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Sultana R, Cordeiro RP, Timsit E, McAllister TA, Alexander TW. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis from the upper and lower respiratory tracts of healthy feedlot cattle and those diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109838. [PMID: 37690145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important respiratory pathogen of cattle. In this study, the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of M. bovis were evaluated from two Cohorts of feedlot cattle spanning an 8-year period. In the first study conducted in 2008-2009, nasopharyngeal swabs from cattle sampled at feedlot entry and after 60 days on feed were collected (Cohort 1). In a second study conducted in 2015-2016, nasopharyngeal and trans-tracheal samples were collected from cattle diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and matching healthy controls (Cohort 2). For Cohort 1, the prevalence of M. bovis was lower in cattle at entry compared to when the same individuals were sampled ≥60 days later (P < 0.05). For Cohort 2, the prevalence of M. bovis was greater in both nasopharyngeal and tracheal samples from cattle diagnosed with BRD, compared to controls (P < 0.05). In both Cohorts, almost all isolates were resistant to tilmicosin. Compared to M. bovis from Cohort 1, isolates of Cohort 2 exhibited increased resistance to clindamycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tylosin, and tulathromycin, with the latter showing resistance levels >90 %. These data suggest that antimicrobials used to prevent and treat BRD selected for resistance in M. bovis over the 8-year period. For macrolides, cross-resistance occurred and M. bovis can retain resistance even when antimicrobial selection pressure is removed. Within 9 years of commercial availability of tulathromycin, the majority of M. bovis displayed resistance. Therefore, longitudinal evaluation of resistance in respiratory pathogens is important to ensure efficacious treatment of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roniele P Cordeiro
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Department of Pharma Innovation, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Semmate N, Elkharat Z, Bamouh Z, Touzani CD, Fellahi S, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. Pathogenicity and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma bovis isolate from calves in Morocco. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2477-2484. [PMID: 37452236 PMCID: PMC10484885 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) represents a major health problem for cattle worldwide that causes considerable financial losses. This study reports for the first time the molecular and pathogenic characterization of a strain of M. bovis isolated from a dead local calf with respiratory symptoms in Morocco. M. bovis was isolated from lung tissue, purified by cloning, and subtyped using MLST analysis. Experimental infection was conducted in naïve calves to evaluate pathogenicity. The isolate was identified as a new subtype ST-204 that shares similarities with the 2019-2021 Spanish strains (ST-169, ST-170, ST-171) and the 2018 Algeria isolate (ST-4). Experimental infection resulted in fever and respiratory symptoms with serous nasal discharge. At postmortem, lung lesions of congestion and hepatization were observed with lymph node enlargement and foci of necrosis. The study confirms the high pathogenicity of the isolate and the important role of M. bovis in bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Zouhair Elkharat
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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3
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Jaramillo D, Foxwell J, Burrows L, Snell A. Mycoplasma bovis testing for the screening of semen imported into New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36866578 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the fitness of three PCR assays for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in dilute (extended) bovine semen, and a reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) adaptation as a proxy for viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four commercial kit-based methods for nucleic acid extraction were compared to test for the presence of PCR inhibitors in nucleic acid extracted from undiluted and diluted semen. Then, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, and diagnostic specificity of two real-time PCR and one conventional PCR were evaluated for the detection of M. bovis DNA in semen and compared against microbial culture. Furthermore, an RT-PCR was adapted to detect RNA only and tested on viable and non-viable M. bovis to establish its ability to discriminate between the two. RESULTS No significant PCR inhibition was detected from the dilute semen. All DNA extraction methods except one were equivalent, regardless of semen dilution. The analytical sensitivity of the real-time PCR assays was estimated as 45.6 cfu per 200 µL semen straw (2.2 × 102 cfu/mL). The conventional PCR was 10 times less sensitive. No cross-reactivity was observed for the real-time PCR for any of the bacteria tested and the diagnostic specificity was estimated as 100 (95% CI = 94.04-100) %. The RT-PCR was poor in distinguishing between viable and non-viable M. bovis. The mean quantification cycle (Cq) values for RNA extracted from different treatments to kill M. bovis remained unchanged 0-48 hours after inactivation. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The real-time PCR were fit for the purpose of screening dilute semen for the detection of M. bovis to prevent incursion via importation of infected semen. The real-time PCR assays can be used interchangeably. The RT-PCR could not reliably indicate the viability of M. bovis. Based on the results from this study, a protocol and guidelines have been produced for laboratories elsewhere that wish to test bovine semen for M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - J Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - L Burrows
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - A Snell
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
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4
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Briggs RE, Billing SR, Boatwright WD, Chriswell BO, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Palmer MV, Register KB, Tatum FM. Protection against Mycoplasma bovis infection in calves following intranasal vaccination with modified-live Mannheimia haemolytica expressing Mycoplasma antigens. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105159. [PMID: 34454023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel live vaccine strains of Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes (St)1 and St6, expressing and secreting inactive yet immunogenic leukotoxin (leukotoxoid) fused to antigenic domains of Mycoplasma bovis Elongation Factor Tu (EFTu) and Heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 were constructed and tested for efficacy in cattle. Control calves were administered an intranasal mixture of M. haemolytica St1 and St6 mutants (ΔlktCAV4) expressing and secreting leukotoxoid while vaccinated calves were administered an intranasal mixture of like M. haemolytica St1 and St6 leukotoxoid mutants coupled to M. bovis antigens (EFTu-Hsp70-ΔlktCAV4). Both M. haemolytica strains were recovered from palatine tonsils up to 34 days post intranasal exposure. On day 35 all calves were exposed to bovine herpes virus-1, four days later lung challenged with virulent M. bovis, then euthanized up to 20 days post-challenge. Results showed all cattle produced systemic antibody responses against M. haemolytica. The vaccinates also produced systemic antibody responses to M. bovis antigen, and concurrent reductions in temperatures, middle ear infections, joint infection and lung lesions versus the control group. Notably, dramatically decreased lung loads of M. bovis were detected in the vaccinated cattle. These observations indicate that the attenuated M. haemolytica vaccine strains expressing Mycoplasma antigens can control M. bovis infection and disease symptoms in a controlled setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Briggs
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sheila R Billing
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William D Boatwright
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bradley O Chriswell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen B Register
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fred M Tatum
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA.
