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Arrieta-Mendoza D, Garces B, Hidalgo AA, Neira V, Ramirez G, Neira-Carrillo A, Bucarey SA. Design of a New Vaccine Prototype against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis Based on Multiple Antigens Microencapsulation with Sulfated Chitosan. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:550. [PMID: 38793801 PMCID: PMC11125950 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated in vivo an experimental-multivalent-vaccine (EMV) based on three Porcine Respiratory Complex (PRC)-associated antigens: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), M. hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) and M. hyorhinis (Mhyor), microencapsulated with sulfated chitosan (M- ChS + PRC-antigens), postulating chitosan sulphate (ChS) as a mimetic of the heparan sulfate receptor used by these pathogens for cell invasion. The EMV was evaluated physicochemically by SEM (Scanning-Electron-Microscopy), EDS (Energy-Dispersive-Spectroscopy), Pdi (Polydispersity-Index) and zeta potential. Twenty weaned pigs, distributed in four groups, were evaluated for 12 weeks. The groups 1 through 4 were as follows: 1-EMV intramuscular-route (IM), 2-EMV oral-nasal-route (O/N), 3-Placebo O/N (M-ChS without antigens), 4-Commercial-vaccine PCV2-Mhyop. qPCR was used to evaluate viral/bacterial load from serum, nasal and bronchial swab and from inguinal lymphoid samples. Specific humoral immunity was evaluated by ELISA. M-ChS + PRC-antigens measured between 1.3-10 μm and presented low Pdi and negative zeta potential, probably due to S (4.26%). Importantly, the 1-EMV protected 90% of challenged animals against PCV2 and Mhyop and 100% against Mhyor. A significant increase in antibody was observed for Mhyor (1-EMV and 2-EMV) and Mhyop (2-EMV), compared with 4-Commercial-vaccine. No difference in antibody levels between 1-EMV and 4-Commercial-vaccine for PCV2-Mhyop was observed. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the first EMV with M-ChS + PRC-antigens in pigs, which were challenged with Mhyor, PCV2 and Mhyop, evidencing high protection for Mhyor, which has no commercial vaccine available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwuin Arrieta-Mendoza
- Doctoral Program in Forestry, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, South Campus, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Bruno Garces
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 2320 Sazié, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (B.G.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 2320 Sazié, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (B.G.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Victor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (V.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Galia Ramirez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (V.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Andrónico Neira-Carrillo
- Laboratorio Polyforms, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Centro Biotecnológico Veterinario, Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Magtoto PD, Arruda BL, Magtoto RL, Mora-Díaz JC, Opulencia RB, Baum DH, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Dynamics of antibody response and bacterial shedding of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in oral fluids from experimentally inoculated pigs. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109999. [PMID: 38280306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) and M. hyosynoviae (Mhs) are commensal organisms of the upper respiratory tract and tonsils but may also cause arthritis in pigs. In this study, 8-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs (n = 30; 3 groups, 10 pigs per group, 2 pigs per pen) were inoculated with Mhr, Mhs, or mock-inoculated with culture medium and then pen-based oral fluids were collected at different time points over the 56 days of the experimental study. Oral fluids tested by Mhr and Mhs quantitative real-time PCRs revealed Mhr DNA between day post inoculation (DPI) 5-52 and Mhs DNA between DPI 5-15. Oral fluids were likewise tested for antibody using isotype-specific (IgG, IgA, IgM) indirect ELISAs based on a recombinant chimeric polypeptide of variable lipoproteins (A-G) for Mhr and Tween 20-extracted surface proteins for Mhs. Mhr IgA was detected at DPI 7 and, relative to the control group, significant (p < 0.05) antibody responses were detected in the Mhr group between DPI 12-15 for IgM and DPI 36-56 for both IgA and IgG. In the Mhs group, IgM was detected at DPI 10 and significant (p < 0.05) IgG and IgA responses were detected at DPI 32-56 and DPI 44-56, respectively. This study demonstrated that oral fluid could serve as an effective and convenient antemortem sample for monitoring Mhr and Mhs in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precy D Magtoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, the Philippines; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rina B Opulencia
