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Saab ME, Vanier G, Sudlovenick E, Powell AL, Simonee J, Desmarais G, Muckle CA, Fairbrother JM, Daoust PY. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species and potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli in free-living seals of Canadian Atlantic and eastern Arctic waters. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:542-554. [PMID: 37317052 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seal populations in Canadian waters provide sustenance to coastal communities. There is potential for pathogenic and/or antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to transfer to humans through inadvertent faecal contamination of seal products. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and potential antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in faecal samples collected from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and from ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in Frobisher Bay and Eclipse Sound, Nunavut, Canada. Grey seals were harvested during commercial hunts or during scientific sampling; ringed seals were collected by Inuit hunters during subsistence harvests. Virulence genes defining pathogenic E. coli were identified by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on recovered isolates. In grey seals, E. coli was detected in 34/44 (77%) samples, and pathogenic E. coli (extraintestinal E. coli [ExPEC], enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] or ExPEC/EPEC) was detected in 13/44 (29%) samples. Non-susceptibility to beta-lactams and quinolones was observed in isolates from 18 grey seals. In ringed seals from Frobisher Bay, E. coli was detected in 4/45 (9%) samples; neither virulence genes nor antimicrobial resistance was detected in these isolates. In ringed seals from Eclipse Sound, E. coli was detected in 8/50 (16%) samples and pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC and ExPEC/EPEC) in 5/50 (10%) samples. One seal from Eclipse Sound had an E. coli isolate resistant to beta-lactams. A monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium was recovered from 8/50 (16%) seals from Eclipse Sound. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline. L. monocytogenes was not detected in any sample. These findings suggest that seals may act as important sentinel species and as reservoirs or vectors for antimicrobial-resistant and virulent E. coli and Salmonella species. Further characterization of these isolates would provide additional insights into the source and spread of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in these populations of free-living seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Saab
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Enooyaq Sudlovenick
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Ashley Lora Powell
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Gabriel Desmarais
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Anne Muckle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Daoust
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Jia B, Burnley H, Gardner IA, Saab ME, Doucet A, Hammell KL. Diagnosis of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in harvested Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on the east coast of Canada: Clinical findings, sample collection methods and laboratory diagnostic tests. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:575-589. [PMID: 36861304 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic subclinical infection with the aetiological agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), Renibacterium salmoninarum, presents challenges for the clinical management of disease in farmed salmonids and for prevalence estimation. Harvested salmon sampled at processing plants provide the opportunity to describe subclinical outcomes of BKD using gross necropsy observations and diagnostic test results in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations that are apparently healthy (i.e. alive at harvest) but naturally exposed to R. salmoninarum infection. Sampling of farmed salmon (Population A, n = 124 and Population B, n = 160) was performed immediately post-slaughter as fish were being processed at a plant in New Brunswick, Canada. Populations were selected based on planned harvests from sites with histories of recent exposure events related to clinical BKD as evidenced by the site veterinarian's diagnosis of mortality attributable to BKD: One site (Pop A) had recently increasing mortalities attributed to BKD, and the other site (Pop B) had ongoing low-level mortalities with BKD pathology. As expected with the different exposure histories, Pop A had a higher percentage (57.2%) of R. salmoninarum culture-positive kidney samples compared with similar fish samples in Pop B (17.5%). Diagnosis of R. salmoninarum by gross granulomatous lesions in internal visceral organs, bacterial culture and identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using different swab transport methods, and molecular detection methods (quantitative PCR, qPCR) were compared. Agreement of culture-positive percentages at the sample level was moderate (kappa: 0.61-0.75) among specimens collected using different kidney sampling methods in Pop A and Pop B. The highest proportion of R. salmoninarum-positive cultures occurred when kidney tissues were transported to the laboratory and inoculated directly onto agar using a swab (94% of cultures from Pop A and 82% from Pop B when fish were positive by any culture method). Fish with cumulative lesion scores (severity of granulomatous lesions in 3 different visceral organs) of >4 were all culture positive, and when compared with non-lesioned fish, had substantially higher odds of being culture positive: Pop A: odds ratio (OR) = 73, 95% confidence interval (CI) (7.91, 680.8); Pop B: OR = 66, 95% CI (6.12, 720.7). Our study found that onsite postmortem examinations with severity scores of gross granulomatous lesions were predictive of positive culture results for R. salmoninarum, and they were a useful proxy for assessing prevalence in apparently healthy populations with subclinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Holly Burnley
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Adele Doucet
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Vet-Champlain Animal Care, Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - K Larry Hammell