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Chauhan K, Aly SS, Lehenbauer TW, Tonooka KH, Glenn K, Rossitto P, Marco ML. Development of a multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma species, and Acholeplasma laidlawii in milk. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11881. [PMID: 34447623 PMCID: PMC8364749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis and other Mycoplasma species including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, and Mycoplasma canadense is an economical obstacle affecting many dairy herds throughout California and elsewhere. Routine bacteriological culture-based assays for the pathogens are slow and subject to false-positive results due to the presence of the related, non-pathogenic species Acholeplasma laidlawii. To address the need for rapid and accurate detection methods, a new TaqMan multiplex, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed that targets the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma, rpoB gene of M. bovis, and the 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of A. laidlawii. qPCR amplification efficiency and range of detection were similar for individual assays in multiplex as when performed separately. The multiplex assay was able to distinguish between M. bovis and A. laidlawii as well as detect Mycoplasma spp. collectively, including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma alkalescens. In milk, the lower limit of detection of M. bovis, M. californicum, and A. laidlawii with the multiplex assay was between 120 to 250 colony forming units (CFU) per mL. The assay was also able to simultaneously detect both M. bovis and A. laidlawii in milk when present in moderate (103 to 104 CFU/mL) to high (106 to 107 CFU/mL) quantities. Compared to laboratory culture-based methods, the multiplex qPCR diagnostic specificity (Sp) was 100% (95% CI [86.8-100]; n = 26) and diagnostic sensitivity (Se) was 92.3% (95% CI [74.9-99.1]; n = 26) for Mycoplasma species in milk samples collected from California dairy farms. Similarly, the Sp was 100% (95% CI [90.5-100]; n = 37) and Se was 93.3% (95% CI [68.1-99.8]; n = 15) for M. bovis. Our assay can detect and distinguish among M. bovis, other prevalent Mycoplasma spp., and non-pathogenic Acholeplasma laidlawii for effective identification and control of mycoplasma mastitis, ultimately supporting dairy cattle health and high-quality dairy products in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Chauhan
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen H. Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Kathy Glenn
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Paul Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in the Respiratory Tract of Healthy North American Bison (Bison bison) and Comparison with Serum Antibody Status. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:683-688. [PMID: 33984143 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a primary cause of respiratory and reproductive diseases in North American bison (Bison bison), with significant morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology of M. bovis in bison is poorly understood, hindering efforts to develop effective control measures. Our study considered whether healthy bison might be carriers of M. bovis, potentially serving as unrecognized sources of exposure. We used culture and PCR to identify mycoplasmas in the nasal cavity or tonsil of 499 healthy bison from 13 herds and two abattoirs in the US and Canada. Mycobacterium bovis was detected in 15 bison (3.0%) representing two herds in the US and one in Canada, while M. bovirhinis, M. bovoculi, M. arginini, or M. dispar was identified from an additional 155 bison (31.1%). Mycoplasma bovirhinis was identified most frequently, in 142 bison (28.5%) representing at least 10 herds. Of the 381 bison for which serum was available, only 6/13 positive for M. bovis (46.2%) tested positively with an M. bovis ELISA, as did 19/368 negative for M. bovis (5.2%). Our data reveal that M. bovis can be carried in the upper respiratory tract of healthy bison with no prior history or clinical signs of mycoplasmosis and that a large proportion of carriers may not produce detectable antibodies. Whether carriage of other mycoplasmas can trigger cross-reactive antibodies that may confound M. bovis serology requires further study.
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7
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McDaniel AJ, Derscheid RJ. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and high-resolution melting PCR for the identification of Mycoplasma bovis isolates. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:170. [PMID: 33865378 PMCID: PMC8052663 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle worldwide. Many different clinical manifestations of infection can occur, including respiratory disease, arthritis, and mastitis, causing heavy losses to beef and dairy industries. Because Mycoplasma species are slow-growing and fastidious, traditional identification methods are not cost- or time-effective, and improved methods are sought to streamline laboratory processes. High-resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) are 2 relatively recent tools that are rapid and inexpensive to use; we tested 9 isolates of M. bovis using both assays. The HRM-PCR assay used universal mycoplasma primers for the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (IGSR). RESULTS The resulting melting profiles of the field isolates were indistinguishable from the reference strain, indicating accurate identification. For the MALDI-TOF MS, each M. bovis isolate was accurately identified. Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma alkalescens isolates did not identify as M. bovis when tested by either assay. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that either assay could be used to identify unknown M. bovis isolates. For future work, the MALDI-TOF MS library should be expanded to include more mycoplasmas, and the HRM-PCR assay should be tested on additional mycoplasmas to ensure that the melting profiles are sufficiently distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric J McDaniel
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine (McDaniel) and Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Derscheid), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine (McDaniel) and Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Derscheid), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Li R, Wang J, Sun X, Liu L, Wang J, Yuan W. Direct and Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Bovine Milk Samples by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assays. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639083. [PMID: 33718285 PMCID: PMC7946833 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detetct Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) in bovine milk quickly and directly by developing and validating isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays. Targeting the uvrC gene of M. bovis, an RPA assay based on the fluorescence monitoring (real-time RPA) and an RPA assay combined with a lateral flow strip (LFS RPA) were conducted. It took 20 min for the real-time RPA to finish in a Genie III at 39°C, and 15 min were required to perform the LFS RPA in an incubator block at 39°C, followed by the visualization of the products on the lateral flow strip within 5 min. Both of the two assays showed high specificity for M. bovis without any cross-reaction with the other tested pathogens. With the standard recombinant plasmid pMbovis-uvrC serving as a template, both RPA assays had a limit of detcion of 1.0 × 101 copies per reaction, equivalent to that of a real-time PCR assay. In the 65 milk samples collected from cattle with mastitis, the M. bovis genomic DNA was detected in 24 samples by both the real-time RPA and the LFS RPA assays. The developed RPA assays could detect M. bovis in bovine milk in an efficient, convenient, and credible manner as attractive and promising tools, and the assays would be helpful in the rapid response to M. bovis infection causing bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Abstract
Control of distribution of mycoplasmal infections in cattle herds is essential in the majority of countries world-wide. Various PCR procedures are available to detect mycoplasmas in cell cultures and bovine mycoplasma in different types of samples. We reviewed some common PCR techniques and specific primers targeted to different bacterial genetic regions of mycoplasma. Several researchers used the same PCR approach and Mycoplasma spp. as a target but their results could not be compared because different primer pairs were used. These methods and primers were first developed to identify mycoplasma species that contaminate animal cell cultures, and then were used by other researchers to differentiate mycoplasmas as a cow infecting agent. Our analysis of the specificity of these primer pairs to nucleotide sequences of five Mycoplasma spp. showed that oligonucleotides have less specificity to them. Numerous commercially available PCR kits are applicable to find mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and fewer of them can be used in veterinary diagnostics. Although serological and culture techniques are still used, it is necessary to develop a new multiplex PCR technique with a more specific primer set especially in agrarian countries.