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeff J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Bonillo-Lopez L, Obregon-Gutierrez P, Huerta E, Correa-Fiz F, Sibila M, Aragon V. Intensive antibiotic treatment of sows with parenteral crystalline ceftiofur and tulathromycin alters the composition of the nasal microbiota of their offspring. Vet Res 2023; 54:112. [PMID: 38001497 PMCID: PMC10675909 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal microbiota plays an important role in animal health and the use of antibiotics is a major factor that influences its composition. Here, we studied the consequences of an intensive antibiotic treatment, applied to sows and/or their offspring, on the piglets' nasal microbiota. Four pregnant sows were treated with crystalline ceftiofur and tulathromycin (CTsows) while two other sows received only crystalline ceftiofur (Csows). Sow treatments were performed at D-4 (four days pre-farrowing), D3, D10 and D17 for ceftiofur and D-3, D4 and D11 for tulathromycin. Half of the piglets born to CTsows were treated at D1 with ceftiofur. Nasal swabs were taken from piglets at 22-24 days of age and bacterial load and nasal microbiota composition were defined by 16 s rRNA gene qPCR and amplicon sequencing. Antibiotic treatment of sows reduced their nasal bacterial load, as well as in their offspring, indicating a reduced bacterial transmission from the dams. In addition, nasal microbiota composition of the piglets exhibited signs of dysbiosis, showing unusual taxa. The addition of tulathromycin to the ceftiofur treatment seemed to enhance the deleterious effect on the microbiota diversity by diminishing some bacteria commonly found in the piglets' nasal cavity, such as Glaesserella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus and several members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. On the other hand, the additional treatment of piglets with ceftiofur resulted in no further effect beyond the treatment of the sows. Altogether, these results suggest that intensive antibiotic treatments of sows, especially the double antibiotic treatment, disrupt the nasal microbiota of their offspring and highlight the importance of sow-to-piglet microbiota transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonillo-Lopez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Obregon-Gutierrez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Blanco-Fuertes M, Sibila M, Franzo G, Obregon-Gutierrez P, Illas F, Correa-Fiz F, Aragón V. Ceftiofur treatment of sows results in long-term alterations in the nasal microbiota of the offspring that can be ameliorated by inoculation of nasal colonizers. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:53. [PMID: 37864263 PMCID: PMC10588210 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nasal microbiota of the piglet is a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens that can cause polyserositis, such as Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis or Streptococcus suis. Antibiotic treatment is a strategy to control these diseases, but it has a detrimental effect on the microbiota. We followed the piglets of 60 sows from birth to 8 weeks of age, to study the effect of ceftiofur on the nasal microbiota and the colonization by pathogens when the treatment was administered to sows or their litters. We also aimed to revert the effect of the antibiotic on the nasal microbiota by the inoculation at birth of nasal colonizers selected from healthy piglets. Nasal swabs were collected at birth, and at 7, 15, 21 and 49 days of age, and were used for pathogen detection by PCR and bacterial culture, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and whole shotgun metagenomics. Weights, clinical signs and production parameters were also recorded during the study. RESULTS The composition of the nasal microbiota of piglets changed over time, with a clear increment of Clostridiales at the end of nursery. The administration of ceftiofur induced an unexpected temporary increase in alpha diversity at day 7 mainly due to colonization by environmental taxa. Ceftiofur had a longer impact on the nasal microbiota of piglets when administered to their sows before farrowing than directly to them. This effect was partially reverted by the inoculation of nasal colonizers to newborn piglets and was accompanied by a reduction in the number of animals showing clinical signs (mainly lameness). Both interventions altered the colonization pattern of different strains of the above pathogens. In addition, the prevalence of resistance genes increased over time in all the groups but was significantly higher at weaning when the antibiotic was administered to the sows. Also, ceftiofur treatment induced the selection of more beta-lactams resistance genes when it was administered directly to the piglets. CONCLUSIONS This study shed light on the effect of the ceftiofur treatment on the piglet nasal microbiota over time and demonstrated for the first time the possibility of modifying the piglets' nasal microbiota by inoculating natural colonizers of the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Blanco-Fuertes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber in Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pau Obregon-Gutierrez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Selección Batallé, Avinguda dels Segadors, 17421, Riudarenes, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Aragón