- Department of Health Management, and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Ojasanya RA, Gardner IA, Groman D, Saksida S, Saab ME, Thakur KK. Development and validation of main spectral profile for rapid identification of Yersinia ruckeri isolated from Atlantic salmon using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1031373. [PMID: 36337185 PMCID: PMC9630595 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allows rapid and reliable identification of microorganisms. The accuracy of bacterial identification using MALDI-TOF MS depends on main spectral profiles (MSPs) provided in a quality-assured commercial reference library, which requires ongoing improvement. This study aimed to develop and validate an in-house MALDI-TOF MS MSP to rapidly identify Yersinia ruckeri isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The novel MSP was prepared using an isolate of Y. ruckeri recovered from Atlantic salmon and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Subsequently, a validation set which comprises 29 isolates of Y. ruckeri were examined from three fishes: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (n = 26), American eel (Anguilla rostrata) (n = 1), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (n = 2). These isolates were randomly selected from the Atlantic Veterinary College, Aquatic Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory's culture collection to validate the novel MSP. Analytical sensitivity of MALDI-TOF MS using the novel MSP to identify the validation set was 86.2%. Repeatability was assessed by acquiring spectra from 30 different spots of a randomly-selected isolate of Y. ruckeri, and analyzed spectra from each spot were compared against the novel MSP. The coefficient of variation was 3.3%. The novel MSP clustered with Bruker MSPs (n = 3) of Y. ruckeri in the reference library and did not falsely identify any closely related bacteria to Y. ruckeri. This study reports the development of a novel MSP of high analytical sensitivity and specificity for rapid identification of Y. ruckeri using MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasaq A. Ojasanya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rasaq A. Ojasanya
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sonja Saksida
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Saab
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Krishna K. Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Doyle AJ, Saab ME, McClure JT. Comparison of chlorhexidine and alcohol-based antisepsis on the paralumbar fossa in cattle. Vet Surg 2022; 51:1191-1195. [PMID: 36053954 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine skin reaction, post-treatment reduction (immediate effect), and 1 hour post-treatment reduction (sustained effect) of aerobic bacterial colony forming units (CFU) following three antiseptic protocols in cattle. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS Eighteen cows. METHODS Three sites in each paralumbar fossa were clipped and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 5 minute 4% chlorhexidine gluconate scrub (CHG); 90 second 80% ethanol scrub (ET); 90 second 70% isopropyl alcohol scrub (IPA). All sites were monitored at all sampling time points and at 24 hours following treatment for adverse skin reaction. Samples were collected pre-, immediately post-, and 1 hour post-treatment and plated in duplicate. Bacterial counts were shifted to eliminate zeroes, log10 transformed, and averaged. ANOVA was used to compare differences in mean reduction in log10 CFU/ml between groups. RESULTS Reduction in log10CFU/ml was more pronounced immediately after application of IPA (p = .001) and ET (p = .001) than CHG. This reduction was better sustained after preparation with CHG than ET (p = .005) but not IPA. Immediate and sustained reductions in bacterial loads did not differ after application of IPA or ET. No adverse skin reactions were noted. CONCLUSIONS Skin preparation with alcohol-based antiseptics was well tolerated and improved immediate bacterial reduction compared to CHG. This reduction was better sustained 1 hour after application of CHG than ET, but no difference was detected between CHG and IPA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lack of adverse skin reaction and performance provide evidence to support skin preparation with alcohol-based antiseptics in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimie J Doyle
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Ojasanya RA, Gardner IA, Groman DB, Saksida S, Saab ME, Thakur KK. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria Commonly Isolated from Farmed Salmonids in Atlantic Canada (2000–2021). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040159. [PMID: 35448657 PMCID: PMC9031543 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance are important constraints in the production and sustainability of farmed salmonids. This retrospective study aimed to describe the frequency of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profiles in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results assessed by disk diffusion testing were summarized for 18,776 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples from 2291 unique cases submitted to the Atlantic Veterinary College, Aquatic Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory from 2000 to 2021. Kidney was the most commonly submitted tissue (60.29%, n = 11,320), and these specimens were mostly submitted as swabs (63.68%, n = 11,957). The most prevalent pathogens detected in these cases were Yersinia ruckeri type 1 (5.54%, n = 127), Renibacterium salmoninarum (2.10%, n = 48), Aeromonas salmonicida (atypical) (1.66%, n = 38), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1.22%, n = 28). Most bacterial isolates tested (n = 918) showed resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but not to enrofloxacin. This report provides baseline data for antimicrobial surveillance programs that investigate emerging antimicrobial resistance trends in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasaq Abiola Ojasanya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (I.A.G.); (S.S.); (K.K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-916-9615
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (I.A.G.); (S.S.); (K.K.T.)