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10
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Complete Genome Sequences of 16 Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Canadian Bison and Cattle. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/23/e00325-20. [PMID: 32499343 PMCID: PMC7272552 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00325-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 12 Mycoplasma bovis isolates cultured from Canadian bison and 4 cultured from Canadian cattle. The sequences are of value for understanding the phylogenetic relationship between cattle and bison isolates and will aid in elucidating the genetic basis for virulence and host specificity. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 12 Mycoplasma bovis isolates cultured from Canadian bison and 4 cultured from Canadian cattle. The sequences are of value for understanding the phylogenetic relationship between cattle and bison isolates and will aid in elucidating the genetic basis for virulence and host specificity.
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11
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Hazelton MS, Morton JM, Parker AM, Sheehy PA, Bosward KL, Malmo J, House JK. Whole dairy herd sampling to detect subclinical intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infection after clinical mastitis outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108662. [PMID: 32402350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After clinical Mycoplasma bovis mastitis outbreaks in dairy herds, M. bovis can persist as subclinical intramammary infections. Identification and culling of sub-clinically infected cows may be warranted to reduce future pathogen transmission and disease. In this study, apparent cow-level prevalences of M. bovis intramammary infection within 4 milking herds immediately following outbreaks of clinical disease due to M. bovis were determined utilising PCR and culture. All clinically affected M. bovis cows had been culled from the herds prior to herd sampling. Composite milk samples were collected once from each cow (n = 2,258) using a routine milk recording sampling technique. These samples were pooled for PCR screening; positive pools were analysed in different sized pools as needed from large to small, until individual PCR-positive animals could be identified. Despite M. bovis seroprevalences of 76% (herd 1), 40% (herd 2), 20% (herd 3) and 16% (herd 4), apparent prevalences of intramammary infection in the main milking group based on PCR in herds 1 to 4 were 0.2% (1/497), 0.0% (0/475), 0.1% (1/816) and 0.0% (0/444), respectively. Due to the low apparent prevalences of subclinical intramammary mycoplasma infections in these herds and the high expense associated with milk sample collection and testing, the return on diagnostic investment was very limited, particularly considering that additional cows are likely to have been colonised with mycoplasma in other anatomical sites. The results of this study suggest that pursuing identification of cows with subclinical intramammary mycoplasma infections following resolution of clinical M. bovis disease outbreaks in dairy herds may be of minimal benefit in programs designed to control or eradicate M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - J M Morton
- Jemora Pty Ltd, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - A M Parker
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - P A Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - K L Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - J Malmo
- Maffra Veterinary Centre, Victoria 3860, Australia
| | - J K House
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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12
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Salina A, Timenetsky J, Barbosa MS, Azevedo CM, Langoni H. Microbiological and molecular detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The genus Mycoplasma includes more than 200 bacterial species that cause disease in animals. It is responsible for causing mastitis in bovines and may be related to other manifestations, such as arthritis and pneumonia in calves and heifers. The present study aimed to detect Mycoplasma bovis isolated from milk samples of bovine clinical mastitis, and to compare the isolation rates in two culture media: Hayflick and SP4. An initial screening was performed in order to detect the presence of the class Mollicutes in 1166 milk samples from clinical mastitis by the conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. According to the 1166 milk samples evaluated, 8.6% (100/1166) were positive to class Mollicutes. Regarding molecular analyses, 1.1% (13/1166) of conventional PCR for positive M. bovis was obtained and 0.9% (11/1166) in real-time PCR. The results of the microbiological culture of the 100 samples previously screened demonstrated that 6% (6/100) of colony growth have been developed when using the Hayflick medium, and 11% (11/100) when using the SP4 medium (including the positive on Hayflick medium). Concerning the 11 isolates obtained in the microbiological culture, conventional PCR confirmed M. bovis in nine of them, and two cultures were negative. In the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates, all of them were grouped in M. bovis and M. agalactiae clusters. The results confirmed the importance of the presence of M. bovis in the etiology of bovine clinical mastitis and reinforced the need for further studies to elucidate other Mycoplasma species that may be involved in bovine clinical mastitis in Brazil.
