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Bornemann NN, Mayer L, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Baums CG, Strutzberg-Minder K. Invasive Bacterial Infections of the Musculoskeletal and Central Nervous System during Pig Rearing: Detection Frequencies of Different Pathogens and Specific Streptococcus suis Genotypes. Vet Sci 2024; 11:17. [PMID: 38250923 PMCID: PMC10820919 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and central nervous system disorders occur during pig rearing, but there is no systematic recording of the different causative agents in Germany. Joint and meningeal swabs, kidneys, lungs, and eight different lymph nodes per pig were cultured, and isolated pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The cps and pathotype of Streptococcus suis (S. suis) isolates were determined using multiplex-PCR. S. suis was the most important pathogen in the infected joints (70.8%) and meningeal swabs (85.4%) and was most frequently detected in both sites in suckling and weaning piglets. To elucidate the possible portal of entry of S. suis, eight different lymph nodes from 201 pigs were examined in a prospective study. S. suis was detected in all examined lymph nodes (n = 1569), including the mesenteric lymph nodes (15.8%; n = 121/765), with cps 9 (37.2%; n = 147) and cps 2 (24.3%; n = 96) being the most dominating cps types. In piglets with a systemic S. suis infection, different lymph nodes are frequently infected with the invasive S. suis strain, which does not help clarify the portal of entry for S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Mayer
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (C.G.B.)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (C.G.B.)
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Pageaut H, Lacouture S, Lehoux M, Marois-Créhan C, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Interactions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or Mycoplasma hyorhinis with Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Using In Vitro Co-Infection Models with Swine Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:866. [PMID: 37513713 PMCID: PMC10383509 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and/or viral co-infections are very common in swine production and cause severe economic losses. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Streptococcus suis are pathogenic bacteria that may be found simultaneously in the respiratory tracts of pigs. In the present study, the interactions of S. suis with epithelial and phagocytic cells in the presence or absence of a pre-infection with M. hyopneumoniae and/or M. hyorhinis were studied. Results showed relatively limited interactions between these pathogens. A previous infection with one or both mycoplasmas did not influence the adhesion or invasion properties of S. suis in epithelial cells or its resistance to phagocytosis (including intracellular survival) by macrophages and dendritic cells. The most important effect observed during the co-infection was a clear increment in toxicity for the cells. An increase in the relative expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL8 was also observed; however, this was the consequence of an additive effect due to the presence of different pathogens rather than a synergic effect. It may be hypothesized that if one or both mycoplasmas are present along with S. suis in the lower respiratory tract at the same time, then increased damage to epithelial cells and phagocytes, as well as an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, may eventually enhance the invasive properties of S. suis. However, more studies should be carried out to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Pageaut
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22 440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Corrales Mesa CL, Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Blais MC. Production and characterization of a murine anti-dal monoclonal antibody for blood typing in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 254:110516. [PMID: 36459960 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the strong immunogenicity of the Dal antigen, and that > 98% of dogs, including blood donors, are Dal-positive, finding compatible blood for a previously transfused Dal-negative patient may be challenging. This is exacerbated by limited access to typing reagents, which currently rely on polyclonal antibodies (PAb) produced following sensitization of dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce and characterize an anti-Dal murine monoclonal antibody (MAb). Conventional hybridoma technology was used to produce MAb directed against canine red blood cells (cRBC). Briefly, female BALB/c mice were immunized via repeated intraperitoneal injections of washed Dal-positive cRBC (DEA 1,3,7 negative; DEA 4,5 positive) until serologic titers were sufficient (>1:1000). Following fusion with myeloma cells, 573 hybridoma cell culture supernatants were obtained and screened for MAb of interest using a gel column agglutination technique and known Dal-negative and Dal-positive cRBC. Fifteen supernatants led to cRBC agglutination, but only one had the desired pattern (i.e. anti-Dal). To assess its specificity and sensitivity, Dal blood typing of 62 canine EDTA-blood samples was performed using the anti-Dal MAb and two canine PAb: 45 Dal-positive and 17 Dal-negative were identified with 100% agreement between reagents (kappa =1). The anti-Dal MAb produced was further determined to be an IgG1. Conventional hybridoma technology, aided by a gel column technique, has enabled the production of a murine MAb specific against the canine Dal antigen. This will ensure long-term perennity of Dal blood typing, facilitate clinical management and research, as well as avoid resorting to repeat dog sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Corrales Mesa
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Lacouture S, Olivera YR, Mariela S, Gottschalk M. Distribution and characterization of Streptococcus suis serotypes isolated from January 2015 to June 2020 from diseased pigs in Québec, Canada. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:78-82. [PMID: 34975227 PMCID: PMC8697323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important swine bacterial pathogens causing economic losses. This report presents the serotype distribution of S. suis recovered from diseased pigs in Québec from January 2015 to June 2020. Serotypes 1/2 and 2 predominated, followed by serotypes 7, 3, 5, 4, 9, 1, and 14. Compared to previously reported data, very few changes could be observed concerning the serotype distribution, indicating a relative stability. Half of the untypable isolates did not belong to the species S. suis sensu stricto, as determined by recN polymerase chain reaction. Less than 10% of "real S. suis" isolates were untypable. The genetic diversity of S. suis serotypes 1, 2, and 14, as analyzed by multilocus sequence typing, was mainly represented by sequence type (ST)1, ST28, ST25, and ST94. All ST1 isolates (considered highly virulent) belonged to either serotype 1 or 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2
| | - Yaindrys Rodriguez Olivera
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2
| | - Segura Mariela
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Cohen LM, Stegger M, Angen Ø, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Lei L, Koene M, Kuhnert P, Bandara AB, Inzana TJ, Holden MTG, Harris D, Oshota O, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR, On Behalf Of The BRaDP T Consortium. Complete genome for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 reference strain 405: comparative analysis with draft genomes for different laboratory stock cultures indicates little genetic variation. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34818145 PMCID: PMC8743550 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of the widely studied Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 reference strain 405, generated using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RS II platform. Furthermore, we compared draft sequences generated by Illumina sequencing of six stocks of this strain, including the same original stock used to generate the PacBio sequence, held in different countries and found little genetic variation, with only three SNPs identified, all within the degS gene. However, sequences of two small plasmids, pARD3079 and p405tetH, detected by Illumina sequencing of the draft genomes were not identified in the PacBio sequence of the reference strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liza Miriam Cohen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R China
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aloka B Bandara
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Thomas J Inzana
- Present address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, USA.,Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- Present address: School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Harris