| | - David B. Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (D.B.G.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Sonja Saksida
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (I.A.G.); (S.S.); (K.K.T.)
| | - Matthew E. Saab
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (D.B.G.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Krishna Kumar Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (I.A.G.); (S.S.); (K.K.T.)
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Tyson GH, Ceric O, Guag J, Nemser S, Borenstein S, Slavic D, Lippert S, McDowell R, Krishnamurthy A, Korosec S, Friday C, Pople N, Saab ME, Fairbrother JH, Janelle I, McMillan D, Bommineni YR, Simon D, Mohan S, Sanchez S, Phillips A, Bartlett P, Naikare H, Watson C, Sahin O, Stinman C, Wang L, Maddox C, DeShambo V, Hendrix K, Lubelski D, Burklund A, Lubbers B, Reed D, Jenkins T, Erol E, Patel M, Locke S, Fortner J, Peak L, Balasuriya U, Mani R, Kettler N, Olsen K, Zhang S, Shen Z, Landinez MP, Thornton JK, Thachil A, Byrd M, Jacob M, Krogh D, Webb B, Schaan L, Patil A, Dasgupta S, Mann S, Goodman LB, Franklin-Guild RJ, Anderson RR, Mitchell PK, Cronk BD, Aprea M, Cui J, Jurkovic D, Prarat M, Zhang Y, Shiplett K, Campos DD, Rubio JVB, Ramanchandran A, Talent S, Tewari D, Thirumalapura N, Kelly D, Barnhart D, Hall L, Rankin S, Dietrich J, Cole S, Scaria J, Antony L, Lawhon SD, Wu J, McCoy C, Dietz K, Wolking R, Alexander T, Burbick C, Reimschuessel R. Genomics accurately predicts antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected as part of Vet-LIRN resistance monitoring. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109006. [PMID: 33581494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has changed our understanding of bacterial pathogens, aiding outbreak investigations and advancing our knowledge of their genetic features. However, there has been limited use of genomics to understand antimicrobial resistance of veterinary pathogens, which would help identify emerging resistance mechanisms and track their spread. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between resistance genotypes and phenotypes for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a major pathogen of companion animals, by comparing broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. From 2017-2019, we conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS on S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from dogs in the United States as a part of the Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) antimicrobial resistance monitoring program. Across thirteen antimicrobials in nine classes, resistance genotypes correlated with clinical resistance phenotypes 98.4 % of the time among a collection of 592 isolates. Our findings represent isolates from diverse lineages based on phylogenetic analyses, and these strong correlations are comparable to those from studies of several human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. We uncovered some important findings, including that 32.3 % of isolates had the mecA gene, which correlated with oxacillin resistance 97.0 % of the time. We also identified a novel rpoB mutation likely encoding rifampin resistance. These results show the value in using WGS to assess antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens and to reveal putative new mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Tyson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States.