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Andrés-Lasheras S, Zaheer R, Ha R, Lee C, Jelinski M, McAllister TA. A direct qPCR screening approach to improve the efficiency of Mycoplasma bovis isolation in the frame of a broad surveillance study. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 169:105805. [PMID: 31837972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Culturing Mycoplasma bovis is laborious and unpredictable with most laboratories relying on molecular methods for its detection and identification. However, bacterial culture is still necessary to relate phenotypic characteristics to genotypic traits within and between individual strains. Thus, the main objective of this study was to develop a procedure that saved time and consumables during the culturing of M. bovis within the scope of a broad antimicrobial resistance surveillance project. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs (DNPS) collected from feedlot cattle upon arrival at 10 Southern Alberta feedlots were enriched in broth and an aliquot of the culture was directly used in a M. bovis-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Only qPCR-positive cultures were plated onto agar media for the isolation of M. bovis. The detection of M. bovis from broth culture by direct-culture-qPCR proved to be more sensitive (1.61 × 102 CFU/mL) than using a commercial kit (1.61 × 103 CFU/mL) to extract DNA from pure cultures of M. bovis. When isolation of M. bovis from broth-enriched DNPS (n = 208 samples) was used as the gold standard for diagnostics, the qPCR screening approach showed 100% sensitivity, 87.27% specificity, and a kappa index = 0.87 (strong agreement). In contrast, qPCR of DNPS samples (n = 58) exhibited 100% sensitivity, 42.86% specificity, and a kappa index = 0.49 (weak agreement). The qPCR protocol described here together with a high throughput direct-culture-qPCR approach for sample testing made it possible to reduce the labor and cost of M. bovis isolation by eliminating the need to process 97.3% of M. bovis-negative samples. This was possible through the use of qPCR Ct values as a predictive tool of the likelihood of M. bovis isolation. This new procedure could be evaluated for its use in antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs that focus on Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Lasheras
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Reuben Ha
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Catrione Lee
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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14
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Zhang M, Hill JE, Godson DL, Ngeleka M, Fernando C, Huang Y. The pulmonary virome, bacteriological and histopathological findings in bovine respiratory disease from western Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:924-934. [PMID: 31715071 PMCID: PMC7168541 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology and pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are complex and involve the interplay of infectious agents, management and environmental factors. Previous studies of BRD focused on ante‐mortem samples from the upper respiratory tract and identified several unconventional viruses. The lung, however, is the primary location where significant BRD lesions are usually found and is a common post‐mortem diagnostic specimen. In this study, results of high‐throughput virome sequencing, bacterial culture, targeted real‐time PCR and histological examination of 130 bovine pneumonic lungs from western Canadian cattle were combined to explore associations of microorganisms with different types of pneumonia. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (FBP) was the predominant type of pneumonia (46.2%, 60/130) and was associated with the detection of Mannheimia haemolytica. Detection of Histophilus somni and Pasteurella multocida was associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia (SBP) and concurrent bronchopneumonia and bronchointerstitial pneumonia (BP&BIP), respectively. Sixteen viruses were identified, of which bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) was the most prevalent (11.5%, 15/130) followed by ungulate tetraparvovirus 1 (UTPV1, 8.5%, 11/130) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV, 8.5%, 11/130). None of these viruses, however, were significantly associated with a particular type of pneumonia. Unconventional viruses such as influenza D virus (IDV) and bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) were detected, although sparsely, consistent with our previous findings in upper respiratory tract samples. Taken together, our results show that while virus detection in post‐mortem lung samples is of relatively little diagnostic value, the strong associations of H. somni and M. haemolytica with SBP and FBP, respectively, indicate that histopathology can be useful in differentiating bacterial aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dale L Godson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Musangu Ngeleka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Champika Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yanyun Huang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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15
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Mehinagic K, Pilo P, Vidondo B, Stokar-Regenscheit N. Coinfection of Swiss cattle with bovine parainfluenza virus 3 and Mycoplasma bovis at acute and chronic stages of bovine respiratory disease complex. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:674-680. [PMID: 31246162 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719861686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral agents such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) are considered primary infectious agents in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Information regarding the pathogenesis of BRDC is scarce, especially at an advanced chronicity stage, in addition to ongoing coinfection with other primary agents such as Mycoplasma bovis. Based on a retrospective review of histology slides from 104 autopsy cases, we classified cases according to type of pneumonia and chronicity. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRSV, BPIV-3, and M. bovis as well as real-time PCR (rtPCR) for M. bovis on lung tissue of all 104 cases and correlated results with the morphologic type of pneumonia. Histomorphologically, 79 cases were classified as bronchopneumonia, 16 as bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and 9 as interstitial pneumonia. In 89 cases, at least 1 of the investigated agents was detected by IHC; 44 of these cases had a coinfection. BPIV-3 was the predominant agent present, as a single infection in 39 cases, and in coinfection with M. bovis in 39 cases. Comparing the detection methods for M. bovis, rtPCR was more specific and sensitive than IHC. The combination of both methods provided a good visual tool for assessing severity and distribution of M. bovis antigen within the tissue. Unlike BRSV, BPIV-3 and M. bovis persisted in chronic BRDC, suggesting ongoing impairment of defense mechanisms in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Mehinagic