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olusegun Oshota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Stringer OW, Bossé JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen Ø, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Rapid Detection and Typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovars Directly From Clinical Samples: Combining FTA ® Card Technology With Multiplex PCR. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:728660. [PMID: 34447805 PMCID: PMC8382971 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.728660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is highly contagious and responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in the swine industry worldwide, but quick serotyping and diagnosis are still not widely available. In this study, we sought to validate the use of Whatman FTA® cards for collection and processing of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, or porcine lung tissue samples, for direct use in diagnostic multiplex PCRs. We have optimized the processing of 3-mm discs punched from FTA® cards loaded with cultured A. pleuropneumoniae, or imprinted on lesioned regions of lung tissue, with only three distilled water washes before addition into our APP-multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay for rapid, low-cost identification and serotyping. DNA captured on FTA® cards generated the same diagnostic PCR results as DNA extracted using commercial kits for 85 A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolate cultures and 22 lung samples. Additionally, bacterial DNA bound to FTA® cards was detectable by PCR after 6 months of storage at 37°C. This study provides simple, efficient, rapid, and practical sample processing for detection and molecular serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Penny
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Stringer OW, Bossé JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen Ø, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Proposal of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 19, and reformulation of previous multiplex PCRs for capsule-specific typing of all known serovars. Vet Microbiol 2021; 255:109021. [PMID: 33667982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two serologically and molecularly non-typeable isolates of the porcine lung pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have been identified from diseased swine in two different continents. Genome sequencing was carried out to identify their diagnostically relevant genotypes. Both isolates are biovar 1 and encode genes for production of ApxIV and ApxII (apxIICA structural genes, and apxIBD export genes). They both possess the same novel type II capsule locus (most similar to serovar 1, but with two capsule genes not previously found in A. pleuropneumoniae) but differ in their O-Ag loci. Strain 7213384-1 from Denmark, which we propose as the reference strain for serovar 19, has a serogroup 3/6/8/15 O-Ag locus; the Canadian isolate A08-013 has a serogroup 4/7 O-Ag locus. We have expanded the second of our two previously described A. pleuropneumoniae mPCRs to include capsule gene-specific primers for definitive detection of serovars 13-14 and 16-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Blackwell T, Bossé J. Long-chain LPS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect swine herds infected by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 17. Can Vet J 2021; 62:62-65. [PMID: 33390602 PMCID: PMC7739393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 17, one of the two most recent serotypes described, has been isolated from diseased pigs in North America. Yet, no serological test for surveillance has been developed so far. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the long-chain lipopolysaccharide antigen (LC-LPS) of this serotype is described. As predicted by previous genetic data on the O-antigen locus, cross reactions were observed between this serotype and serotypes 3, 6, 8, and 15. Although animals infected by serotype 17 would be detected using the current serotype 3 LC-LPS ELISA, better results may be obtained when plates are coated with the antigen purified from the homologous serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Tim Blackwell
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
| | - Janine Bossé
- Faculté de médecine Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture); Lead Veterinarian, Disease Prevention-Swine, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (Blackwell); Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom (Bossé)
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Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Distribution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2015 to June 2020) and Glaesserella parasuis (from 2017 to June 2020) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1261-1263. [PMID: 33299240 PMCID: PMC7659881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Boa A, Saab ME, Okura M. Canada: Isolation of Streptococcus ruminantium ( Streptococcus suis-like) from diseased ruminants in Canada. Can Vet J 2020; 61:473-475. [PMID: 32355345 PMCID: PMC7155883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Anaïs Boa
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
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11
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Lacouture S, Okura M, Takamatsu D, Corsaut L, Gottschalk M. Development of a mismatch amplification mutation assay to correctly serotype isolates of Streptococcus suis serotypes 1, 2, 1/2, and 14. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:490-494. [PMID: 32306861 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720915869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens worldwide and is an emerging pathogen in humans. There are 29 serotypes, and serotyping, which is based on the antigenicity of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or on its coding genes, is often part of routine identification and provides further information regarding S. suis virulence and zoonotic potential. Serotypes 2 and 14 possess high zoonotic potential, and serotype 1/2 is the serotype most frequently isolated from diseased pigs in North America. PCR has replaced antibody-based techniques to perform serotyping. However, traditional PCR is not able to differentiate serotype 2 from 1/2 and serotype 1 from 14, given that the only difference in the cps loci of those serotype pairs is a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism. We developed a mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR that was able to correctly serotype 148 isolates previously known to be serotypes 1, 2, 1/2, or 14. This technique will be highly useful in animal and human health laboratories performing PCR serotyping of S. suis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Lacouture, Corsaut, Gottschalk).,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura, Takamatsu).,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Takamatsu)
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Lacouture, Corsaut, Gottschalk).,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura, Takamatsu).,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Takamatsu)
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Lacouture, Corsaut, Gottschalk).,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura, Takamatsu).,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Takamatsu)
| | - Lorelei Corsaut
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Lacouture, Corsaut, Gottschalk).,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura, Takamatsu).,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Takamatsu)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Lacouture, Corsaut, Gottschalk).,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura, Takamatsu).,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Takamatsu)
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12
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Fernandez Crespo R, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Sárközi R, Fodor L, Casas Amoribieta M, Angen Ø, Nedbalcova K, Holden MTG, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Comparative sequence analysis of the capsular polysaccharide loci of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-18, and development of two multiplex PCRs for comprehensive capsule typing. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:83-89. [PMID: 29885806 PMCID: PMC6008488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Problems with serological cross-reactivity have led to development of a number of PCRs (individual and multiplex) for molecular typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Most of these assays were developed for detection of specific amplicons within capsule biosynthetic genes before the availability of complete sequences for the different serovars. Here we describe comparative analysis of the complete capsular loci for all 18 serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae, and development of two multiplex PCRs for comprehensive capsule typing of this important pig pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Roberto Fernandez Crespo
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita Sárközi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
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13
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Sárközi R, Fodor L, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Casas Amoribieta M, Angen Ø, Nedbalcova K, Holden MTG, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Proposal of serovars 17 and 18 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on serological and genotypic analysis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:1-6. [PMID: 29615241 PMCID: PMC5901230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of two new serovars of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Serological confirmation of specific reactivity with homologous antisera. Characterization of the capsule loci of serovars 17 and 18. Development of PCRs for molecular diagnostics.