| | - Olgica Ceric
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Sarah Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Stacey Borenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Durda Slavic
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippert
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | | | | | - Shannon Korosec
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Cheryl Friday
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Neil Pople
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Janelle
- Complexe de diagnostic et d'épidémiosurveillance vétérinaires du Québec, Canada
| | - Deanna McMillan
- University of Saskatchewan - Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc, Canada
| | | | - David Simon
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shipra Mohan
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Ashley Phillips
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Paula Bartlett
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Hemant Naikare
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | - Cynthia Watson
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Carol Maddox
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Vanessa DeShambo
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Debra Lubelski
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Debbie Reed
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | - Tracie Jenkins
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana State University, United States
| | | | | | | | - Karen Olsen
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | - Shuping Zhang
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Martha Pulido Landinez
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Jay Kay Thornton
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Anil Thachil
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | | | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Darlene Krogh
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Lynn Schaan
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Amar Patil
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Sarmila Dasgupta
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shannon Mann
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Renee R Anderson
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Brittany D Cronk
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Missy Aprea
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | - Dubra Diaz Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Joany Van Balen Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Akhilesh Ramanchandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Scott Talent
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- PA Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, United States
| | | | - Donna Kelly
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Denise Barnhart
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Lacey Hall
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Shelley Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Jaclyn Dietrich
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Stephen Cole
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Joy Scaria
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Linto Antony
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Christine McCoy
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | - Kelly Dietz
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | | | - Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
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7
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Doyle AJ, Saab ME, Lewis KM, McClure JT. Comparison of chlorhexidine and alcohol-based antisepsis of the distal limbs of horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1234-1238. [PMID: 33382152 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alcohol-based rub has been confirmed effective at reducing bacterial counts on equine skin. Skin sites with expected high bacterial burden have not been tested or has a comparison to a common protocol been performed. OBJECTIVES To determine if ethanol-based antisepsis reduces bacterial counts on the equine distal limb comparable to a current chlorhexidine scrub method and determine the most effective application technique for the product. STUDY DESIGN Randomised trial. METHODS Forty-one horses were used in the study. By horse, each limb was randomly assigned to a treatment group: 5min scrub using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate to a clipped site (CHG); 90s scrub using 80% ethanol to a clipped site (ETC); 90s contact with 80% ethanol applied as a spray to a clipped site (ETS) and 90s scrub using 80% ethanol to an unclipped site (ETUC). Samples were collected pre- and post-treatment and plated in duplicate. Bacterial counts were log10 transformed and averaged between duplicates. A linear mixed model was used to compare mean log10 CFU/mL reduction between groups. A cost-benefit analysis was performed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in mean log10 CFU/mL reduction between CHG and ETC in either fore- or hindlimbs. In forelimbs, there was no significant difference in mean log10 CFU/mL reduction between any groups. In hindlimbs, CHG had significantly greater mean log10 CFU/mL reduction than ETUC and ETS. No significant difference in cost-benefit was found between CHG and ETC. Significant differences were noted between CHG and both ETUC and ETS. MAIN LIMITATIONS Researchers were not blinded to treatment group during sample collection. CONCLUSIONS This study showed no significant difference in reduction in bacterial counts on the distal limb of horses between CHG and ethonol (ET) when applied as a scrub to a clipped site and there was no significant difference in cost-benefit between these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimie J Doyle
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Krystina M Lewis
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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8
