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Nardoni S, Mancianti F. Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050518. [PMID: 37233230 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Turtles and 'tortoises' populations are declining in number, the factors driving extinction risks being related to habitat loss and degradation, climate change, introduction of invasive plant and animal species, consumption by humans for food and medicinal use, and collection for international pet trade. Fungal infections represent one of the main threats for ecosystem health. The present narrative review deals with conventional and emerging mycoses of Chelonians. Although conventional mycoses in captive and pet reptiles would depend on poor husbandry, being the agents mostly opportunistic pathogens, some fungal species were reported to occur more frequently, such as the entomopathogen Purpureocillium lilacinum. Furthermore, emerging agents such as the Fusarium solani species complex have been recognized as a real threat for the surviving of some aquatic species, acting as primary pathogens. This complex has been recently included within pathogens in One Health issues. Emydomyces testavorans is recognized as an emerging threat, although, due its recent identification, information about its epidemiology is limited. Data about treatments and outcomes of mycoses in Chelonians are also referred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ferreira-Machado E, Navas-Suárez PE, Ervedosa TB, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, Takahashi JPF, Kimura LM, de Araújo LJT, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, Sanches TC, Rivas L, Frediani M, Zwarg TM, Blume GR, Eloi RSA, de Oliveira LB, Santos ALRM, das Chagas NTC, Guerra JM. Infections by entomopathogenic fungi in common green iguanas (Iguana iguana) in captivity in Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:16-22. [PMID: 36646035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi, widely available biological agents used to control agricultural pests, are sporadically reported to cause focal or disseminated infection in reptiles and mammals, including humans. This study summarizes the clinical presentation, histopathological and molecular findings by panfungal polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of four cases of hypocrealean fungal infections in captive common green iguanas (Iguana, iguana). One case of granulomatous pneumonia, hepatitis and serositis was related to Metarhizium flavoviride complex infection. Two disseminated fungal infection cases, with scarce inflammatory cell infiltration, were caused by Beauveria bassiana while there was one case of multifocal granulomatous and necrotizing pneumonia by Purpureocillium spp. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal mycosis infection due to entomopathogenic fungi in captive common green iguanas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ferreira-Machado
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory (LAPCOM), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Navas-Suárez
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory (LAPCOM), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lidia M Kimura
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natália C C de Azevedo Fernandes
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory (LAPCOM), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís C Sanches
- Centro de Manejo e Conservação de Animais Silvestres (CeMaCAS), Divisão da Fauna Silvestre, Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Rivas
- Centro de Manejo e Conservação de Animais Silvestres (CeMaCAS), Divisão da Fauna Silvestre, Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra Frediani
- Centro de Manejo e Conservação de Animais Silvestres (CeMaCAS), Divisão da Fauna Silvestre, Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ticiana M Zwarg
- Centro de Manejo e Conservação de Animais Silvestres (CeMaCAS), Divisão da Fauna Silvestre, Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Blume
- HistoPato Laboratory - Veterinary Anatomopathological Analysis, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S A Eloi
- HistoPato Laboratory - Veterinary Anatomopathological Analysis, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Letícia B de Oliveira
- HistoPato Laboratory - Veterinary Anatomopathological Analysis, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - André L R M Santos
- HistoPato Laboratory - Veterinary Anatomopathological Analysis, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Marschang RE, Salzmann E, Pees M. Diagnostics of Infectious Respiratory Pathogens in Reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:369-395. [PMID: 33892892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease in reptiles, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, are constantly evolving as is the understanding of the specific roles played by various pathogens in disease processes. Some are known to be primary pathogens with high prevalence in captive reptiles, for example, serpentoviruses in pythons or mycoplasma in tortoises. Others are very commonly found in reptiles with respiratory disease but are most often considered secondary, for example, gram-negative bacteria. Detection methods as well as specific pathogens associated with upper- and lower-respiratory disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Calvillo-Medina RP, Ponce-Angulo DG, Raymundo T, Müller-Morales CA, Escudero-Leyva E, Campos Guillén J, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals. Mycoses 2020; 64:162-173. [PMID: 33064905 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5-2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated. METHODS The fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Gabriela Ponce-Angulo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Raymundo
- Laboratorio de Micología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adolfo Müller-Morales
- Departamento de Córnea y Cirugía Refractiva, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Efraín Escudero-Leyva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) y Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), y Centro Nacional de Computación Avanzada (CNCA), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Campos Guillén
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Bautista-de Lucio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
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Schneider J, Heydel T, Pees M, Schrödl W, Schmidt V. Identification of hypocrealean reptile pathogenic isolates with MALDI-TOF MS. Med Mycol 2019; 57:694-702. [PMID: 30445443 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotyper analysis of Nannizziopsis guarroi, a fatal fungal pathogen in lizards, was described recently. Hypocrealean fungal infections in captive reptiles appear with an increasing frequency during the last decade. Therefore, the aim of this study was to proof Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as diagnostic tool for the identification of reptile pathogenic hypocrealean fungi. Ten fungal isolates obtained from nine reptiles with fungal glossitis, disseminated visceral mycosis, pneumomycosis, and fungal keratitis were analyzed. Phylogeny consisted of fragments of the large subunit of nuclear encoded ribosomal DNA (D1/D2, LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region 1 of nuclear encoded ribosomal DNA (ITS1) as well as the protein coding gene translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF). Results revealed unanimously two Metarhizium granulomatis genotypes in a total of three isolates, various M. viride genotypes (n = 3), two different Purpureocillium lilacinum isolates as well as one isolate of each P. lavendulum and Beauveria bassiana. Purpureocillium lilacinum and B. bassiana are likewise frequently employed as a mycoinsecticide and mycoacaricide in agriculture on a worldwide scale and have occasionally been reported in man, causing fungal keratitis, sclerokeratitis, nosocomial infections in immunosuppressed patients, as well as cavitary pulmonary disease and cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis in immunocompetent patients. According to the results establishment of Biotyper analysis for faster differentiation of reptile-associated fungal pathogens is entirely justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schneider
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilo Heydel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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