The aim of this study was to investigate isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae previously designated serologically either as non-typable (NT) or as ‘K2:07’, which did not produce serovar-specific amplicons in PCR assays. We used whole genome sequencing to identify the capsule (CPS) loci of six previously designated biovar 1 NT and two biovar 1 ‘K2:O7’ isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from Denmark, as well as a recent biovar 2 NT isolate from Canada. All of the NT isolates have the same six-gene type I CPS locus, sharing common cpsABC genes with serovars 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 13. The two ‘K2:O7’ isolates contain a unique three-gene type II CPS locus, having a cpsA gene similar to that of serovars 1, 4, 12, 14 and 15. The previously NT isolates share the same O-antigen genes, found between erpA and rpsU, as serovars 3, 6, 8, and 15. Whereas the ‘K2:O7’ isolates, have the same O-antigen genes as serovar 7, which likely contributed to their previous mis-identification. All of the NT and ‘K2:O7’ isolates have only the genes required for production of ApxII (apxIICA structural genes, and apxIBD export genes). Rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against representative isolates with these new CPS loci demonstrated distinct reactivity compared to the 16 known serovars. The serological and genomic results indicate that the isolates constitute new serovars 17 (previously NT) and 18 (previously ‘K2:O7’). Primers designed for amplification of specific serovar 17 and 18 sequences for molecular diagnostics will facilitate epidemiological tracking of these two new serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Rita Sárközi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
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14
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Lacouture S, Rodriguez E, Strutzberg-Minder K, Gottschalk M. Canada: Serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates from diseased pigs in Quebec by indirect hemagglutination assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Can Vet J 2017; 58:802-804. [PMID: 28761183 PMCID: PMC5508945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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15
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Chuzeville S, Auger JP, Dumesnil A, Roy D, Lacouture S, Fittipaldi N, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Serotype-specific role of antigen I/II in the initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis. Vet Res 2017; 48:39. [PMID: 28705175 PMCID: PMC5513104 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important post-weaning porcine bacterial pathogens worldwide. The serotypes 2 and 9 are often considered the most virulent and prevalent serotypes involved in swine infections, especially in Europe. However, knowledge of the bacterial factors involved in the first steps of the pathogenesis of the infection remains scarce. In several pathogenic streptococci, expression of multimodal adhesion proteins known as antigen I/II (AgI/II) have been linked with persistence in the upper respiratory tract and the oral cavity, as well as with bacterial dissemination. Herein, we report expression of these immunostimulatory factors by S. suis serotype 2 and 9 strains and that AgI/II-encoding genes are carried by integrative and conjugative elements. Using mutagenesis and different in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the contribution of AgI/II to the virulence of the serotype 2 strain used herein appears to be modest. In contrast, data demonstrate that the serotype 9 AgI/II participates in self-aggregation, induces salivary glycoprotein 340-related aggregation, contributes to biofilm formation and increased strain resistance to low pH, as well as in bacterial adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and epithelial cells. Moreover, the use of a porcine infection model revealed that AgI/II contributes to colonization of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Taken together, these findings suggest that surface exposed AgI/II likely play a key role in the first steps of the pathogenesis of the S. suis serotype 9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chuzeville
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Audrey Dumesnil
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory Toronto and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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16
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Galofré-Milà N, Correa-Fiz F, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Strutzberg-Minder K, Bensaid A, Pina-Pedrero S, Aragon V. A robust PCR for the differentiation of potential virulent strains of Haemophilus parasuis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:124. [PMID: 28482900 PMCID: PMC5422950 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease in swine. H. parasuis comprises strains with heterogeneous virulence capacity, from non-virulent to highly virulent. Determination of the pathogenic potential of the strains is important for diagnosis and disease control. The virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters (vtaA) genes have been used to predict H. parasuis virulence by PCR amplification of their translocator domains. Here, we report a new and improved PCR designed to detect a different domain of the vtaA genes, the leader sequence (LS) as a diagnostic tool to predict virulence. Methods A collection of 360 H. parasuis strains was tested by PCR with LS specific primers. Results of the PCR were compared with the clinical origin of the strains and, for a subset of strains, with their phagocytosis and serum resistance using a Chi-square test. Results LS-PCR was specific to H. parasuis, and allowed the differential detection of the leader sequences found in clinical and non-clinical isolates. Significant correlation was observed between the results of the LS-PCR and the clinical origin (organ of isolation) of the strains, as well as with their phagocytosis and serum susceptibility, indicating that this PCR is a good predictor of the virulence of the strains. In addition, this new PCR showed a full correlation with the previously validated PCR based on the translocator domain. LS-PCR could be performed in a wide range of annealing temperatures without losing specificity. Conclusion This newly described PCR based on the leader sequence of the vtaA genes, LS-PCR, is a robust test for the prediction of the virulence potential of H. parasuis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galofré-Milà
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Lacouture
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - M Gottschalk
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - K Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5, 30926, Seelze, Germany
| | - A Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Pina-Pedrero
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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17
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Athey TBT, Teatero S, Lacouture S, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Fittipaldi N. Determining Streptococcus suis serotype from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:162. [PMID: 27449127 PMCID: PMC4957933 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is divided into 29 serotypes based on a serological reaction against the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Multiplex PCR tests targeting the cps locus are also used to determine S. suis serotypes, but they cannot differentiate between serotypes 1 and 14, and between serotypes 2 and 1/2. Here, we developed a pipeline permitting in silico serotype determination from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) short-read data that can readily identify all 29 S. suis serotypes. Results We sequenced the genomes of 121 strains representing all 29 known S. suis serotypes. We next combined available software into an automated pipeline permitting in silico serotyping of strains by differential alignment of short-read sequencing data to a custom S. suis cps loci database. Strains of serotype pairs 1 and 14, and 2 and 1/2 could be differentiated by a missense mutation in the cpsK gene. We report a 99 % match between coagglutination- and pipeline-determined serotypes for strains in our collection. We used 375 additional S. suis genomes downloaded from the NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) to validate the pipeline. Validation with SRA WGS data resulted in a 92 % match. Included pipeline subroutines permitted us to assess strain virulence marker content and obtain multilocus sequence typing directly from WGS data. Conclusions Our pipeline permits rapid and accurate determination of S. suis serotype, and other lineage information, directly from WGS data. By discriminating between serotypes 1 and 14, and between serotypes 2 and 1/2, our approach solves a three-decade longstanding S. suis typing issue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0782-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn B T Athey
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Sarah Teatero
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario Toronto Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1 Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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18
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S. Canada: Distribution of Streptococcus suis (from 2012 to 2014) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2011 to 2014) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs. Can Vet J 2015; 56:1093-1094. [PMID: 26483588 PMCID: PMC4572831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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19
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Soares TCS, Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Megid J, Ribolla PEM, de Figueiredo Pantoja JC, Paes AC. Streptococcus suis in employees and the environment of swine slaughterhouses in São Paulo, Brazil: Occurrence, risk factors, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Can J Vet Res 2015; 79:279-284. [PMID: 26424907 PMCID: PMC4581671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. This article is the first to report the occurrence, risk factors, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis recovered from employees and environmental samples of swine slaughterhouses in Brazil. Tonsillar swabs from all 139 pig-slaughtering employees and 261 environmental swabs were collected for detection of S. suis and serotyping by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion method. Although S. suis was not detected in any of the tested employees, it was isolated from 25% of the environmental samples. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the occurrence of S. suis were observed between slaughterhouses and between areas of low, medium, and high risk. The most frequent serotypes were 4 and 29, each accounting for 12% of the isolates, followed by 5, 12, 21, and 31, each accounting for 6%. High rates of susceptibility to the antimicrobials doxycycline (100%), ceftiofur (94%), ampicillin (81%), and cephalexin (75%) were observed. However, multidrug resistance was observed in all the isolates. Because S. suis is present in the environment of swine slaughterhouses, on carcasses and knives, as well as on the hands of employees in all areas, all employees are at risk of infection.