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ko CC, Merodio MM, Spronk E, Lehman JR, Shen H, Li G, Derscheid RJ, Piñeyro PE. Diagnostic investigation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106172. [PMID: 37230257 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract in swine with the typical clinical presentations of arthritis and polyserositis in postweaning pigs. However, it has also been associated with conjunctivitis and otitis media, and recently has been isolated from meningeal swabs and/or cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with neurological signs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of M. hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs. The presence of M. hyorhinis was evaluated in a clinical outbreak and a six-year retrospective study by qPCR detection, bacteriological culture, in situ hybridization (RNAscope®), and phylogenetic analysis and with immunohistochemistry characterization of the inflammatory response associated with its infection. M. hyorhinis was confirmed by bacteriological culture and within central nervous system lesions by in situ hybridization on animals with neurological signs during the clinical outbreak. The isolates from the brain had close genetic similarities from those previously reported and isolated from eye, lung, or fibrin. Nevertheless, the retrospective study confirmed by qPCR the presence of M. hyorhinis in 9.9% of cases reported with neurological clinical signs and histological lesions of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. M. hyorhinis mRNA was confirmed within cerebrum, cerebellum, and choroid plexus lesions by in situ hybridization (RNAscope®) with a positive rate of 72.7%. Here we present strong evidence that M. hyorhinis should be included as a differential etiology in pigs with neurological signs and central nervous system inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Ko
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria M Merodio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - E Spronk
- Swine Vet Center P.A., 1608 South Minnesota Avenue, St. Peter, Minnesota, USA
| | - J R Lehman
- Swine Technical Services, Merck Animal Health, Lenexa, KS, USA
| | - H Shen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Evaluation of colonization, variable lipoprotein-based serological response, and cellular immune response of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in experimentally infected swine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109162. [PMID: 34217902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract that can be shed by nasal secretions and transmitted by direct contact in neonatal and nursery pigs. Lesions associated with Mhr infection include polyserositis and arthritis; however, systemic Mhr disease pathogenesis is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the immunopathogenesis and bacterial dissemination pattern of Mhr using single and multiple inoculation approaches in a caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig model. Animals in three treatment groups were inoculated once (Mhr 1; n = 12) or four (Mhr 2; n = 8) times with Mhr or sham-inoculated (NC group; n = 3) nasally and by tonsillar painting. Inoculum consisted of a triple cloned Mhr field isolate (4.5 × 107 CFU/mL) in Friis medium. Clinical signs were evaluated daily during the study. Serum and oral fluid antibody (IgA and IgG) response and cellular immune response were assessed using a recombinant chimeric VlpA-G-based indirect ELISA and by ELISpot, respectively. The presence of Mhr in oral fluids, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were evaluated by qPCR. At 6 wpi, pigs were euthanized and evaluated for gross lesions consistent with Mhr and bacterial colonization in tonsils by qPCR. No clinical signs or gross lesions consistent with Mhr-associated disease were observed throughout the study. For Mhr 2 group, the presence of IgA and IgG in serum and oral fluids were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post-inoculation (wpi), respectively, while in Mhr 1, only IgA was detected in oral fluids at 6 wpi. The proportion of animals shedding Mhr in nasal secretions varied from 20 to 40 % in the Mhr 1 and 62.5-100% in the Mhr 2 group. However, the proportion of animals shedding Mhr in oropharyngeal swabs was consistent through the study (60 %) in Mhr 1 and fluctuated from 20 % to 87.5 % in Mhr 2 group. The lack of clinical signs and the presence of Mhr specific humoral response and bacterial colonization indicates that the multiple inoculation experimental model may mimic subclinical natural infection in the field. In addition, the humoral and transient cellular response did not result in bacterial clearance. Based on these results, animals would have to be exposed multiple times to mount a detectable immune response.
