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Müştak IB, Müştak HK. Circulation and Molecular Characterization of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Poultry Flocks with Respiratory Disorders in Turkey, 2018-2022. Avian Dis 2024; 68:112-116. [PMID: 38885052 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a very serious worldwide respiratory disease of poultry, with many countries reporting ILT infections over the last decade. However, few reports are available regarding ILT disease prevalence in poultry in Turkey. Accordingly, the present study investigated ILT infection in Turkish broiler flocks between 2018 and 2022. Circulating ILT strains were characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two fragments of the infected-cell protein 4 gene. ILT virus (ILTV) was confirmed by quantitative PCR in 8 of the 21 flocks examined. As in other diseases, co-infections with other respiratory pathogens in confirmed ILT cases may worsen the symptoms and prolong the disease course. The present study confirmed co-infections with infectious bronchitis virus (13/21 tested flocks and 5/8 ILTV-positive flocks), indicating the importance of these pathogens in the occurrence of ILT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Başak Müştak
- Department of Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara Turkey,
| | - Hamit Kaan Müştak
- Department of Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara Turkey
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Zhang M, Qian K, Li GH, Duan MH, Li ZE, Dai Y, Chen JC, Yang F. Depletion of tilmicosin residue in Gushi chickens following oral administration via drinking water. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:114-120. [PMID: 37950414 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the depletion of tilmicosin residues in Gushi chickens following the administration at a concentration of 75 mg/L in their drinking water for three consecutive days. Plasma, liver, kidney, lung, muscle, and skin + fat samples were collected from 6 chickens at 6 h, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after the treatment. Tilmicosin concentrations in the samples were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The findings revealed that the highest tilmicosin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the kidney, lung, skin + fat, muscle, and plasma. Notably, at 7 days post-treatment, no drug residue was detected in all samples except for the liver and kidney. The non-compartmental model was employed to calculate relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. The elimination half-lives (t1/2λz ) of tilmicosin were as follows, ranked from long to short: skin + fat (45.42 h), liver (44.17 h), kidney (40.06 h), plasma (37.64 h), lung (31.39 h), and muscle (30.05 h). Considering the current residue depletion and the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by Chinese regulatory authorities, the withdrawal times for tilmicosin were estimated as 18.91, 10.81, and 8.58 days in the kidney, liver, and skin + fat, respectively. A rounded-up value of 19 days was selected as the conclusive withdrawal time. Furthermore, based on the observed tilmicosin concentrations in plasma and lung, combined with previously reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the current dosing regimen was deemed adequate for treating Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in Gushi chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Tianjin Agricultural Ecological Environment Monitoring and Agricultural Product Quality Testing Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang-Hui Li
- Shantou Customs District Technology Center, Shantou, China
| | - Ming-Hui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ze-En Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Kanabata BT, Souza FL, Biz G, Pescim RR, Soares AL. Relationship Between Pre-Slaughter Factors and Major Causes of Carcass Condemnation in a Broiler Slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - FL Souza
- State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - G Biz
- State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - RR Pescim
- State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - AL Soares
- State University of Londrina, Brazil
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Lin GW. Long-Term Prognosis and Treatment of Crop Impaction in Chickens via Ingluviotomy with Local Infiltration Anesthetic: Case Report. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-8. [PMID: 36017909 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two hens from two backyard chicken flocks were presented to a private veterinary practice specializing in poultry, both with a chief complaint of crop distention. Crop impaction was diagnosed based on physical examinations and radiographic findings. The hens were admitted for ingluviotomy surgery to remove the impacted fibrous material under local anesthesia. Even though one of the hens was diagnosed with pendulous crop, both hens recovered uneventfully after ingluviotomy and postoperative care. Follow-up examinations and interviews with the owners confirmed excellent long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Wing Lin
- Canadian Poultry Consultants Ltd., Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V4X 2N4,