- Institute of Animal Pathology (Mehinagic, Stokar-Regenscheit), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (Pilo), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Veterinary Public Health Institute (Vidondo), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Institute of Animal Pathology (Mehinagic, Stokar-Regenscheit), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (Pilo), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Veterinary Public Health Institute (Vidondo), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Institute of Animal Pathology (Mehinagic, Stokar-Regenscheit), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (Pilo), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Veterinary Public Health Institute (Vidondo), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Stokar-Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology (Mehinagic, Stokar-Regenscheit), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (Pilo), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology.,Veterinary Public Health Institute (Vidondo), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Bokma J, Pardon B, Van Driessche L, Gille L, Deprez P, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Optimizing identification of Mycoplasma bovis by MALDI-TOF MS. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:185-188. [PMID: 31252368 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate identification of Mycoplasma bovis in cattle samples is of great importance for rational treatment and control of pneumonia, arthritis and mastitis. However, which growth conditions will allow the fastest identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS remains unclear. Therefore, growth conditions and incubation time were investigated to optimize identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS and an in-house library was constructed. Nine different M. bovis strains were inoculated in triplicate in three liquid media (B1-3). Basic broth (B1) consisted of pleuropneumonia-like organism broth, enriched with 25% horse serum and 0.7% yeast extract. B2 and B3 were additionally supplemented with 0.5% pyruvate or 520 μg/mL ampicillin, respectively. Protein extraction was performed after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2) and processed with Autoflex III smartbeam. Identification scores ≥1.7 were interpreted as reliable. The present study showed reliable identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS as early as 24 h after inoculation, and in broth supplemented with pyruvate, up to 120 h after inoculation. Serial dilutions showed improved survival of M. bovis in broth with pyruvate. The addition of ampicillin to prevent contamination, did not impair identification of M. bovis and state-of-the-art in-house libraries contributed to higher identification scores for M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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17
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Wisselink HJ, Smid B, Plater J, Ridley A, Andersson AM, Aspán A, Pohjanvirta T, Vähänikkilä N, Larsen H, Høgberg J, Colin A, Tardy F. A European interlaboratory trial to evaluate the performance of different PCR methods for Mycoplasma bovis diagnosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:86. [PMID: 30866933 PMCID: PMC6417145 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several species-specific PCR assays, based on a variety of target genes are currently used in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle herds with respiratory diseases and/or mastitis. With this diversity of methods, and the development of new methods and formats, regular performance comparisons are required to ascertain diagnostic quality. The present study compares PCR methods that are currently used in six national veterinary institutes across Europe. Three different sample panels were compiled and analysed to assess the analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity and comparability of the different PCR methods. The results were also compared, when appropriate, to those obtained through isolation by culture. The sensitivity and comparability panels were composed of samples from bronchoalveolar fluids of veal calves, artificially contaminated or naturally infected, and hence the comparison of the different methods included the whole workflow from DNA extraction to PCR analysis. RESULTS The participating laboratories used i) five different DNA extraction methods, ii) seven different real-time and/or end-point PCRs targeting four different genes and iii) six different real-time PCR platforms. Only one commercial kit was assessed; all other PCR assays were in-house tests adapted from published methods. The analytical specificity of the different PCR methods was comparable except for one laboratory where Mycoplasma agalactiae was tested positive. Frequently, weak-positive results with Ct values between 37 and 40 were obtained for non-target Mycoplasma strains. The limit of detection (LOD) varied from 10 to 103 CFU/ml to 103 and 106 CFU/ml for the real-time and end-point assays, respectively. Cultures were also shown to detect concentrations down to 102 CFU/ml. Although Ct values showed considerable variation with naturally infected samples, both between laboratories and tests, the final result interpretation of the samples (positive versus negative) was essentially the same between the different laboratories. CONCLUSION With a few exceptions, all methods used routinely in the participating laboratories showed comparable performance, which assures the quality of diagnosis, despite the multiplicity of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J Wisselink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jane Plater
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | | | - Anna Aspán
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helene Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Høgberg
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adélie Colin
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, JRU Ruminants Mycoplasmoses, Anses, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, JRU Ruminants Mycoplasmoses, Anses, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Appelt S, Aly SS, Tonooka K, Glenn K, Xue Z, Lehenbauer TW, Marco ML. Development and comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Fan Q, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xie L, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zeng T, Zhang M, Wan S, Luo S, Liu J, Deng X. Development of duplex fluorescence-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine herpes virus 1. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:132-138. [PMID: 30142375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (MB) and bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) are two important pathogens that cause bovine respiratory disease in the beef feedlot and dairy industries. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a duplex fluorescence-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (DLAMP) assay for simultaneous detection of MB and BHV-1. Two sets of specific primers for each pathogen were designed to target the unique sequences of the MB uvrC gene and the BHV-1 gB gene. The inner primer for BHV-1 was synthesized with the fluorophore FAM at the 5' end to detect the BHV-1 gB gene, and the inner primer for MB was synthesized with the fluorophore CY5 at the 5' end to detect the MB uvrC gene. The DLAMP reaction conditions were optimized for rapid and specific detection of MB and BHV-1. The DLAMP assay developed here could specifically detect MB and BHV-1 without cross-reaction with other known non-target bovine pathogens. The sensitivity of this DLAMP assay was as low as 2 × 102 copies for recombinant plasmids containing the MB and BHV-1 target genes. In a detection test of 125 clinical samples, the positive rates for MB, BHV-1 and co-infection were 44.8%, 13.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of DLAMP were determined as 95%-96.6% and 100%, respectively, of those of field sample detection by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health. Overall, DLAMP provides a rapid, sensitive and specific assay for the identification of MB and BHV-1 in clinical specimens and for epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fan
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Yanfan Zhang
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Sheng Wan
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Jiabo Liu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, PR China.