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Blanco-Fuertes M, Correa-Fiz F, Fraile L, Sibila M, Aragon V. Altered Nasal Microbiota Composition Associated with Development of Polyserositis by Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2021; 10:603. [PMID: 34069250 PMCID: PMC8156107 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinous polyserositis in swine farming is a common pathological finding in nursery animals. The differential diagnosis of this finding should include Glaesserella parasuis (aetiological agent of Glässer's disease) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis, among others. These microorganisms are early colonizers of the upper respiratory tract of piglets. The composition of the nasal microbiota at weaning was shown to constitute a predisposing factor for the development of Glässer's disease. Here, we unravel the role of the nasal microbiota in the subsequent systemic infection by M. hyorhinis, and the similarities and differences with Glässer's disease. Nasal samples from farms with recurrent problems with polyserositis associated with M. hyorhinis (MH) or Glässer's disease (GD) were included in this study, together with healthy control farms (HC). Nasal swabs were taken from piglets in MH farms at weaning, before the onset of the clinical outbreaks, and were submitted to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3-V4 region). These sequences were analyzed together with sequences from similar samples previously obtained in GD and HC farms. Animals from farms with disease (MH and GD) had a nasal microbiota with lower diversity than those from the HC farms. However, the composition of the nasal microbiota of the piglets from these disease farms was different, suggesting that divergent microbiota imbalances may predispose the animals to the two systemic infections. We also found variants of the pathogens that were associated with the farms with the corresponding disease, highlighting the importance of studying the microbiome at strain-level resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Blanco-Fuertes
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Clavijo MJ, Sreevatsan S, Johnson TJ, Rovira A. Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyorhinis porcine field isolates in the United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223653. [PMID: 31634349 PMCID: PMC6802821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is one of the causative agents of polyserositis and arthritis in post-weaning pigs. Here we describe the development of a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) protocol for the characterization of M. hyorhinis field isolates. A total of 104 field isolates from different geographical locations, swine production systems, and clinical backgrounds, were analyzed. Twenty-seven genes, including housekeeping and those encoding surface proteins, were evaluated to index diversity. Genes encoding surface proteins were included to increase the discriminatory power of the MLST. Four target gene fragments were selected to be included in the final MLST-s (surface) protocol: pdhB, p95, mtlD and ung. Within each locus the nucleotide variation ranged from 1.4% to 20%. The 104 field isolates were classified into 39 distinct sequence types (STs). Multiple STs were found within the same production system and within the same pig. The majority of STs grouped strains from the same production system; however, cases existed where multiple systems shared a ST, indicating potential relationships between pig flows. The majority of the nucleotide changes observed in these genes generated synonymous changes, while non-synonymous changes were exclusively in the mtlD gene fragment, suggesting that this protein is undergoing selection. Molecular typing of M. hyorhinis will primarily aid swine practitioners with pig flow management and identifying sources of infection during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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9
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Giménez-Lirola LG, Meiroz-De-Souza-Almeida H, Magtoto RL, McDaniel AJ, Merodio MM, Matias Ferreyra FS, Poonsuk K, Gatto IRH, Baum DH, Ross RF, Arruda PHE, Schwartz KJ, Zimmerman JJ, Derscheid RJ, Arruda BL. Early detection and differential serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections under experimental conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223459. [PMID: 31589633 PMCID: PMC6779295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (MHR) and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (MHS) are common opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of swine. The identification of the specific species involved in clinical cases using conventional diagnostic