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Jansson DS, Otman F, Bagge E, Lindgren Y, Etterlin PE, Eriksson H. Retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in domestic ducks and geese from non-commercial flocks in Sweden, 2011-2020. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:47. [PMID: 34819114 PMCID: PMC8613967 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small poultry flock ownership has become a popular hobby in Europe and North America in recent years but there is a general lack of information regarding bird health and welfare. This retrospective analysis of routine post-mortem cases of non-commercial anseriform poultry aimed at providing information on causes of mortality mostly in relation to mortality events. For this purpose, birds that were submitted for routine post-mortem diagnostics to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) in Sweden in 2011–2020 were retrospectively reviewed to determine main causes of mortality. Results Records from 79 necropsy submissions involving 120 birds (domestic ducks n = 41, Muscovy ducks n = 45, hybrid ducks n = 2 and domestic geese n = 32) were retrieved and analysed. Most submissions (72.2%) represented flock disease events and unexpected mortality was the most common cause of submission (70.9% of submissions). Twenty-two submissions (27.8%) were referred by veterinarians. There was a wide range of diagnoses of infectious and noninfectious aetiologies. Infectious causes of mortality included parasitic (19.2%), bacterial (13.3%), fungal (10.0%) and viral infections (3.3%) (at bird level of all 120 birds). Some of these infections such as duck virus enteritis (DVE), highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI H5N8) in Muscovy ducks and leucocytozoonosis (Leucocytozoon sp.) in all three species were most likely acquired from contact with wild free-living waterfowl. Generalised yeast infection (Muscovy duck disease) was diagnosed in Muscovy ducks and in a Muscovy duck/domestic duck hybrid. Other diseases were related to generalised noninfectious causes (27.5% of all birds) including diseases such as kidney disease, amyloidosis, cardiac dilatation, reproductive diseases and idiopathic inflammatory conditions. Nutritional or management-related diseases were diagnosed in 14.2% of all birds including rickets and gastrointestinal impaction/obstruction. Congenital/developmental, neoplastic, toxic and traumatic causes of mortality were rare. Conclusions The information obtained in this study can be used to identify and evaluate risks and help owners and veterinarians to prevent disease and provide adequate veterinary care for non-commercial anseriform poultry.
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Schweitzer PM, Susta L, Varga C, Brash ML, Guerin MT. Demographic, Husbandry, and Biosecurity Factors Associated with the Presence of Campylobacter spp. in Small Poultry Flocks in Ontario, Canada. Pathogens 2021; 10:1471. [PMID: 34832626 PMCID: PMC8625653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is part of a 2 year disease surveillance project conducted to establish the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., among small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada. For each post-mortem submission to the Animal Health Laboratory, a pooled sample of cecal tissue was cultured for Campylobacter spp., and a husbandry and biosecurity questionnaire was completed by the flock owner (n = 153). Using both laboratory and questionnaire data, our objective was to investigate demographic, husbandry, and biosecurity factors associated with the presence of Campylobacter spp. in small flocks. Two multivariable logistic regression models were built. In the farm model, the odds of Campylobacter spp. were higher in turkeys, and when birds were housed in a mixed group with different species and/or types of birds. The odds were lower when antibiotics were used within the last 12 months, and when birds had at least some free-range access. The effect of pest control depended on the number of birds at risk. In the coop model, the odds of Campylobacter spp. were lower when owners wore dedicated clothing when entering the coop. These results can be used to limit the transmission of Campylobacter spp. from small poultry flocks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Schweitzer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Csaba Varga
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Marina L. Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michele T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Brochu NM, Guerin MT, Varga C, Lillie BN, Brash ML, Susta L. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND HUSBANDRY AND BIOSECURITY PRACTICES OF SMALL POULTRY FLOCKS IN ONTARIO, CANADA. Avian Dis 2021; 65:287-294. [PMID: 33592104 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As part of a two-year, disease surveillance project of small poultry flocks, owners of birds submitted for postmortem examination to the Animal Health Laboratory were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to gather information on the characteristics of the flock and its environment, how the flock was managed, and biosecurity measures used. A total of 153 unique questionnaires were received. Personal consumption of meat or eggs was the most common reason for owning a small flock (69.3%). Almost all owners (97.4%) reported having chickens on their property, while 21.6% had waterfowl, 15.7% had turkeys, and 15.7% had game birds. Nearly seventy percent (69.9%) of the flocks had some degree of outdoor access. For those with indoor access, the most common bedding material provided was soft wood shavings (70.2%). Kitchen waste or leftovers were offered to 65.3% of flocks, and well water was the most common source of