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Soares FO, Rosado IR, Sousa MVC, Dumont CF, Bittar JFF, Martin I, Beletti ME, Melo RT, Alves EGL. Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) - case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:58. [PMID: 38374006 PMCID: PMC10875912 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. CASE PRESENTATION This essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient's owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized. CONCLUSION Given the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Soares
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabel R Rosado
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Sousa
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal - PAVET, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolyne F Dumont
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Ceará, s/n, Bloco 2D43, Uberlândia, CC 38402-018, Brazil.
| | - Joely F F Bittar
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ian Martin
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Beletti
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta T Melo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular - LEPIMOL, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Endrigo G L Alves
- Hospital Veterinário Uniube, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bell CM, Edstrom E, Shope B, Carmichael D, Buelow M, Bailey SJ, Langley-Hobbs SJ. Characterization of Oral Pathology in Cats Affected by Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS). J Vet Dent 2023; 40:284-297. [PMID: 37248965 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231175594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS) is a congenital bone disease of cats that is characterized by atraumatic bone fractures (most commonly the patella), the persistence of deciduous teeth, and impaction of permanent teeth. Jaw swelling due to osteomyelitis is often the reason that cats with PADS are presented for veterinary dental care. The clinical history, oral examination findings, dental radiological findings, and histopathology were evaluated for 13 cats with dental and skeletal pathology consistent with PADS, including 9 with osteomyelitis. Cats in this study were predominantly domestic shorthair (12 of 13 cats), and there was no apparent sex predilection. All cats had multiple persistent deciduous teeth and multiple impacted permanent teeth, although the number of persistent and impacted teeth varied. Osteomyelitis of the jaw typically occurred within the first 4 years of life. Osteomyelitis of the mandible was 4 times more common than osteomyelitis of the maxilla. Histologically, osteomyelitis was chronic, neutrophilic, and osteoproliferative. Necrotic bone was confirmed in 67% of osteomyelitis lesions. Histological evaluation of jaws without inflammation demonstrated abnormal amounts of unmodeled bone, abnormally dense bone, and retention of cartilage in the caudal mandible. Three cats in the study had mandibular distoclusion and 2 had concurrent paronychia. To obtain a favorable clinical outcome in PADS cats with jaw swelling, prompt and aggressive surgical treatment of osteomyelitis is required. Extraction of persistent deciduous teeth and impacted permanent teeth is recommended when there is associated periodontitis or osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Bell
- Specialty Oral Pathology for Animals, LLC, Geneseo, IL, USA
| | | | - Bonnie Shope
- Veterinary Dental Services, LLC, Boxborough, MA, USA
| | | | - Mary Buelow
- Animal Dentistry & Oral Surgery, Leesburg, VA, USA
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González-Martín M, Silva V, Poeta P, Corbera JA, Tejedor-Junco MT. Microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in veterinary medicine: drawing parallels to the infection in human medicine. Vet Q 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 34936853 PMCID: PMC8725753 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.2022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a challenging infectious disease affecting humans and animals. It is difficult to diagnose because, in many cases, symptoms are non-specific and, for example in implant-related cases, can appear long time after surgery. In addition to this, it is also difficult to treat due to the need to find the appropriate antibiotic regime and delivery system to reach the site of infection and to avoid development of bacterial resistance. The central purpose of this review is to compare the microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in human and veterinary medicine, with the aim of improving the microbiological diagnosis and treatment of this infection in animals. Furthermore, the study of osteomyelitis in animals may help to improve the development of animal models for testing new treatments in humans. Host factors and underlying conditions have been studied mainly in humans, although aspects as immunodeficiency have been described in some veterinary cases. Even when Staphylococcus aureus is still considered the most prevalent causing microorganism, this prevalence should be reviewed using molecular diagnostic techniques, and this could affect treatment options. New approaches to treatment include local delivery of antibiotics using different biomaterials, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and new antimicrobial compounds. We would like to remark the need of large, high-quality clinical trials and of the development of guides for the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Food Science and Technology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Tomich LM, Pieper JB, Stern AW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:503-506. [PMID: 32808894 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.5.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tillis SB, Iredale ME, Childress AL, Graham EA, Wellehan JFX, Isaza R, Ossiboff RJ. Oral, Cloacal, and Hemipenal Actinomycosis in Captive Ball Pythons (Python regius). Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:594600. [PMID: 33490131 PMCID: PMC7820239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ball pythons (Python regius) are one of the most commonly kept and bred reptiles in captivity. In a large ball python breeding colony, a unique syndrome characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the cloaca and hemipenes (phalli) was observed in 140 of 481 (29.1%) breeding males, but only one of 1,446 breeding females. Lesions were absent in virgin males (n = 201) and virgin females (n = 293). On postmortem examination (n = 13, 12 males, 1 female), numerous well-defined mucosal and submucosal granulomas were present in the hemipenes (males) and cloaca (males and female). Extension into the coelomic cavity and liver was noted in a subset of these animals. An additional small subset of breeder animals (6/2027; 0.3%) presented with oral and mandibular swellings. Postmortem examination (n = 4, all female) showed oral lesions histologically indistinguishable from the cloacal/hemipenal lesions. Aerobic bacterial culture of a hepatic granuloma of one snake resulted in the isolation of filamentous, Gram-positive bacilli; amplification, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the isolate identified the bacterium as a novel species of Actinomyces. Screening of cloacal and oral granulomas using a specific, heminested 16S rRNA PCR assay confirmed the presence of the agent in all 17 snakes, as well as in cloacal swabs taken at the time of necropsy in 11/13 snakes. The Actinomyces sp. was also identified by PCR of cloacal swabs of unaffected snakes (n = 94) from the affected colony and two unrelated, grossly unaffected breeding colonies. In the affected colony, 65.5% of breeding animals (n = 23) but only 11.9% of virgin animals (n = 42) tested PCR positive, with breeding status being a significant predictor of bacterium presence (P < 0.00001). This study characterizes a granulomatous mucosal disease syndrome of breeding male ball pythons associated with a novel Actinomyces. In stark contrast to male snakes, the presence of the bacterium in both breeding and virgin females was very rarely associated with clinical disease. Though additional studies are necessary, these data suggest a role for the novel bacterium in the disease process, a predilection for clinical disease in male snakes, and the potential for sexual transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Tillis
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marley E Iredale
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - April L Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Erin A Graham
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ramiro Isaza
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Niño-Torres CA, Castelblanco-Martínez DN, Blanco-Parra MDP, Sánchez Okrucky R. Mandibular osteomyelitis in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) (Odontoceti: Cetacea): first case in the Mexican Caribbean. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oral pathological conditions are common in mammals and have been relatively well documented for some wild groups, but are rarely reported in marine mammals. Here, we report for the Mexican Caribbean the first case of mandibular osteomyelitis in a free-ranging dolphin. A bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus adult male (256.5 cm total length) was found stranded dead in the west coast of the State Reserve “Chetumal Bay Manatee Sanctuary”. Herein, we discuss some plausible explanations about the origin of this lesion to improve the knowledge about the species biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Niño-Torres
- Universidad de Quintana Roo. , División de Ciencias e Ingeniería. , Blvd. Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. Del Bosque, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77019 , México
- Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad (FINS), Calle Larún Mz75-L4, Andara, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77014 , México
| | - Delma Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez
- Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad (FINS), Calle Larún Mz75-L4, Andara, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77014 , México
- CONACyT-Universidad de Quintana Roo , Blvd. Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. Del Bosque, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77019 , México
| | - María del Pilar Blanco-Parra
- Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad (FINS), Calle Larún Mz75-L4, Andara, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77014 , México
- CONACyT-Universidad de Quintana Roo , Blvd. Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. Del Bosque, Chetumal , Quintana Roo 77019 , México
| | - Roberto Sánchez Okrucky
- Dolphin Discovery , Carretera Cancún-Tulúm Km 269.6, Puerto Aventuras , Quintana Roo 77750 , México
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Systemic nocardiosis in a dog caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:30. [PMID: 28109291 PMCID: PMC5251299 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic nocardiosis due to Nocardia cyriacigeorgica has not been reported in dogs. CASE PRESENTATION Light and electron microscopy, microbiological culture and molecular identification (PCR) were used to diagnose systemic nocardiosis caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in a 3-month-old husky dog. The postmortem changes included multifocal to coalescing, sharply circumscribed pyogranulomatous inflammation and abscess formation in lungs, liver, myocardium, spleen, kidneys, brain, and hilar lymph nodes. The organism was isolated and sequencing of its 16S rRNA allowed its identification and speciation. Examination of the bacterial culture by scanning electron-microscope showed filamentous branching with fragmentation into widely bacillary and cocoid forms of the bacteria. There was no history of immunosupressive drug administration and infection by the immunosuppresive viral pathogens, canine distemper and parvovirus were excluded via PCR. CONCLUSION N. cyriacigeorgica should be considered potential cause of systemic pyogranulomatous lesions in dogs. It is the first reported case of systemic nocardiosis due to N. cyriacigeorgica in a dog.