methods is challenging. Therefore, a recombinant chimeric polypeptide based on the seven known variable lipoproteins (A-G) specific of MHR and a cocktail of surface proteins detergent-extracted from MHS cultures were generated and their suitability as antemortem biomarkers for serodiagnosis of MHR- and MHS-infection were evaluated by ELISA. M. hyorhinis and MHS ELISA performance, evaluated using serum samples collected over a 56-day observation period from pigs inoculated with MHR, MHS, M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare, or Friis medium, varied by assay, targeted antibody isotype, and cutoffs. The progressions of MHR and MHS clinical diseases were evaluated in relation to the kinetics of the isotype-specific antibody response in serum and bacterial shedding in oral fluids during the observation period. In pigs inoculated with MHR, bacterial DNA was detected in one or more of the 5 pens at all sampling points throughout the study, IgA was first detected at DPI 7, one week before the first clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all samples collected after DPI 14. The peak of MHS shedding (DPI 8) coincided with the onset of the clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all serum samples collected ≥ DPI 14. This study demonstrated, under experimental conditions, that both ELISAs were suitable for early detection of specific antibodies against MHR or MHS. The diagnostic performance of the MHR and MHS ELISAs varied depending on the selected cutoff and the antibody isotype evaluated. The high diagnostic and analytical specificity of the ELISAs was particularly remarkable. This study also provides insights into the infection dynamics of MHR-associated disease and MHS-associated arthritis not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ronaldo L. Magtoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Aric J. McDaniel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Merodio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | | | - Korakrit Poonsuk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Igor R. H. Gatto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - David H. Baum
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Ross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Paulo H. E. Arruda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Kent J. Schwartz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Rachel J. Derscheid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Bailey L. Arruda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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10
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Clavijo MJ, Davies P, Morrison R, Bruner L, Olson S, Rosey E, Rovira A. Temporal patterns of colonization and infection with Mycoplasma hyorhinis in two swine production systems in the USA. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:110-118. [PMID: 31213266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Control of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) associated disease is currently hindered by limited knowledge of the epidemiology and ecology of this organism. A prospective longitudinal investigation was conducted to determine the dynamics of M. hyorhinis colonization in two swine production systems. In each system (A, B), 51 young sows (parities 1, 2) and 56 older sows (>parity 2) were selected at farrowing and tested by qPCR of nasal swabs and for antibodies by serum ELISA. From each sow, a piglet was randomly selected, and nasal and serum samples were collected at birth, weaning, and 10 days post-weaning. Two further samplings were performed in the nursery and finishing stages during the high-risk periods for M. hyorhinis-associated disease, and 12 pigs were euthanized and necropsied at these later sampling events. The prevalence of M. hyorhinis colonization in sows was low (<5%). No associations were found between sow parity or sow serum titer and piglet nasal colonization at either birth or weaning. In contrast to the low prevalence (0.95-2.70%) observed in piglets pre-weaning, most pigs became colonized during the first four weeks after weaning and remained positive throughout the nursery and finishing stages. The detection of M. hyorhinis in oral fluids followed similar patterns as those observed using nasal swabs. ELISA results showed decreased detection of maternal antibodies at around 3 weeks of age and a subsequent increase after natural exposure. The role of M. hyorhinis in polyserositis and arthritis was demonstrated in these two herds. Establishing the temporal dynamics of exposure and infection with M. hyorhinis in pigs will enable more strategic implementation of intervention strategies in affected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States.