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20
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Morales B, Ruiz Á, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Clonal distribution of Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in the central region of Chile. Can J Vet Res 2015; 79:343-346. [PMID: 26424917 PMCID: PMC4581681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of 29 Chilean field strains of Streptococcus suis recovered between 2007 and 2011 from pigs with clinical signs at different farms were studied. Serotyping with use of the coagglutination test revealed that all but 1 strain belonged to serotype 6; the remaining strain was serotype 22. All the serotype-6 strains were suilysin (hemolysin)-negative; in addition, they were found to be genotypically homogeneous by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and sensitive to ampicillin, ceftiofur, penicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The results indicate that, in contrast to what is generally observed in other countries, a single clone of S. suis was isolated from diseased pigs in the central region of Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Marcelo Gottschalk; telephone: 450-773-8521, ext. 8374; fax: 450-778-8108; e-mail:
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21
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Baroch JA, Gagnon CA, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Exposure of feral swine (Sus scrofa) in the United States to selected pathogens. Can J Vet Res 2015; 79:74-78. [PMID: 25673913 PMCID: PMC4283238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are widely distributed in the United States. In 2011 and 2012, serum samples and tonsils were recovered from 162 and 37 feral swine, respectively, in the US to evaluate exposure to important swine endemic pathogens. Antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were found in 2.5% and 25.3% of tested sera, respectively. Positive serological reactions against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have been detected in 19.7% and 69.7% of animals. More than 15% of animals presented antibodies against these 2 pathogens simultaneously. Most animals were also seropositive for Lawsonia intracellularis. Feral swine can also be involved in transmission of zoonotic agents. Almost 50% of animals possessed antibodies against Salmonella. In addition, 94.4% of animals were carriers of Streptococcus suis in their tonsils. In conclusion, feral swine may be considered as a potential reservoir for different endemic diseases in domestic pigs, as well as for important zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Marcelo Gottschalk; telephone: (450) 773-8521, ext. 8374; fax: (450) 778-8108; e-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada J2S 2M2
| | - S. Lacouture
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada J2S 2M2
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Marois-Créhan C, Lacouture S, Jacques M, Fittipaldi N, Kobisch M, Gottschalk M. Development of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 and serovar 2. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:146-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713519090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two real-time, or quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 (highly related serovars with similar virulence potential) and serovar 2, respectively. The specificity of these assays was verified on a collection of 294 strains, which included all 16 reference A. pleuropneumoniae strains (including serovars 5a and 5b), 263 A. pleuropneumoniae field strains isolated between 1992 and 2009 in different countries, and 15 bacterial strains other than A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection levels of both qPCR tests were evaluated using 10-fold dilutions of chromosomal DNA from reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 and 2, and the detection limit for both assays was 50 fg per assay. The analytical sensitivities of the qPCR tests were also estimated by using pure cultures and tonsils experimentally spiked with A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection threshold was 2.5 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 2.9 × 105 CFU/0.1 g of tonsil, respectively, for both assays. These specific and sensitive tests can be used for the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostic laboratories to control porcine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Marois-Créhan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Mario Jacques
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marylène Kobisch
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
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Roy D, Fittipaldi N, Dumesnil A, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. The protective protein Sao (surface antigen one) is not a critical virulence factor for Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Microb Pathog 2014; 67-68:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Bonifait L, Roy D, Fittipaldi N, Grenier D. Characterization of Streptococcus suis isolates recovered between 2008 and 2011 from diseased pigs in Québec, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23177911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we report the distribution of different serotypes of Streptococcus suis among strains isolated from diseased pigs in Québec, Canada, recovered between 2008 and 2011. Serotype 2 strains were further studied for the presence of the following virulence markers: suilysin (sly), muramidase-released protein (MRP), extracellular protein factor (epf) and the pilus encoded by the srtF cluster. Of 1004 field strains collected, 986 were confirmed to be S. suis by either the species-specific PCR targeting the gdh gene or by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Results showed that, although widely used, the species-specific PCR test can sometimes be misleading and fail to correctly identify some S. suis isolates. Serotypes 2, 3, 1/2, 4, 8 and 22 together represented 51% of S. suis strains (64.5% of typable strains). Results confirmed the relatively low prevalence of serotype 2 in North America, when compared to European and Asian countries. The vast majority of serotype 2 field strains (96%) belong to either the MRP(+), srtF pilus(+), epf(-), sly(-) (52%) or the MRP(-), srtF pilus(-), epf(-), sly(-) phenotypes (44%). Most non-typable strains (89%) presented high surface hydrophobicity, suggesting that these are poorly or non-encapsulated. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the lack of capsular polysaccharide in selected non-typable high hydrophobic strains. The role and pathogenesis of the infection caused by these strains remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Laetitia Bonifait
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3T1, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Lachance C, Segura M, Pereyra Gerber P, Bergman E, Lacouture S, Xu J, Gottschalk M. Type II interferon gamma is detrimental to the host in Streptococcus suis infections caused by an epidemic strain (164.6). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.164.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
S. suis is a major swine pathogen that can be transmitted to humans causing severe symptoms. A large human outbreak was described in China, where approximately 25% out of 215 infected humans developed an unusual streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). Albeit increased expression of inflammatory mediators following infection by the Chinese S. suis strain was suggested as responsible for STSLS case severity, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the host innate immune response to infection by either one of 3 strains of S. suis: 89-1591 (Canadian, intermediate virulence), P1/7 (European, high virulence), and SC84 (Chinese, epidemic strain). Using Illumina microarray, qPCR, and Luminex assay, infected mice showed elevated expression of mainly pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine genes. Generally, pro-inflammatory genes were expressed at a higher level in mice infected with strain SC84 > P1/7 > 89-1591. Interestingly, IFNγ was expressed at much higher levels only in mice infected with strain SC84, which could potentially explain some of the STSLS symptoms. IFNγ-KO mice infected with epidemic SC84 strain showed significantly better survival than WT mice while no difference was observed in mice infected with highly virulent P1/7 strain. Overall, our results show an important role of IFNγ in S. suis infections and might explain in part the increased virulence of the epidemic SC84 strain responsible for the outbreak in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lachance
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Pehuen Pereyra Gerber
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Eugenia Bergman
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- 2State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- 1Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Montreal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Fittipaldi N, Xu J, Lacouture S, Tharavichitkul P, Osaki M, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M. Lineage and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2239-44. [PMID: 22172538 PMCID: PMC3311171 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two sequence types predominate and have lower virulence than other types. We performed multilocus sequence typing of 64 North American Streptococcus suis serotype 2 porcine isolates. Strains were sequence type (ST) 28 (51%), ST25 (44%), and ST1 (5%). We identified nonrandom associations between STs and expression of the virulence markers suilysin (SLY), muramidase-relased protein (MRP), and extracellular factor (EF). Expression of pili encoded by the srtF and srtG pilus clusters was also nonrandomly associated with STs. ST1 strains were SLY+ EF+ MRP+ srtF pilus+ srtG pilus−. ST25 strains were SLY− EF− MRP− srtF pilus− srtG pilus+, and most ST28 strains were SLY− MRP+ EF− srtF pilus+ srtG pilus+. ST28 isolates proved essentially nonvirulent in a mouse infection model; ST25 strains showed moderate virulence and ST1 isolates were highly virulent. ST1 is responsible for a high proportion of S. suis disease in humans worldwide. Its presence in North America indicates that potential zoonotic S. suis outbreaks in this continent cannot be disregarded.