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20
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Register KB, Olsen SC, Sacco RE, Ridpath J, Falkenberg S, Briggs R, Kanipe C, Madison R. Relative virulence in bison and cattle of bison-associated genotypes of Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:55-63. [PMID: 30080673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis, a frequent contributor to polymicrobial respiratory disease in cattle, has recently emerged as a major health problem in North American bison. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests it can be the sole pathogen causing disease manifestations in outbreaks of mortality in bison, but direct evidence is lacking. The goal of this study was to compare clinical signs and lesions in bison and cattle experimentally infected with field isolates of M. bovis recovered from bison. Bison (n = 7) and cattle (n = 6), seronegative for anti-M. bovis IgG, were exposed intranasally to M. bovis and necropsied 4-6 weeks later. Blood and nasal swabs were collected on day 0 (before exposure), day 11 and at necropsy. Samples of lung, lymph node, liver and spleen were also collected at necropsy. The only clinical sign observed was an elevation in the core body temperature of bison during the first few weeks post-exposure. Grossly visible lesions were apparent at necropsy in the lungs of five bison and the lymph node of one bison, while none were evident in cattle. Histologic evaluation revealed moderate to severe pulmonary lesions in four bison but none in cattle. M. bovis was recovered from tissues demonstrating gross lesions and from the lymph nodes of one additional bison and two cattle. All animals seroconverted by the time of necropsy. These data provide the first direct evidence that M. bovis can be a sole or primary cause of respiratory disease in healthy bison, although the isolates used were unable to cause disease in healthy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Julia Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Shollie Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Robert Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Rebecca Madison
- Animal Resources Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States
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21
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Parker AM, Sheehy PA, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, House JK. A review of mycoplasma diagnostics in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1241-1252. [PMID: 29671903 PMCID: PMC5980305 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma species have a global distribution causing serious diseases in cattle worldwide including mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, otitis media and reproductive disorders. Mycoplasma species are typically highly contagious, are capable of causing severe disease, and are difficult infections to resolve requiring rapid and accurate diagnosis to prevent and control disease outbreaks. This review discusses the development and use of different diagnostic methods to identify Mycoplasma species relevant to cattle, with a particular focus on Mycoplasma bovis. Traditionally, the identification and diagnosis of mycoplasma has been performed via microbial culture. More recently, the use of polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma species from various bovine samples has increased. Polymerase chain reaction has a higher efficiency, specificity, and sensitivity for laboratory diagnosis when compared with conventional culture‐based methods. Several tools are now available for typing Mycoplasma spp. isolates, allowing for genetic characterization in disease outbreak investigations. Serological diagnosis through the use of indirect ELISA allows the detection of antimycoplasma antibodies in sera and milk, with their use demonstrated on individual animal samples as well as BTM samples. While each testing method has strengths and limitations, their combined use provides complementary information, which when interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and herd history, facilitates pathogen detection, and characterization of the disease status of cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Parker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark S Hazelton
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Register KB, Boatwright WD, Gesy KM, Thacker TC, Jelinski MD. Mistaken identity of an open reading frame proposed for PCR-based identification of Mycoplasma bovis and the effect of polymorphisms and insertions on assay performance. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:637-641. [PMID: 29595089 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718764799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of disease in cattle and bison. Because the bacterium requires specialized growth conditions, many diagnostic laboratories routinely use PCR to replace or complement conventional isolation and identification methods. A frequently used target of such assays is the uvrC gene, which has been shown to be highly conserved among isolates. We discovered that a previously described PCR putatively targeting the uvrC gene amplifies a fragment from an adjacent gene predicted to encode a lipoprotein. Comparison of the lipoprotein gene sequence from 211 isolates revealed several single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1 of which falls within a primer-binding sequence. Additionally, 3 isolates from this group were found to have a 1,658-bp transposase gene insertion within the amplified region that leads to a false-negative result. The insertion was not detected in a further 164 isolates. We found no evidence that the nucleotide substitution within the primer-binding region affects the assay sensitivity, performance, or limit of detection. Nonetheless, laboratories utilizing this method for identification of M. bovis should be aware that the region amplified may be prone to nucleotide substitutions and/or insertions relative to the sequence used for its design and that occasional false-negative results may be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit (Thacker), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (Gesy, Jelinski)
| | - William D Boatwright
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit (Thacker), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (Gesy, Jelinski)
| | - Karen M Gesy
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit (Thacker), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (Gesy, Jelinski)
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit (Thacker), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (Gesy, Jelinski)
| | - Murray D Jelinski
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit (Thacker), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada (Gesy, Jelinski)
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Development of real-time PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:875-882. [PMID: 29335921 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is one of the important bovine mycoplasma involved in economically important clinical conditions like respiratory diseases, otitis media, and mastitis. The present study was undertaken with the objective of developing a SYBR Green dye-based real-time PCR assay targeting uvrC gene for the diagnosis of M. bovis. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay were evaluated. The test showed 103-fold more sensitivity than conventional PCR and detected down to 100 fg level of DNA. It was found to be specific, as no cross reactivity was shown with other related bacteria and Mycoplasma species. The developed assay was able to detect down to 40 copies of uvrC gene from spiked bovine milk samples. At present, this developed assay may be used as a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis.
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24
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Parker AM, House JK, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, Sheehy PA. Comparison of culture and a multiplex probe PCR for identifying Mycoplasma species in bovine milk, semen and swab samples. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173422. [PMID: 28264012 PMCID: PMC5338856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. are a major cause of mastitis, arthritis and pneumonia in cattle, and have been associated with reproductive disorders in cows. While culture is the traditional method of identification the use of PCR has become more common. Several investigators have developed PCR protocols to detect M. bovis in milk, yet few studies have evaluated other sample types or other important Mycoplasma species. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR assay to detect M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium, and evaluate its analytical performance against traditional culture of bovine milk, semen and swab samples. The PCR specificity was determined and the limit of detection evaluated in spiked milk, semen and swabs. The PCR was then compared to culture on 474 field samples from individual milk, bulk tank milk (BTM), semen and swab (vaginal, preputial, nose and eye) samples. Specificity analysis produced appropriate amplification for all M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium isolates. Amplification was not seen for any of the other Mollicutes or eubacterial isolates. The limit of detection of the PCR was best in milk, followed by semen and swabs. When all three Mycoplasma species were present in a sample, the limit of detection increased. When comparing culture and PCR, overall there was no significant difference in the proportion of culture and PCR positive samples. Culture could detect significantly more positive swab samples. No significant differences were identified for semen, individual milk or BTM samples. PCR identified five samples with two species present. Culture followed by 16S-23S rRNA sequencing did not enable identification of more than one species. Therefore, the superior method for identification of M. bovis, M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium may be dependent on the sample type being analysed, and whether the identification of multiple target species is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M. Parker