| | - Peter Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Robert Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Laura Bruner
- Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St Peter, MN, 56082, United States
| | - Steve Olson
- Austin Veterinary Clinic, 3100 W Oakland Ave, Austin, MN, 55912, United States
| | - Everett Rosey
- Global Biologics Research, Zoetis Inc, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, United States
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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11
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Roos LR, Surendran Nair M, Rendahl AK, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae dual detection patterns in dams and piglets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209975. [PMID: 30605453 PMCID: PMC6317828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are agents associated with arthritis in pigs. This study investigated the tonsillar detection patterns of M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in a swine population with a history of lameness. The plausibility of dual PCR detection of these agents in dams at one and three weeks post-farrowing and their offspring at the same time was determined. The association between M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae detection in piglets and potential development of lameness in wean-to-finish stages was evaluated by correlating individual piglet lameness scores and PCR detection in tonsils. Approximately 40% of dams were detected positive for M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae at both one and three weeks post-farrowing. In first parity dams, M. hyorhinis was detected in higher proportions (57.1% and 73.7%) at both weeks of sampling compared to multi-parity dams. A lower proportion of first parity dams (37.5%) were detected positive at week one with M. hyosynoviae and an increase in this proportion to 50% was identified in week three. Only 8.3% of piglets were detected positive for M. hyorhinis in week one compared to week three (50%; p<0.05). The detection of M. hyosynoviae was minimal in piglets at both weeks of sampling (0% and 0.9%). Lameness was scored in pigs 5-22 weeks of age, with the highest score observed at week 5. The correlation between PCR detection and lameness scores revealed that the relative risk of developing lameness post-weaning was significantly associated with detection of M. hyorhinis in piglets at three weeks of age (r = 0.44; p<0.05).The detection pattern of M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in dams did not reflect the detection pattern in piglets. Results of this study suggest that positive detection of M. hyorhinis in piglets pre-weaning could act as a predictor for lameness development at later production stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza R. Roos
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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12
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Fourour S, Fablet C, Tocqueville V, Dorenlor V, Eono F, Eveno E, Kempf I, Marois-Créhan C. A new multiplex real-time TaqMan ® PCR for quantification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare: exploratory epidemiological investigations to research mycoplasmal association in enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:345-355. [PMID: 29603531 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new multiplex qPCR, targeting Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare, was developed and the relationship between detection of those mycoplasma species and the extent of gross pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs lungs were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The multiplex qPCR method targets the p102, p37 and fruA genes and has detection limits of 14, 146 and 16 genome equivalents μl-1 for M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare, respectively. In all, 671 lungs were collected and analysed, among them 666 were scored for macroscopic pneumonia and categorized according to the extent of the lesions (no or minor lesions, moderate lesions and extensive lesions). According to results of multiplex qPCR, 59·5% were positive for M. hyopneumoniae, 3·4% for M. hyorhinis and 34·7% for M. flocculare, with on average, 3·1 × 107 , 9·7 × 106 and 5·7 × 106 genome equivalents of mycoplasma ml-1 , respectively. More results showed that no or minor lesions were associated with multiplex qPCR-negative results or qPCR-positive results for M. flocculare. Moderate to extensive lesions were positively correlated with qPCR-positive results for M. hyopneumoniae. Extensive lesions were associated with qPCR-positive results for at least two mycoplasma species (M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis). CONCLUSION The findings also indicated that M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis significantly increased the odds for a lung to have macroscopic pneumonia. No relationship was found between the extent of lesions and the mycoplasma genome load. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This new multiplex qPCR appears to be specific, sufficiently sensitive and repeatable. The validation of this method with field samples guarantees its use for field epidemiological investigations, particularly to gain more insight into the aetiology of the porcine respiratory disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fourour
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - C Fablet
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - V Tocqueville
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - V Dorenlor
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - F Eono
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - E Eveno
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - I Kempf
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - C Marois-Créhan
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
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13
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Clavijo MJ, Murray D, Oliveira S, Rovira A. Infection dynamics of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in three commercial pig populations. Vet Rec 2017; 181:68. [PMID: 28424318 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is one of the causative agents of polyserositis and arthritis in
postweaning pigs. Knowledge regarding colonisation frequency and age distribution in
modern pig production is lacking. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence
of M hyorhinis colonisation in different age groups across three commercial pig populations.