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Perry MB, Angen Ø, MacLean LL, Lacouture S, Kokotovic B, Gottschalk M. An atypical biotype I Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 13 is present in North America. Vet Microbiol 2011; 156:403-10. [PMID: 22192359 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 13 strains present in North America are described here for the first time. Different from serotype 13 strains described in Europe, North America strains are biotype I and antigenically related to both, serotypes 13 and 10. Chemical and structural analysis of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a representative strain revealed that the CPS is almost identical to that of the reference strain of serotype 13, having a slightly higher degree of glycose O-acetylation. However, it produces an O-PS within the LPS antigenically and structurally identical with that of the reference strain of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10. The O-PS was characterized as a homopolymer of 1,2 linked β-D-galactofuranosyl residues, a structure unrelated to that of the O-PS produced by the reference strain of serotype 13. Strains from Canada and United States are antigenically, phenotypically and genotypically similar. Animals infected by one of these strains induced antibodies that were detected by a LPS-based ELISA diagnostic test using either the homologous antigen or that of serotype 10. Based on the LPS and toxin profile, these strains might be misidentified as A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Perry
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Van Calsteren MR, Gagnon F, Lacouture S, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M. Structure determination ofStreptococcus suisserotype 2 capsular polysaccharide. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 88:513-25. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 was isolated, purified, chemically modified, and characterized. Sugar and absolute configuration analyses of the CPS gave the following composition: d-Gal, 3; d-Glc, 1; d-GlcNAc, 1; d-Neu5Ac, 1; l-Rha, 1. Sialic acid was found to be terminal, and the CPS was quantitatively desialylated by mild acid hydrolysis. The CPS was also submitted to periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction and Smith degradation. Sugar and methylation analysis,1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry of the native CPS or of its specifically modified products allowed to determine the repeating unit sequence: [4)[Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)]Gal(β1–4)[Gal(α1–3)]Rha(β1–4)Glc(β1-]n. The backbone sequence was found to be identical to that of Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus (GBS) type VIII and Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23F. The S. suis CPS shares the sequence Neu5Ac-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal in common with GBS types Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV CPSs but differs from them by the presence of rhamnose and the fact that sialic acid is 2,6- rather than 2,3-linked to the following Gal. A correlation between the S. suis CPS sequence and genes of the serotype 2 cps locus encoding putative enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the repeating unit was tentatively established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Rose Van Calsteren
- Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP) and Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Fleur Gagnon
- Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP) and Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP) and Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP) and Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcello Gottschalk
- Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP) and Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Ojha S, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, MacInnes J. Characterization of colonization-deficient mutants of Actinobacillus suis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Messier S, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Distribution of Streptococcus suis capsular types from 2001 to 2007. Can Vet J 2008; 49:461-462. [PMID: 18512456 PMCID: PMC2359489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Messier
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6
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Domínguez-Punaro MC, Segura M, Plante MM, Lacouture S, Rivest S, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suisSerotype 2, an Important Swine and Human Pathogen, Induces Strong Systemic and Cerebral Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Infection. J Immunol 2007; 179:1842-54. [PMID: 17641051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, an important swine and human pathogen, causes septic shock and meningitis. The pathogenesis of both systemic and CNS infections caused by S. suis is poorly understood. A hematogenous model of infection in CD1 mice was developed to study the systemic release of cytokines during the septic shock phase and the proinflammatory events in the CNS associated with this pathogen. Using a liquid array system, high levels of systemic TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-gamma, CCL2, CXCL1, and CCL5 were observed 24 h after infection and might be responsible for the sudden death of 20% of animals. Infected mice that survived the early sepsis later developed clinical signs of meningitis and exhibited lesions in the meninges and in numerous regions of the brain, such as the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and corpus callosum. Bacterial Ags were found in association with microglia residing only in the affected zones. In situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry showed transcriptional activation of TLR2 and TLR3 as well as CD14, NF-kappaB, IL-1beta, CCL2, and TNF-alpha, mainly in myeloid cells located in affected cerebral structures. Early transcriptional activation of TLR2, CD14, and inflammatory cytokines in the choroid plexus and cells lining the brain endothelium suggests that these structures are potential entry sites for the bacteria into the CNS. Our data indicate an important role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of S. suis infection in mice. This experimental model may be useful for studying the mechanisms underlying sepsis and meningitis during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Domínguez-Punaro
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Li Y, Gottschalk M, Esgleas M, Lacouture S, Dubreuil JD, Willson P, Harel J. Immunization with recombinant Sao protein confers protection against Streptococcus suis infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:937-43. [PMID: 17567767 PMCID: PMC2044494 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00046-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sao is a Streptococcus suis surface protein recently identified as a potential vaccine candidate. In this study, recombinant Sao in combination with Quil A provided cross-protection against S. suis serotype 2 disease in mouse and pig vaccination protocols. Subcutaneous immunization of mice elicited strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses. All four IgG subclasses were induced, with the IgG2a titer being the highest, followed by those of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3. Challenge of the mice with S. suis strain 31533 resulted in a mortality rate of 80% for the control group, which received Quil A only. In contrast, all of the mice immunized with Sao survived. In a pig vaccination protocol, intramuscular immunization with Sao also elicited significant humoral antibody responses, and both the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses were induced, with a predominance of IgG2 production. In vitro assay showed that Sao-induced antibodies significantly promoted the ability of porcine neutrophils in opsonophagocytic killing of S. suis. An aerosol challenge of the pigs with S. suis strain 166 resulted in clinical signs characteristic of S. suis infection in diseased pigs. The vaccine group showed significantly better survival, lower clinical scores, and less S. suis recovery from postmortem tissue samples than did the control group. Furthermore, this study also revealed that although challenge S. suis strains express Sao size variants, recombinant Sao conferred cross-protection. These data demonstrate that recombinant Sao formulated with Quil A triggers strong opsonizing antibody responses which confer efficient immunity against challenge infection with heterologous S. suis type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Li
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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Fittipaldi N, Harel J, D'Amours B, Lacouture S, Kobisch M, Gottschalk M. Potential use of an unencapsulated and aromatic amino acid-auxotrophic Streptococcus suis mutant as a live attenuated vaccine in swine. Vaccine 2007; 25:3524-35. [PMID: 17296252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is responsible for severe economic losses to the swine industry. Prevention of the diseases caused by this pathogen is hampered by the inability of available vaccines to generate a protective response in pigs. A non-virulent, aromatic amino acid-auxotrophic and unencapsulated mutant strain of S. suis was generated in this study and a preliminary evaluation of its protective capacities was conducted in swine. Deletion of the cognate promoter of the aro operon in S. suis virulent strain S735 resulted in the abolishment of the expression of the four members of the operon, aroA, aroK, pheA and orf10. The resulting mutant strain BD101 was auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids as demonstrated by its failure to grow in a chemically defined medium unless it was supplemented with these compounds. In addition, as a result of the deletion of the cognate promoter of the aro operon, mutant BD101 lost its encapsulated phenotype. A protection assay was performed by immunisation of pigs with live strain BD101. Vaccination resulted in minor clinical signs but did not substantially impair the growth of vaccinated animals. Immunisation of animals with live mutant BD101 induced a considerable antibody response against S. suis. Vaccinated pigs presented only minor clinical signs