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, New South Wales Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John K. House
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark S. Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, New South Wales Australia
| | - Katrina L. Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul A. Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, New South Wales Australia
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25
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Parker AM, Shukla A, House JK, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, Kokotovic B, Sheehy PA. Genetic characterization of Australian Mycoplasma bovis isolates through whole genome sequencing analysis. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:118-125. [PMID: 27939147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen in cattle causing mastitis, arthritis and pneumonia. First isolated in Australian cattle in 1970, M. bovis has persisted causing serious disease in infected herds. To date, genetic analysis of Australian M. bovis isolates has not been performed. With whole genome sequencing (WGS) becoming a common tool for genetic characterization, this method was utilized to determine the degree of genetic diversity among Australian M. bovis isolates collected over a nine year period (2006-2015) from various geographical locations, anatomical sites, and from clinically affected and non-clinical carrier animals. Eighty-two M. bovis isolates underwent WGS from which single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, comparative genomics and analysis of virulence genes was completed. SNP analysis identified a single M. bovis strain circulating throughout Australia with marked genomic similarity. Comparative genomics suggested minimal variation in gene content between isolates from clinical and carrier animals, and between isolates recovered from different anatomical sites. A total of 50 virulence genes from the virulence factors database (VFDB) were identified as highly similar in the Australian isolates, while the presence of variable surface lipoprotein (vsp) genes was greatly reduced compared to reference strain M. bovis PG45. These results highlight that, while the introduction of multiple M. bovis strains has been prevented, elimination of the current strain has not been successful. The persistence of this strain may be due to the significant role that carrier animals play in harboring the pathogen. The similarity of clinical and non-clinical isolates suggests host and environmental factors play a significant role in determining host pathogen outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Parker
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - Ankit Shukla
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John K House
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Mark S Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Branko Kokotovic
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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26
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Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle: To cull or not to cull. Vet J 2016; 216:142-7. [PMID: 27687942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma bovis, is a major problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds in the USA and a serious, although sporadic, disease in Europe and the Middle East. It causes severe damage to the udder of cattle and is largely untreatable by chemotherapy. Mycoplasma mastitis has a distinct epidemiology and a unique set of risk factors, the most important of which is large herd size. The disease is often self-limiting, disappearing within months of outbreaks, sometimes without deliberate intervention. Improved molecular diagnostic tests are leading to more rapid detection of mycoplasmas. Typing tests, such as multi-locus sequence typing, can help trace the source of outbreaks. An approach to successful control is proposed, which involves regular monitoring and rapid segregation or culling of infected cows. Serious consideration should be given by owners of healthy dairy herds to the purchase of M. bovis-free replacements. Increased cases of disease could occur in Europe and Israel if the trend for larger dairy herds continues.
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27
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Higa Y, Uemura R, Yamazaki W, Goto S, Goto Y, Sueyoshi M. An improved loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1343-6. [PMID: 27109067 PMCID: PMC5053939 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We improved a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay permitting sensitive
and rapid Mycoplasma bovis detection. A total of 55 bacterial strains
were examined in this study, including 33 M. bovis strains, 14
non-M. bovis mycoplasmas and eight non-mycoplasma bacterial strains.
M. bovis was successfully detected by the LAMP assay within 60 min
without cross-reaction to any other bacteria. Furthermore, a total of 135 nasal swab
samples were tested directly using our LAMP assays, the previously reported LAMP assay,
conventional PCR assay without pre-culture and comparing standard culture methods. The
improved LAMP assay showed sensitivity and specificity of 97.2% and 90.9%, respectively
(with a kappa coefficient of 0.8231), and the sensitivity of our revised LAMP assay was
increased compared to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Higa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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28
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Naikare H, Bruno D, Mahapatra D, Reinisch A, Raleigh R, Sprowls R. Development and Evaluation of a Novel Taqman Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma bovis: Comparison of Assay Performance with a Conventional PCR Assay and Another Taqman Real-Time PCR Assay. Vet Sci 2015; 2:32-42. [PMID: 29061929 PMCID: PMC5644610 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Taqman real-time PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis). Unique primers targeting the highly conserved house-keeping gene (uvrC) were designed and the probe sequence was derived from a previously published microarray study. There was 100% agreement in the outcome between our assay and the other two published assays for M. bovis detection. The analytical limit of detection of our assay is 83 copies of the uvrC gene. This assay was validated on a total of 214 bovine clinical specimens that were submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL), Texas, USA. The specificity of the assay was assessed to be 100% since no cross-reactivity occurred with 22 other bacterial and other Mycoplasma species. We conclude that the uvrC gene serves as a good and reliable diagnostic marker for the accurate and rapid detection of M. bovis from a wider variety of specimen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Naikare
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Daniela Bruno
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Debabrata Mahapatra
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Alesia Reinisch
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Russell Raleigh
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Robert Sprowls
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 6610 Amarillo Blvd West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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29
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Register KB, Thole L, Rosenbush RF, Minion FC. Multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma bovis reveals host-specific genotypes in cattle versus bison. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:92-8. [PMID: 25433454 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a primary agent of mastitis, pneumonia and arthritis in cattle and the bacterium most frequently isolated from the polymicrobial syndrome known as bovine respiratory disease complex. Recently, M. bovis has emerged as a significant health problem in bison, causing necrotic pharyngitis, pneumonia, dystocia and abortion. Whether isolates from cattle and bison comprise genetically distinct populations is unknown. This study describes the development of a highly discriminatory multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) method for M. bovis and its use to investigate the population structure of the bacterium. Genome sequences from six M. bovis isolates were used for selection of gene targets. Seven of 44 housekeeping genes initially evaluated were selected as targets on the basis of sequence variability and distribution within the genome. For each gene target sequence, four to seven alleles could be distinguished that collectively define 32 sequence types (STs) from a collection of 94 cattle isolates and 42 bison isolates. A phylogeny based on concatenated target gene sequences of each isolate revealed that bison isolates are genetically distinct from strains that infect cattle, suggesting recent disease outbreaks in bison may be due to the emergence of unique genetic variants. No correlation was found between ST and disease presentation or geographic origin. MLST data reported here were used to populate a newly created and publicly available, curated database to which researchers can contribute. The MLST scheme and database provide novel tools for exploring the population structure of M. bovis and tracking the evolution and spread of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - Luke Thole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Ricardo F Rosenbush