Nasal swabs were collected from sows, piglets and nursery pigs of different ages. Oral fluids
were collected from nursery pigs. Necropsies were performed to assess the presence of
M hyorhinis-associated disease. M hyorhinis was detected in 5/60 sows in herd A, 3/60 in
herd B and none in herd C. In herd A and B, the prevalence was low in preweaning piglets
(∼8 per cent) and high in postweaning pigs (∼98 per cent). A total of 7/8 oral fluids tested
PCR positive in herds A and B, while 1/8 tested positive in herd C. In herd C, the preweaning
and postweaning prevalence was low. In herds A and B, necropsied pigs had polyserositis
lesions where M hyorhinis was detected by PCR. This study showed that prevalence of
M hyorhinis colonisation varies with pig age and across farms. Information generated will aid
in the design and implementation of control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Clavijo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, USA
| | | | - S Oliveira
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - A Rovira
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
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14
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Dos Santos LF, Clavijo MJ, Sreevatsan S, Rovira A, Moreira MAS, Pieters M. Genotyping of Mycoplasma hyorhinis using multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 111:87-92. [PMID: 25661497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) has re-emerged as an important swine pathogen in recent years causing significant economic losses in post weaning pigs. Genetic variability of M. hyorhinis has been described based on different molecular methods that have limited resolution and reproducibility. The present study was undertaken to develop a molecular epidemiological typing tool for M. hyorhinis based on multiple loci of variable number of tandem repeats in its genome, termed MLVA. The typing method was designed on the basis of the number of repeats in two hypothetical proteins, MHR_0152 and MHR_0298. A total of 205 samples were analyzed, including field isolates, clinical specimens, and a reference strain. Analysis of the combination of the 2 loci revealed 16 MLVA types in 165 of the 205 samples. In the remaining forty samples only one locus could be amplified. The most frequent types obtained from the set of samples were 8-4 (36.9%), 8-3 (11.5%), 7-4 (11.5%), 9-4 (10.9%) and 10-4 (9.3%). The Simpson's diversity index for the assay was D=0.814 when the 165 samples were taken into account. No clustering was observed based on the geographical location, sample type, or year of isolation or sampling. The MLVA assay developed in this investigation showed to be a reproducible and portable assay which could be easily performed and transferred to other laboratories. The use of this technique will assist in epidemiological investigations and can be used to improve the understanding the molecular biology of M. hyorhinis variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Departamento de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; PIC North America, 100 Bluegrass Commons Blvd. Ste. 2200, Hendersonville, TN, 37075, United States
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Maria A S Moreira
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
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15
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Gomes Neto JC, Bower L, Erickson BZ, Wang C, Raymond M, Strait EL. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting Mycoplasma hyosynoviae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in pen-based oral, tonsillar, and nasal fluids. J Vet Sci 2015; 16:195-201. [PMID: 25643803 PMCID: PMC4483503 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are pathogens known to cause disease in pigs post-weaning. Due to their fastidious nature, there is increased need for culture-independent diagnostic platforms to detect these microorganisms. Therefore, this study was performed to develop and optimize quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays to rapidly detect M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in pen-based oral fluids as well as nasal and tonsillar fluids as proxies for samples used in swine herd surveillance. Two methods of genomic DNA extraction, automated versus manual, were used to compare diagnostic test performance. A wean-to-finish longitudinal study was also carried out to demonstrate the reproducibility of using pen-based oral fluids. Overall, pen-based oral and tonsillar fluids were more likely to be positive for both types of bacteria whereas only M. hyorhinis was detected in nasal fluids. DNA extraction protocols were shown to significantly influence test result. Although the initial detection time somewhat differed, both organisms were repeatedly detected in the longitudinal study. Overall, this study evaluated two qPCR methods for rapid and specific detection of either mycoplasma. Results from the present investigation can serve as a foundation for future studies to determine the prevalence of the two microorganisms, environmental load, and effectiveness of veterinary interventions for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Gomes Neto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 5011,
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