and a survival rate of 100%, while 57% of non-vaccinated animals died, after a challenge with the virulent parent strain S735. In order to prevent S. suis infections in swine, it may be useful to further evaluate strain BD101 as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine and Canadian Research Network on Swine Infectious Diseases, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Berrizbeitia M, Ndao M, Bubis J, Gottschalk M, Aché A, Lacouture S, Medina M, Ward BJ. Field evaluation of four novel enzyme immunoassays for Chagas' disease in Venezuela blood banks: comparison of assays using fixed-epimastigotes, fixed-trypomastigotes or trypomastigote excreted?secreted antigens from two Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Transfus Med 2006; 16:419-31. [PMID: 17163873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many serological tests have been developed for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease, but few have been subjected to a rigorous field evaluation. We have recently described several novel enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) based on fixed-whole organisms or trypomastigote excretory-secretory antigens (TESA) from different Trypanosoma cruzi strains (Tulahuen or Brazil). This study evaluated the most promising of these novel assays (e.g. fixed-epimastigotes, fixed-trypomastigotes, TESA Brazil and TESA Tulahuen antigens) in a field study of Venezuelan blood bank specimens. The assays were tested in an operator-blinded fashion using 2038 blood bank samples obtained from low and high T.cruzi prevalence regions of Venezuela (n= 1050 and n= 988 from Bolivar and Portuguesa states, respectively). Based on National Laboratory for Chagas Immunodiagnosis (NLCI) 'gold standard' results, all novel EIAs were superior to the commercial kit currently used in Venezuela, achieving 100% sensitivity and >99% specificity at optimal cut-off values. The novel assays identified seven false-negative samples compared with the routine screening performed by the Venezuelan blood bank although two samples were also misclassified as positive. Minor differences in the performance of the four novel assays were observed at lower arbitrary cut-off values. This study confirms the potential utility of both the fixed-organism and the TESA-based assays in the diagnosis of T.cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berrizbeitia
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Chabot-Roy G, Willson P, Segura M, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus suis by porcine neutrophils. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:21-32. [PMID: 16714092 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine pathogen responsible for diverse infections, mainly meningitis. Virulence factors and the pathogenesis of infection are not well understood. Neutrophils may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infection given that infiltration by neutrophils and mononuclear cells are frequently observed in lesions caused by S. suis. The objective of this work was to study the interactions between S. suis serotype 2 and porcine neutrophils. Results showed that suilysin is toxic to neutrophils and this could help S. suis evade innate immunity. Moreover, suilysin appears to affect complement-dependent killing by decreasing the opsonization of S. suis and the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils. Our results confirm that capsule polysaccharide protects S. suis against killing and phagocytosis by neutrophils. We also showed that the presence of specific IgG against S. suis serotype 2 promoted killing by neutrophils, indicating that the induction of a strong humoral response is beneficial for clearance of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Chabot-Roy
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Qué., Canada J2S 2M2
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37
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Segura M, Vanier G, Al-Numani D, Lacouture S, Olivier M, Gottschalk M. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine modulation byStreptococcus suisin a whole-blood culture system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:92-106. [PMID: 16706792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine and human pathogen. Inflammation, a hallmark of S. suis infection, is thought to be responsible for most clinical signs of meningitis, septicaemia and sudden death. In this work, using a porcine whole blood model, S. suis serotype 2 was shown to trigger the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines as evaluated by reverse transcriptase-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although individual variations were observed among different S. suis strains, no correlations were observed between the strain origin/phenotype and cytokine levels. Live bacteria induced higher tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 levels than did heat-killed bacteria. In contrast, heat-killed bacteria stimulated higher levels of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein one (MCP-1). The bacterial cell wall was observed to be the major cytokine-inducting components, whereas capsule expression was important for MCP-1 activation. The presence of specific antibodies suppressed bacterial growth resulting in significantly reduced levels of cytokine production. Thus, antibody-mediated bacterial phagocytosis combined with suppressed inflammation may be beneficial for infection control strategies. We provide first evidence of S.suis-induction of pro-inflammatory swine cytokines and demonstrate the strength and relevance of the whole blood culture systems in the investigation of S. suis modulation of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Canadian Research Network on Bacterial Pathogens of Swine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Berrizbeitia M, Ndao M, Bubis J, Gottschalk M, Aché A, Lacouture S, Medina M, Ward BJ. Purified excreted-secreted antigens from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes as tools for diagnosis of Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:291-6. [PMID: 16455872 PMCID: PMC1392643 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.291-296.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no "gold standard" test for the diagnosis of late-stage Chagas' disease. As a result, protection of the blood supply in areas where Chagas' disease is endemic remains problematic. A panel of 709 serum samples from subjects with confirmed Chagas' disease (n = 195), healthy controls (n = 400), and patients with other parasitic diseases (n = 114) was used to assess enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on a concentrated extract of excretory-secretory antigens from either Brazil or Tulahuen strain Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (total trypomastigote excretory-secretory antigens [TESAs]). The total TESA-based assays had excellent overall sensitivity (100%) and specificity (>94%), except for cross-reactivity with Leishmania-infected sera. In an attempt to increase the specificity of the assay, immunoaffinity chromatography was used to purify the TESA proteins (TESA(IA) proteins). By Western blotting, a series of polypeptide bands with molecular masses ranging from 60 to 220 kDa were recognized by pooled sera positive for Chagas' disease. An ELISA based on TESA(IA) proteins had a slightly lower sensitivity (98.6%) but an improved specificity (100%) compared to the sensitivity and specificity of the total TESA protein-based ELISAs. A 60-kDa polypeptide was identified as a major contributor to the cross-reactivity with Leishmania. These data suggest the need for field validation studies of TESA- and TESA(IA)-based assays in regions where Chagas' disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolga Berrizbeitia
- McGill Center for Tropical Diseases, Montreal General Hospital, Room D7-153, Montreal, Quebec, H3G IA4 Canada
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Vanier G, Szczotka A, Friedl P, Lacouture S, Jacques M, Gottschalk M. Haemophilus parasuis invades porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:135-142. [PMID: 16385123 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis, an important swine pathogen, is the aetiological agent of Glässer's disease. It is responsible for cases of polyserositis, meningitis and pneumonia in young pigs. To date, 15 serotypes have been described, although several non-typable isolates are frequently recovered from diseased animals. The pathogenesis of H. parasuis infection is poorly understood. To cause meningitis, H. parasuis would have to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of H. parasuis to interact with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (PBMEC). It was demonstrated that the serotype 5 reference strain of H. parasuis, Nagasaki (originally recovered from a case of meningitis), was able to adhere at very high levels to and, most importantly, invade PBMEC. These capacities were confirmed by electron microscopy. Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae serotype 7 (strain WF 83), used as negative control, was not able to adhere to or invade PBMEC. Comparisons of the levels of adhesion and invasion by several H. parasuis field strains from different serotypes isolated from cases of either meningitis or pneumonia showed that isolates of serotypes 4 and 5 had a higher invasion capacity than isolates belonging to other serotypes. Inhibition studies demonstrated that PBMEC invasion by H. parasuis required rearrangement of actin microfilaments and microtubular cytoskeletal elements but not active bacterial DNA, RNA or protein synthesis. Characterization studies demonstrated that proteinaceous invasin(s) does not seem to play a major role in entry of H. parasuis into PBMEC. Intracellular viable H. parasuis were found in PBMEC up to 6 h after antibiotic treatment. Even at high bacterial doses, H. parasuis was not toxic to PBMEC. In swine, the invasion of endothelial cells of the BBB may play an important role in the pathogenesis of meningitis caused by H. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslaine Vanier
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Szczotka
- Canadian Research Network on Bacterial Pathogens of Swine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Friedl