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Sotohira Y, Suzuki K, Sasaki H, Sano T, Tsuchiya M, Suzuki Y, Shimamori T, Tsukano K, Sato A, Yokota H, Asakawa M. Plasma endotoxin activity in kangaroos with oral necrobacillosis (lumpy jaw disease) using an automated handheld testing system. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:971-6. [PMID: 26902804 PMCID: PMC4937157 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of directly determining
endotoxin activity in plasma samples from kangaroos with lumpy jaw disease (LJD, n=15) and healthy controls
(n=12). Prior to the present study, the ability of the commercially available automated handheld portable test
system (PTSTM) to detect endotoxin activity in kangaroo plasma was compared with that of the
traditional LAL-kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay. Plasma samples, which were obtained from
endotoxin-challenged cattle, were diluted 1:20 in endotoxin-free water and heated to 80°C for 10 min. The
performance of the PTSTM was not significantly different from that of the traditional LAL-based
assay. The data obtained using PTSTM correlated with those using KT
(r2=0.963, P<0.001). These findings indicated that the
PTSTM is applicable as a simplified system to assess endotoxin activity in macropods. In the
present study, we demonstrated the diagnostic value of plasma endotoxin activity in kangaroos with systemic
inflammation caused by oral necrobacillosis and identified plasma endotoxin activity as a sensitive marker of
systemic inflammation in kangaroos with LJD. Based on ROC curves, we proposed a diagnostic cut-off point for
endotoxin activity of >0.22 EU/ml for the identification of LJD. Our results indicate that
the assessment of plasma endotoxin activity is a promising diagnostic tool for determining the outcome of LJD
in captive macropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Sotohira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Bell CM, Soukup JW. Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings of Alveolar Bone Expansion and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Cats. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:910-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815591079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize clinical, radiologic, and histologic patterns of alveolar bone expansion and osteomyelitis in cats. Based on case materials submitted as surgical biopsy specimens, alveolar bone pathology was diagnosed in 28 cats. These cats had a total of 37 oral lesions with clinical and radiologic changes that involved bone and/or teeth, including periodontitis, bone expansion, tooth resorption, and/or chronic osteomyelitis; 32 lesions were evaluated by histopathology. Canine teeth were affected in 19 cats (27 affected teeth), with bilateral lesions in 5 (26.3%) cats. The caudal premolar and/or molar regions were affected in 10 cats (10 affected sites). All biopsy sites evaluated by a review of clinical images and/or radiographs had evidence of periodontitis. Clinical photographs showed expansion of alveolar bone in 13 of 16 (81%) biopsy sites evaluated. Radiologically, rarifying osseous proliferation of alveolar bone was seen at 26 of 27 (96%) biopsy sites, and tooth resorption occurred at 15 of 18 (83%) sites. Histologically, the tissue samples from canine sites had compressed trabeculae of mature remodeled bone, loose fibrous stroma with paucicellular inflammation, and mild proliferation of woven bone. Tissue samples from the premolar/molar biopsy sites were often highly cellular with mixed lymphoplasmacytic and chronic suppurative inflammation, ulceration with granulation tissue, and robust proliferation of woven bone. Alveolar bone expansion and osteomyelitis in cats occurs in conjunction with periodontal inflammation and frequently with tooth resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Bell
- Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J. W. Soukup
- Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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