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - F Chris Minion
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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30
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Yang F, Dao X, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Feng X, Tang C, Yang X, Yue H. A real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1631-4. [PMID: 25649947 PMCID: PMC4300380 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time PCR for detection
and quantification of M. ovipneumoniae was developed using 9 recently
sequenced M. ovipneumoniae genomes and primers targeting a putative
adhesin gene p113. The assay proved to be specific and sensitive (with a
detection limit of 22 genomic DNA) and could quantify M. ovipneumoniae
DNA over a wide linear range, from 2.2 × 102 to 2.2 × 107
genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
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31
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Moore SJ, O’Dea MA, Perkins N, Barnes A, O’Hara AJ. Mortality of live export cattle on long-haul voyages: pathologic changes and pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:252-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714522465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of death in 215 cattle on 20 long-haul live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East, Russia, and China was investigated between 2010 and 2012 using gross, histologic, and/or molecular pathology techniques. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to detect nucleic acids from viruses and bacteria known to be associated with respiratory disease in cattle: Bovine coronavirus ( Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine parainfluenza virus 3, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. The most commonly diagnosed cause of death was respiratory disease (107/180, 59.4%), followed by lameness ( n = 22, 12.2%), ketosis ( n = 12, 6.7%), septicemia ( n = 11, 6.1%), and enteric disease ( n = 10, 5.6%). Two thirds (130/195) of animals from which lung samples were collected had histologic changes and/or positive qRT-PCR results indicative of infectious lung disease: 93 out of 130 (72%) had evidence of bacterial infection, 4 (3%) had viral infection, and 29 (22%) had mixed bacterial and viral infections, and for 4 (3%) the causative organism could not be identified. Bovine coronavirus was detected in up to 13% of cattle tested, and this finding is likely to have important implications for the management and treatment of respiratory disease in live export cattle. Results from the current study indicate that although overall mortality during live export voyages is low, further research into risk factors for developing respiratory disease is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A. O’Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Anne Barnes
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J. O’Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
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32
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Register KB, Woodbury MR, Davies JL, Trujillo JD, Perez-Casal J, Burrage PH, Clark EG, Windeyer MC. Systemic mycoplasmosis with dystocia and abortion in a North American bison (Bison bison) herd. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:541-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713495029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study describes a fatal Mycoplasma bovis infection in a North American bison ( Bison bison) cow and her aborted fetus in a herd suffering unusual mortality associated with dystocia and abortion. Postmortem evaluation of the subject case found severe caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia, chronic fibrinous pleuritis and pulmonary sequestra, foci of caseous necrosis in the kidneys, and necrotizing endometritis and placentitis. Histologic findings in the maternal tissues include endometrial and placental necrotizing vasculitis and changes in the lung similar to those previously described for M. bovis–associated pneumonia in feedlot bison. Gross and microscopic lesions were not observed in the fetus. Maternal lung, uterus, kidney, and placenta as well as fetal lung and kidney were positive for M. bovis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as were the Mycoplasma-like colonies cultured from these tissues. The presence of M. bovis in maternal and fetal tissues was further demonstrated using nucleic acid extracts in a pan- Mycoplasma SYBR Green PCR assay targeting the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA spacer region with post-PCR dissociation curve analysis and sequencing of the resulting amplicons. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing on maternal lung and uterine caruncle was strongly positive for M. bovis antigen. A variety of methods, including culture, PCR, and IHC, failed to identify other bacterial or viral pathogens in any of the tissues evaluated. These data are the first to implicate M. bovis as a cause of placentitis and abortion in bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - Murray R. Woodbury
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - Jennifer L. Davies
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - José Perez-Casal
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - Patrick H. Burrage
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - Edward G. Clark
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
| | - M. Claire Windeyer
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Woodbury)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre (Perez-Casal), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Diagnostic Services Unit, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (Davies)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences (Clark)
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Dyer N, Register KB, Miskimins D, Newell T. Necrotic pharyngitis associated with Mycoplasma bovis infections in American bison (Bison bison). J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:301-3. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713478815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has emerged as a significant and costly infectious disease problem in bison, generally presenting as severe, caseonecrotic pneumonia. Three diagnostic cases in which M. bovis is associated with necrotic pharyngitis in bison are described in the current study. The bacterium was isolated from lesions of the pharynx or lung of 3 American bison ( Bison bison), at 2 different locations in the upper Midwestern United States, with severe, necrotic pharyngeal abscesses. Chronic caseonecrotic inflammation typical of M. bovis infection in bovines was observed microscopically in the pharynxes of affected bison. A mixed population of bacteria was recovered from the pharyngeal lesions, and Trueperella pyogenes, a frequent secondary pathogen in ruminant respiratory disease, was consistently isolated from the affected animals. Distinctive histopathological features of the pharyngeal lesions favor causation by M. bovis, although a role for T. pyogenes in the clinical presentation cannot be excluded. Veterinarians and producers working with bison should be aware that M. bovis may be associated with pharyngitis in bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dyer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND (Dyer, Newell)
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Miskimins)
| | - Karen B. Register
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND (Dyer, Newell)
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Miskimins)
| | - Dale Miskimins
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND (Dyer, Newell)
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Miskimins)
| | - Teresa Newell
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND (Dyer, Newell)
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Miskimins)
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34
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Liu D. Technical Advances in Veterinary Diagnostic Microbiology. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3970-7_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forming a significant part of biomass on earth, microorganisms are renowned for their abundance and diversity. From submicroscopic infectious particles (viruses), small unicellular cells (bacteria and yeasts) to multinucleate and multicellular organisms (filamentous fungi, protozoa, and helminths), microorganisms have found their way into virtually every environmental niche, and show little restrain in making their presence felt. While a majority of microorganisms are free-living and involved in the degradation of plant debris and other organic materials, others lead a symbiotic, mutually beneficial life within their hosts. In addition, some microorganisms have the capacity to take advantage of temporary weaknesses in animal and human hosts, causing notable morbidity and mortality. Because clinical manifestations in animals and humans resulting from infections with various microorganisms are often nonspecific (e.g., general malaise and fever), it is necessary to apply laboratory diagnostic means to identify the culprit organisms for treatment and prevention purposes.
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35
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Bell CJ, Blackburn P, Patterson IAP, Ellison S, Ball HJ. Real-time PCR demonstrates a higher prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Northern Ireland compared with sandwich ELISA. Vet Rec 2012; 171:402. [PMID: 22915678 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Bell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
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