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Awosile B, Eisnor J, Saab ME, Heider L, McClure JT. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat products from the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:537-547. [PMID: 33242259 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) in Escherichia coli isolates. The isolates were collected from retail meat products collected in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Our analyses involved the use of both selective and traditional culture methods; we also conducted genotype analyses using multiplex polymerase chain reactions. ESC-resistant (ESC-R) E. coli were detected in 33 of 559 samples (5.9%) using the traditional culture method, compared with 151 of 557 samples (27.1%) using the selective culture method. We recovered more isolates of ESC-R E. coli from poultry compared with beef and pork (P < 0.001). Multidrug resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and AmpC phenotypes were more common in chicken-derived isolates than other retail meat products (P < 0.001). From the 98 isolates examined, 76 isolates (77.6%) were positive for either ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases or both. Among the 76 isolates, blaCMY-2 (78.9%), blaCTXM (46.1%), blaTEM (21.1%), and blaSHV (1.3%) genes were detected. Among the blaCTXM-producing isolates, blaCTXM-1, blaCTXM-2, and blaCTXM-9 phylogenetic groups were detected. β-lactamase genes were more commonly detected in chicken-derived isolates compared with other meat types (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates the occurrence of ESBL- and AmpC-resistance genes in retail meat products in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. We found that selective culture significantly improved the recovery of ESC-R E. coli isolates from retail meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jessica Eisnor
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J T McClure
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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9
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Gottschalk M, Lacouture S, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Boa A, Saab ME, Okura M. Canada: Isolation of Streptococcus ruminantium ( Streptococcus suis-like) from diseased ruminants in Canada. Can Vet J 2020; 61:473-475. [PMID: 32355345 PMCID: PMC7155883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Anaïs Boa
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Gottschalk, Lacouture, Fecteau, Desrochers, Boa), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 (Saab); National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (Okura)
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10
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Awosile B, Reyes-Velez J, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Rodríguez-Lecompte JC, Saab ME, Heider LC, Keefe G, Sánchez J, McClure JT. Short communication: Whole-genome sequence analysis of 4 fecal bla CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:877-883. [PMID: 31733866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mobile genetic elements of 4 fecal blaCMY-2-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Holstein dairy calves on the same farm using whole-genome sequencing. Genomic analysis revealed that 3 of the 4 isolates shared similar genetic features, including sequence type (ST), serotype, plasmid characteristics, insertion ST, and virulence genes. In addition to genes encoding for complex multidrug resistance efflux systems, all 4 isolates were carriers of genes conferring resistance to β-lactams (blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1B), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetD), aminoglycosides [aadA1, aph(3")-lb, aph(6)-ld], sulfonamides (sul2), and trimethoprim (dfrA1). We also detected 4 incompatibility plasmid groups: Inc.F, Inc.N, Inc.I, and Inc.Q. A novel ST showing a new purA and mdh allelic combination was found. The 4 isolates were likely enterotoxigenic pathotypes of E. coli, based on serotype and presence of the plasmid Inc.FII(pCoo). This study provides information for comparative genomic analysis of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements. This analysis could give some explanation to the multidrug resistance characteristics of bacteria colonizing the intestinal tract of dairy calves in the first few weeks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | - Julian Reyes-Velez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3; Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3; Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Javier Sánchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada C1A 4P3
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11
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Doyle AJ, Saab ME, Lewis K, McClure JT. Equine Skin Antisepsis Using an Alcohol-Based Rub. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:61-63. [PMID: 31443836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-based antisepsis has been extensively studied in human health care, but only little information is available regarding efficacy and tolerance in other species. The purpose of this study was to determine if an alcohol-based antiseptic is effective at reducing bacterial counts on equine skin and the appropriate contact time to do so, without causing any adverse skin reactions. Samples were collected before and after preparation from clipped sites over both jugular veins of horses and were plated on 3M Petrifilm Aerobic Count Plates in duplicate. Trial 1 tested an alcohol-based product (ET-80% ethanol) against a control of sterile saline at a contact time of 180-second. Trial 2 tested two different contact times of ET-90 and 180 seconds. All samples were assessed for colony-forming unit counts using an automated 3M Petrifilm reader. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, and the significance was set at P < .05. The results determined that ET had a mean 2.95 log10 reduction from prepreparation to postpreparation colony-forming unit counts. A significant difference in log reduction between ET and control (P = .0033) was observed. There was no difference in log10 reduction between the two contact times (P = .75). Mild urticaria was the only skin reaction observed and was often present in both ET and control groups. These findings demonstrate that ET is effective at reducing bacterial counts on equine skin at a contact time of 90 seconds without producing significant adverse skin reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimie J Doyle
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada.