- Institute für Biochemie, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Canadian Research Network on Bacterial Pathogens of Swine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Canadian Research Network on Bacterial Pathogens of Swine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Li Y, Martinez G, Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Willson P, Dubreuil JD, Jacques M, Harel J. Identification of a surface protein of Streptococcus suis and evaluation of its immunogenic and protective capacity in pigs. Infect Immun 2006; 74:305-12. [PMID: 16368985 PMCID: PMC1346615 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.305-312.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A Streptococcus suis surface protein reacting with convalescent-phase sera from pigs clinically infected by S. suis type 2 was identified. The apparent 110-kDa protein, designated Sao, exhibits typical features of membrane-anchored surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria, such as a signal sequence and an LPVTG membrane anchor motif. In spite of high identity with the partially sequenced genomes of S. suis Canadian strain 89/1591 and European strain P1/7, Sao does not share significant homology with other known sequences. However, a conserved avirulence domain that is often found in plant pathogens has been detected. Electron microscopy using an Sao-specific antiserum has confirmed the surface location of the Sao protein on S. suis. The Sao-specific antibody reacts with cell lysates of 28 of 33 S. suis serotypes and 25 of 26 serotype 2 isolates in immunoblots, suggesting its high conservation in S. suis species. The immunization of piglets with recombinant Sao elicits a significant humoral antibody response. However, the antibody response is not reflected in protection of pigs that are intratracheally challenged with a virulent strain in our conventional vaccination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Li
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St.-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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41
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Esgleas M, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suisserotype 2 binding to extracellular matrix proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 244:33-40. [PMID: 15727818 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major swine and human pathogen that causes septicemia and meningitis. The ability of S. suis serotype 2 to bind to different extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was evaluated by ELISA. All 23 strains tested bound to plasma and cellular fibronectin and collagen types I, III, and V, some to fibrin, vitronectin, and laminin, and none to the other ECM proteins tested. An unencapsulated isogenic mutant bound to ECM proteins better than its parental encapsulated strain, suggesting that the polysaccharide capsule interfered with binding. Cross-inhibition was observed between soluble plasma fibronectin and collagens in the ECM adherence assay, indicating that binding domains for both proteins exist on the same or nearby bacterial surface molecules. On the other hand, pre-incubation with plasma fibronectin increased binding to collagen IV, suggesting that S. suis might use fibronectin as a bridging molecule. The results of heat treatment and proteolytic digestion suggest that adhesins for these ECM proteins are proteinaceous in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Esgleas
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Qué., Canada
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42
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Berrizbietia M, Ndao M, Gottschalk M, Aché A, Vásquez F, Lacouture S, Medina M, Ward BJ. Development and comparison of enzyme immunoassays for diagnosis of Chagas' disease using fixed forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Epimastigotes, Amastigotes, and Trypomastigotes) and assessment of antigen stability for the three assays. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1766-9. [PMID: 15071044 PMCID: PMC387575 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1766-1769.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for diagnosis of Chagas' disease were developed with fixed forms of Trypanosoma cruzi using a panel of 435 sera from the following groups: Venezuelan subjects positive by immunofluorescence (n = 70), Venezuelan healthy controls (n = 85), healthy Canadians (n = 166), and subjects with other parasitic diseases (n = 114). All assays achieved 100% sensitivity and reasonable specificity for amastigotes (97.6%), epimastigotes (98.3%), and trypomastigotes (99.3%). The fixed-trypomastigote assay was stable over 4 months at 4 degrees C and room temperature. These data suggest that a fixed-trypomastigote EIA may be a suitable candidate for blood bank screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolga Berrizbietia
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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43
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Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that mainly causes meningitis and occasionally causes other infections, such as endocarditis, arthritis, and pneumonia. The pathogenesis of S. suis infection has not been completely defined. However, in order to cause meningitis, S. suis has to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) made up of brain microvascular endothelial cells. The objective of this work was to study the interactions of S. suis serotype 2 with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (PBMEC). The ability of North American and European S. suis serotype 2 strains to adhere to PBMEC and, most importantly, to invade PBMEC was demonstrated by using an antibiotic protection assay and was confirmed by electron microscopy. The polysaccharide capsule of S. suis seemed to partially interfere with the adhesion and invasion abilities of the bacterium. Our results showed that intracellular viable S. suis could be found in PBMEC up to 7 h after antibiotic treatment. Inhibition studies demonstrated that invasion of PBMEC by S. suis required actin microfilaments but not microtubular cytoskeletal elements or active bacterial RNA or protein synthesis. At high bacterial doses, suilysin-positive strains were toxic for PBMEC. The role of suilysin in cytotoxicity was confirmed by using purified suilysin, electron microscopy, and the lack of toxicity of a suilysin-negative mutant. In swine, the invasion of endothelial cells of the BBB could play an important role in the pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslaine Vanier
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cloutier G, D'Allaire S, Martinez G, Surprenant C, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis serotype 5 infection in a pig herd with and without clinical disease. Vet Microbiol 2003; 97:135-51. [PMID: 14637045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the transmission and the kinetics of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 5 in a multisite farrow-to-finish pig herd. Most sows carried S. suis serotype 5 in their vaginal tract, but not in their nasal cavities, as demonstrated by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique. Their offspring became infected during farrowing, confirming vertical transmission. During the first 4 weeks of life, a low number of piglets were carriers of S. suis serotype 5 in their nasal cavities. However, when clinical signs appeared, the carrier rate significantly increased, suggesting that isolation from nasal cavities is a better indication of active transmission than of a carrier state. Clinical cases were present in animals between 4 and 8 weeks of age, when maternal antibodies were at their lowest level. Up to six different genotypes of the same serotype could be identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA; however, a single clone was responsible for all clinical cases studied. This clone could only be isolated from a single sow, indicating that its prevalence in breeding animals was low. Interestingly, 1 year later, clinical disease associated with S. suis serotype 5 spontaneously disappeared. At that time, the genotype responsible for the clinical signs was not detected in the herd and the levels of antibodies in sows and maternal antibodies in piglets were not higher than those of the previous year.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cloutier
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Que., Canada J2S 7C6
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Martinez G, Harel J, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Cloning and partial characterization of the gene encoding the putative elongation factor Ts of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Arch Microbiol 2003; 180:298-302. [PMID: 12955311 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-003-0595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2002] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis infection has a substantial impact on the swine industry. In addition, S. suis serotype 2 is recognized as a zoonotic agent. In this paper, we report the cloning and complete sequence of the gene coding for the putative elongation factor Ts ( tsf-like) of S. suis. The putative tsf gene seems to be transcribed from a promoter located within the cloned DNA fragment, as its expression is not dependent on insertional orientation within the plasmid. One copy of the tsf gene was detected in the chromosome of S. suis by Southern blot analysis. Interestingly, the elongation factor Ts expressed by all reference strains of all S. suis serotypes were antigenically similar, as determined by Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martinez
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc and Canadian Network on Bacterial Pathogens of Swine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, J2S 7C6, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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46
