory tract on influenza virus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) infections, 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) piglets were intranasally infected with PRRS virus. One week later, when the lung alveolar macrophages of PRRSV infected pigs were lowest in number, a second infection was applied by intranasal aerosol of influenza virus H3N2 or by endobronchial instillation of a mildly virulent App. The first experiment consisted of two groups (only influenza infection or dual PRRSV/influenza infection). A second experiment consisted of 4 groups (only influenza infection, only PRRSV infection, dual PRRSV/influenza infection and uninfected controls). At day 2, 4, 14 and 21 after influenza infection, two pigs were killed and sampled for virological and histopathological examination. Influenza H3N2 virus caused only a mild inflammation of the smaller bronchioli. Previous PRRSV infection did not influence clinical signs during influenza infection. Next, we studied in two experiments the effect of dual PRRSV/App infection during the acute stage at two days after App infection. In a third experiment, the influence of PRRSV on more chronic stages of App infection was studied at two weeks after the App infection. At the end of the experiments, the pigs were killed. Lungs were ranked according to size and kind of the lesions. Lesions were cut and measured, samples were taken for virological and histopathological examination. Statistical analysis of the ranked lung-lesions in the first experiment showed a distinct but small effect of previous PRRSV infection on the development of App-lesions. In PRRSV infected pigs. App produced a more severe disease. The second and third experiment however failed to show any influence of the previous PRRSV infection on the App infection. We conclude that previous PRRSV infection of the respiratory tract of spf pigs does not necessarily enhance the severity of secondary infections of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pol
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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50
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Chen SD. Characterization of polymorphic mononuclear cell in porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 1997; 21:1-7. [PMID: 9208480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphic mononuclear cells, arranged in whorling or palisading pattern, were usually found in the lung of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. In order to understand the origin and characteristics of these cells, specific-pathogen free pigs were intratracheally inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae at a concentration of 5 x 10(6) CFU, then, sacrificed at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours later. The cells in the alveolar spaces were observed with light and electron microscope, and cytochemically analyzed for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and Sudan black B stains respectively. The results revealed that a lot of neutrophils were observed in the alveolar spaces at the early stage after inoculation. Twenty four hours later, polymorphic mononuclear cells abundantly appeared. Enzyme cytochemical findings indicated that some of the polymorphic mononuclear cells were macrophages, in which, acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase were detected, and others were type II pneumocytes which were positively stained with alkaline phosphatase and Sudan black B. Ultrastructural observation found that many lysosomes appeared in the macrophages' cytoplasm, and type II pneumocyte contained many lamellar bodies. Conclusively, it could be suggested that the polymorphic mononuclear cells were derived from macrophages and type II pneumocytes by cytochemical and electron microscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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