drinking water (80.6%). For flocks with indoor access, dedicated shoes and clothes were used when entering or cleaning the coop by less than half of owners, and shoes were rarely disinfected before or after contact with the flock. Most owners (93.8%) reported washing their hands after contact with their birds, although only 48.3% reported washing their hands before contact. Among owners who sourced birds from a hatchery, only 36.8% indicated that the birds had been vaccinated and 21.1% were unsure if vaccines had been administered. Among owners using medication (60.5%), the use of antibiotics was common (60.9%). Overall, questionnaire responses describe a wide range of husbandry and biosecurity practices, often suboptimal, and point out the need for educational material for Ontario small flock owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Brochu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Csaba Varga
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1 (At time of study);Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA, 61802 (Present)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Marina L Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Leonardo Susta
- University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College Associate Professor Pathobiology PAHL Building 89 Corner of McGilvray and Gordon CANADA Guelph Ontario N1G2G2 +1(519)824-4120 X54323
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Fragoso JS, Moreno JCA, Infiesta PC, Benevides WS, Lucio ET, Pizarro M. Principal Lesions and Patterns of Mortality Observed in a Broiler Breeder Flock During the Laying Period. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhu C, Heidari M, Dong K, Chang S, Xie Q, Zhang H. Marek's disease vaccines-induced differential expression of known and novel microRNAs in primary lymphoid organ bursae of White Leghorn. Vet Res 2020; 51:19. [PMID: 32093775 PMCID: PMC7038564 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is a contagious disease of domestic chickens caused by MD viruses. MD has been controlled primarily by vaccinations, yet sporadic outbreaks of MD take place worldwide. Commonly used MD vaccines include HVT, SB-1 and CVI988/Rispens and their efficacies are reportedly dependent of multiple factors including host genetics. Our previous studies showed protective efficacy of a MD vaccine can differ drastically from one chicken line to the next. Advanced understanding on the underlying genetic and epigenetic factors that modulate vaccine efficacy would greatly improve the strategy in design and development of more potent vaccines. Two highly inbred lines of White Leghorn were inoculated with HVT and CVI988/Rispens. Bursa samples were taken 26 days post-vaccination and subjected to small RNA sequencing analysis to profile microRNAs (miRNA). A total of 589 and 519 miRNAs was identified in one line, known as line 63, 490 and 630 miRNAs were identified in the other, known as line 72, in response to HVT or CVI988/Rispens inoculation, respectively. HVT and CVI988/Rispens induced mutually exclusive 4 and 13 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in line 63 birds in contrast to a non-vaccinated group of the same line. HVT failed to induce any DE miRNA and CVI988/Rispens induced a single DE miRNA in line 72 birds. Thousands of target genes for the DE miRNAs were predicted, which were enriched in a variety of gene ontology terms and pathways. This finding suggests the epigenetic factor, microRNA, is highly likely involved in modulating vaccine protective efficacy in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.,Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mohammad Heidari
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shuang Chang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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Brochu NM, Guerin MT, Varga C, Lillie BN, Brash ML, Susta L. A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:327-335. [PMID: 30973091 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). Small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. Despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these flocks. To assess the baseline prevalence of bacterial and viral infectious pathogens, prospective surveillance of small flock postmortem submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory was conducted over a 2-y period. With the owner's consent, a postmortem examination and pre-set tests for infectious agents were conducted. A total of 160 submissions, mainly chickens (84%), were received. Among bacterial pathogens, Brachyspira spp., Mycoplasma synoviae, Campylobacter spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. were detected in 37%, 36%, 35%, 23%, and 3% of tested submissions, respectively. Among viral pathogens, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian reovirus, and infectious bursal disease virus were detected in 39%, 35%, 15%, 4%, and 1% of submissions, respectively. We detected non-virulent avian avulavirus 1 from two chickens in a single submission, and low-pathogenic H10N8 influenza A virus from a single turkey submission. Our study provides baseline prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens circulating in Ontario small flocks and may help animal and human health professionals to educate small flock owners about disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Brochu
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Marina L Brash
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
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