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Martinez G, Harel J, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 isolates recovered from carrier pigs in closed herds. Can J Vet Res 2002; 66:240-8. [PMID: 12418779 PMCID: PMC227011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare, by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), the diversity of Streptococcus suis serotypes 1/2 and 2 isolates recovered at slaughter houses from the tonsils of clinically healthy pigs. The pigs belonged to herds with or without clinical signs of S. suis disease. Overall, a low diversity was observed among isolates of serotype 1/2. A representative isolate recovered from a diseased animal presented a relatively high similarity (85%), with most isolates recovered from carrier pigs, from herds either with or without clinical signs of S. suis disease. For serotype 2 isolates, a relatively high degree of heterogeneity was observed in the whole population. Two subpopulations were observed for serotype 2 isolates, which arose from herds with clinical signs. Interestingly, the representative isolate coming from the diseased pig was included in a small closed cluster, with 2 isolates recovered from carrier pigs belonging to the same herd. On the other hand, most of the S. suis serotype 2 isolates originating from herds with no history of S. suis disease, were closely related (90% similarity). Furthermore, they presented different RAPD patterns from those originating from animals from the herd presenting S. suis clinical signs due to this serotype. Results suggest that, in the herds studied, clinical manifestations due to serotype 2 are probably related to the virulence of a specific isolate. Conversely, for the herd affected with serotype 1/2, clinical manifestations of the disease were more likely to be the result of inherent herd factors than the virulence of the specific isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martinez
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec
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47
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Lapointe L, D'Allaire S, Lebrun A, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Antibody response to an autogenous vaccine and serologic profile for Streptococcus suis capsular type 1/2. Can J Vet Res 2002; 66:8-14. [PMID: 11858652 PMCID: PMC226975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
An autogenous vaccine was developed, using sonicated bacteria, with a strain of Streptococcus suis capsular type 1/2. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antibody response following vaccination and to assess the changes in antibody levels in pigs from a herd showing clinical signs of S. suis capsular type 1/2 infection in 6- to 8-week-old pigs. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the vaccine antigen was standardized. Results from a preliminary study involving 2 control and 4 vaccinated 4-week-old pigs indicated that all vaccinated pigs produced antibodies against 2 proteins of 34 and 43 kDa, respectively, and, in 3 out of 4 vaccinated pigs, against the 117-kDa muramidase-released protein. For the serologic profile, groups of 30 pigs from the infected herd were blood sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age. The lowest antibody level was observed between weeks 6 and 8, presumably corresponding to a decrease in maternal immunity. A marked increase was seen at 10 weeks of age, shortly after the onset of clinical signs in the herd. For the vaccination field trial, newly weaned, one-week-old piglets were divided into 2 groups of 200 piglets each (control and vaccinated); blood samples were collected from 36 piglets in each group at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in antibody response was observed 4 weeks following vaccination and the level of antibodies stayed high until the end of the experiment. In the control group, the increase was only observed at 13 weeks of age, probably in response to a natural infection. The response to the vaccine varied considerably among pigs and was attributed, in part, to the levels of maternal antibodies at the time of vaccination. No outbreak of S. suis was observed in the control or vaccinated groups, so the protection conferred by the vaccine could not be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lapointe
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec
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48
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Lapointe L, D'Allaire S, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Serologic profile of a cohort of pigs
and antibody response to an autogenous vaccine
for Actinobacillus suis. Vet Res 2001; 32:175-83. [PMID: 11361153 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus suis is a commensal opportunistic pathogen in swine. However, in recent years, an increasing prevalence of clinical signs associated with A. suis has been observed in high health status herds in North America. The objectives of the study were to assess the kinetics of antibodies to A. suis in pigs from a herd showing clinical signs of A. suis infection and, to evaluate the antibody response in gilts following vaccination with an autogenous vaccine. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a saline extract of boiled-formalinized whole cells of a field strain as the coating antigen was standardized. This ELISA was used as a tool for monitoring, in a comparative way, the variations in A. suis antibody levels. The herd selected for the serologic profile was negative for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection and showed clinical signs of A. suis infection in 16 to 19-week-old pigs. A cohort of 20 pigs was blood sampled at 5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. The lowest level of serum antibodies was observed between weeks 8 and 12, this probably corresponding to a decrease in maternal immunity. A marked increase in the antibody response was seen at 16-week of age, at the approximate time of onset of A. suis clinical signs in the herd. The evaluation of serum antibody responses to an autogenous vaccine revealed that the humoral immunity of gilts further increased following vaccination although the level of antibodies was already high prior to vaccination. The magnitude of the response to vaccination was higher when the level of antibodies was low prior to the first injection. The ELISA test seems to detect antibodies against the O-chain LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lapointe
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Gottschalk M, Lebrun A, Lacouture S, Harel J, Forget C, Mittal KR. Atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates that share antigenic determinants with both serotypes 1 and 7. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:444-9. [PMID: 11021432 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the characterization of 3 atypical isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is presented. Two isolates (1B and 27E) showed positive reactions in coagglutination, immunodiffusion, and indirect hemagglutination tests for serotypes 1 and 7, whereas the third isolate (26B) reacted with antisera to serotypes 1, 4, and 7. These atypical isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae possessed a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigenically related to serotype 1 as well as an O-chain lipopolysaccharide antigenically related to serotype 7 or to serotypes 4 and 7, as shown by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Results of toxin profile and virulence assays for mice and pigs showed them to be more related to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 field isolates. All 3 isolates induced antibodies mainly against serotype 7/4 O-long-chain lipopolysaccharide (LC-LPS) and, to a lesser extent, to the CPS of serotype 1, in experimentally infected pigs. Diagnostic laboratories that use a LC-LPS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection in swine would probably diagnose herds infected with these atypical isolates as being infected by A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 7 or 4, whereas those that use a CPS-based ELISA would probably consider them as infected by A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gottschalk
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Lalonde M, Segura M, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Interactions between Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and different epithelial cell lines. Microbiology (Reading) 2000; 146 ( Pt 8):1913-1921. [PMID: 10931895 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-8-1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen responsible for cases of sudden death, septicaemia, meningitis, endocarditis and pneumonia. It is also recognized as a zoonotic agent in people occupationally exposed to pigs or pig products. Knowledge on virulence factors of S. suis serotype 2 is limited and the pathogenesis of the infection is poorly understood. It has been suggested that the disease due to S. suis serotype 2 begins with colonization of the nasopharyngeal epithelium, followed by either spread within the respiratory tract or invasion of the bloodstream. The mechanisms involved in the access of bacteria from the bloodstream to the central nervous system are unknown. It is possible that epithelial cells of the choroid plexus also play an important role in the pathogenesis of the meningitis. Different interactions (adhesion, invasion and toxic effects) of S. suis serotype 2 with epithelial cell lines [LLC-PK1, PK(15), A549, HeLa and MDCK] were studied and compared to those of a human pathogen which also causes meningitis, group B Streptococcus (GBS). The results showed that S. suis serotype 2, in contrast to GBS, is able to adhere to but not to invade epithelial cells. The adhesin(s) involved seem(s) to be partially masked by the capsule and are a part of the cell wall. The haemolysin produced by S. suis serotype 2 is responsible for a toxic effect observed on epithelial cells. The results described give additional evidence that pathogenesis of the infection differs between S. suis and GBS. In particular, it is possible that suilysin-positive S. suis strains use adherence and cell injury, as opposed to direct cellular invasion, as part of a complicated multistep process which leads to bacteraemia and meningitis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lalonde
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C61
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C61
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C61
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C61
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