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada
| | - Krystina Lewis
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada
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12
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Awosile BB, Heider LC, Saab ME, McClure JT. Antimicrobial resistance in mastitis, respiratory and enteric bacteria isolated from ruminant animals from the Atlantic Provinces of Canada from 1994-2013. Can Vet J 2018; 59:1099-1104. [PMID: 30510316 PMCID: PMC6135275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic laboratory antimicrobial susceptibility data for bacteria isolated from clinical samples of cattle, sheep, and goats from 1994 to 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Among bacteria from bovine mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis were the most commonly isolated organisms. Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni were commonly isolated from the respiratory tract, while Escherichia coli isolates were frequently recovered from the intestinal tract. Isolates from mastitis were generally highly susceptible to the antimicrobials tested, except neomycin and oxytetracycline. Respiratory tract isolates were highly susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillin, florfenicol, and ceftiofur, while enteric bacteria were frequently susceptible to ceftiofur. Antimicrobial resistance trends over the study period were generally stable for small ruminant and cattle isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more common among respiratory isolates from small ruminants compared to those from cattle but more common in enteric bacteria from cattle compared to those from small ruminants. This information may guide clinicians when they are choosing empirical therapies for the treatment of ruminant animals in Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela B Awosile
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
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13
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Awosile BB, Heider LC, Saab ME, McClure JT. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from horses from the Atlantic Provinces, Canada (1994 to 2013). Can Vet J 2018; 59:951-957. [PMID: 30197437 PMCID: PMC6091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and trends for selected bacteria isolated from horses using diagnostic data from the Atlantic Veterinary College Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island over a 20-year period. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli were the most commonly isolated bacteria over the study period. Clinical samples were most frequently submitted from respiratory and reproductive systems. Most bacterial isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur. Resistance was most common in Gram-negative enteric bacteria, while streptococci were frequently susceptible to most of the antimicrobials tested including penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The antimicrobial resistance trends over the study period were relatively stable. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 9% of the bacterial isolates. Information provided in this study could be used to help guide rational, empirical antimicrobial treatment selection in equine practices in Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela B Awosile
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, Heider, Saab, McClure), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
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14
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Awosile BB, McClure JT, Saab ME, Heider LC. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs from the Atlantic Provinces, Canada from 1994-2013. Can Vet J 2018; 59:885-893. [PMID: 30104781 PMCID: PMC6049328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and trends in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs were determined from diagnostic laboratory data from the Atlantic Veterinary College Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory over a 20-year period. Clinical samples were most commonly from the urinary tract and the ear. Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were the bacteria that were most frequently isolated. Increases in percentage resistant were seen with E. coli to cephalexin (57% to 61%), Pasteurella spp. to erythromycin (35% to 53%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31% to 39%), and Streptococcus spp. (46% to 53%) to enrofloxacin. The frequency of resistance did not change significantly over the study period; however, increased enrofloxacin resistance was identified for canine isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Multidrug resistance was observed in 12% and 9% of the isolates from dogs and cats, respectively. Data from this study could be used to guide empirical antimicrobial selection in companion animal veterinary practices in Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela B Awosile
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, McClure, Saab, Heider), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, McClure, Saab, Heider), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, McClure, Saab, Heider), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management (Awosile, McClure, Saab, Heider), Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
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15
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Awosile B, German G, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Saab ME, Heider LC, McClure JT. Determination of antimicrobial resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporin, quinolones, and vancomycin in selected human enteric pathogens from Prince Edward Island, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:473-482. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and quinolones in humans on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Convenience fecal samples from individuals on Prince Edward Island were screened phenotypically using selective culture and genotypically using multiplex polymerase chain reactions to detect E. coli and Enterococcus spp. resistant to critically important antimicrobials. Twenty-six (5.3%) of 489 individuals had E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESCs. Twenty-five (96.2%) of the 26 isolates harbored blaTEM, 18 (69.2%) harbored blaCMY-2, 16 (61.5%) harbored blaCTX-M groups, 2 (7.7%) harbored blaSHV genes. None of the ESC-resistant E. coli was positive for carbapenem resistance. Twenty-one (8.3%) of 253 individuals had E. coli isolates with reduced quinolone susceptibility. All 21 isolates were positive for at least 1 qnr gene, with 3 (14.3%) isolates positive for qnrB, 5 (23.8%) positive for qnrS, and 13 (61.9%) positive for both qnrB and qnrS genes. All the enterococci isolates were vancomycin-susceptible. Higher susceptibility to the critically important antimicrobials was found in this study. This study can serve as a baseline for future antimicrobial resistance surveillance within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Gregory German
- Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Charlottetown, 60 Riverside Drive, Charlottetown, PE C1A 8T5, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Saab
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke C. Heider
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J. Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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Saab ME, Muckle CA, Stryhn H, McClure JT. Comparison of culture methodology for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in clinical specimens collected from dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:93-98. [PMID: 29020886 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717729396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a major pathogen in dogs and has been implicated as a hospital-acquired pathogen in veterinary hospitals. We attempted to determine if selective culture methods will detect more MRSP when compared to the traditional culture methods in clinical samples from dogs in Atlantic Canada with a high risk for MRSP infection. Each sample was tested using 4 culture methods: traditional culture; mannitol salt agar with 2 μg/mL of oxacillin (MSAox); enrichment broth (EB) with MSAox; and EB with traditional culture. Detection of penicillin-binding protein 2', via latex agglutination, was used as a confirmatory test for oxacillin resistance. We analyzed 741 samples from 556 dogs between February 2013 and April 2014. The prevalence of MRSP in samples detected by any method was estimated at 13.4% (95% CI: 11.1-16.0%). When the prevalence of MRSP was determined according to culture method, EB with MSAox detected the highest prevalence (11.2% [9.1-13.7%]), followed by EB with traditional (10.8% [8.8-13.2%]), traditional (10.1% [8.1-12.5%]), and MSAox (8.9% [7.1-11.2%]). The prevalence using the traditional culture method did not differ significantly from any of the 3 selective culture methods. Culture with MSAox detected significantly fewer MRSP than either of the EB methods. The addition of EB to current methodology is recommended, particularly for patients considered at high risk for MRSP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Saab
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - C Anne Muckle
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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17
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Saab ME, Weese JS, McClure J. Direct repeat unit (dru) typing and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs in Atlantic Canada. Can J Vet Res 2017; 81:192-198. [PMID: 28725109 PMCID: PMC5508386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are few reports investigating the characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in dogs in Canada and none from Atlantic Canada. The objectives of this study were to strain type MRSP isolates cultured at a regional diagnostic laboratory using direct repeat unit (dru) typing and to describe their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Ninety-four isolates recovered from dogs between 2010 and 2012 had dru typing, cluster analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing done. The majority of isolates belonged to type dt11a (30.9%), dt10h (24.5%), dt9a (18.1%), and dt11af (10.6%) with the remaining 15.9% of isolates distributed among 13 dru types. The predominant dru types identified were similar in Ontario; however, cluster 9a appears to be less common in Atlantic Canada. A significant difference in the distribution of clusters among Atlantic provinces was detected (P = 0.01). Resistance to ≥ 2 non-β-lactam antimicrobials was observed in 71.4% of the isolates. The MRSP isolates from this study were notably less resistant than those reported in the literature. A more comprehensive study of the MRSP dru types could help further elucidate the distribution of this pathogen in Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new method for automatic seizure detection and onset warning is proposed. The system is based on determining the seizure probability of a section of EEG. Operation features a user-tuneable threshold to exploit the trade-off between sensitivity and detection delay and an acceptable false detection rate. METHODS The system was designed using 652 h of scalp EEG, including 126 seizures in 28 patients. Wavelet decomposition, feature extraction and data segmentation were employed to compute the a priori probabilities required for the Bayesian formulation used in training, testing and operation. RESULTS Results based on the analysis of separate testing data (360 h of scalp EEG, including 69 seizures in 16 patients) initially show a sensitivity of 77.9%, a false detection rate of 0.86/h and a median detection delay of 9.8 s. Results after use of the tuning mechanism show a sensitivity of 76.0%, a false detection rate of 0.34/h and a median detection delay of 10 s. Missed seizures are characterized mainly by subtle or focal activity, mixed frequencies, short duration or some combination of these traits. False detections are mainly caused by short bursts of rhythmic activity, rapid eye blinking and EMG artifact caused by chewing. Evaluation of the traditional seizure detection method of using both data sets shows a sensitivity of 50.1%, a false detection rate of 0.5/h and a median detection delay of 14.3 s. CONCLUSIONS The system performed well enough to be considered for use within a clinical setting. In patients having an unacceptable level of false detection, the tuning mechanism provided an important reduction in false detections with minimal loss of detection sensitivity and detection delay. SIGNIFICANCE During prolonged EEG monitoring of epileptic patients, the continuous recording may be marked where seizures are likely to have taken place. Several methods of automatic seizure detection exist, but few can operate as an on-line seizure alert system. We propose a seizure detection system that can alert medical staff to the onset of a seizure and hence improve clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Saab
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 2B4
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