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Laabouri FZ, Folmar C, Reyes VA, Beasley E, Ryan C, Brown C. Case report: Abomasal ulcer secondary to congenital pyloric and duodenal stenosis in a 3-day-old heifer. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235110. [PMID: 37885618 PMCID: PMC10598675 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers, an economic concern for all calf-raising farms, are usually silent until perforation occurs, at which time management is complicated and often unrewarding. This case study describes perforating ulcer in a 3-day-old Brahman heifer, occurring secondary to a congenital narrowing of the pylorus and proximal duodenum and leading to marked abomasal distention, leakage, and eventual peritonitis and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Laabouri
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chelsea Folmar
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Vicente Avila Reyes
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Beasley
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Clare Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Corrie Brown
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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2
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Guarnieri E, Fecteau G, Berman J, Desrochers A, Babkine M, Nichols S, Francoz D. Abomasitis in calves: A retrospective cohort study of 23 cases (2006-2016). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1018-1027. [PMID: 32056284 PMCID: PMC7096666 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abomasitis is a syndrome affecting young milk‐fed calves. The current veterinary literature describes mainly its necropsy findings. Objectives To describe the clinical presentation, complementary tests, treatments, and case‐fatality rate of calves with a clinical diagnosis of abomasitis and to identify potential factors associated with outcome. Methods Observational retrospective cohort study (2006‐2016). Review of the medical records of calves <3 months of age presented with abdominal and abomasal distension for <7 days that were clinically diagnosed with abomasitis at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Université de Montréal. A follow‐up examination was conducted by telephone interview. Animals Twenty‐three calves clinically diagnosed with abomasitis. Results Median age of presentation was 3 days (range, 0‐62 days). The typical duration of the clinical course was <24 hours (15/23). On admission, the 2 most common clinical signs were anorexia (13/14) and positive succussion (13/14). Hyper‐l‐lactatemia (15/16) and increased γ‐glutamyl‐transferase activity (13/14) were the most common laboratory abnormalities. Hypoproteinemia (19/22) and a left shift (15/18) of the neutrophils also were observed. The short‐term case‐fatality rate was 52% (12/23). The clinical diagnosis was confirmed on all necropsied calves. Clostridium spp. and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Based on univariate statistical analysis, the surviving calves were significantly (P < .05) less hypothermic, less acidemic, less hyper‐l‐lactatemic, and had lower serum creatinine concentrations on admission than did the deceased calves. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In our study, abomasitis was associated with a guarded prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Guarnieri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Berman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Babkine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - David Francoz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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3
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Bus JD, Stockhofe N, Webb LE. Invited review: Abomasal damage in veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:943-960. [PMID: 30591333 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Within all cattle production systems, veal calves are the most severely affected by abomasal damage, with current prevalence at slaughter ranging from 70 to 93% of all animals affected. Although most damage is found in the pyloric region of the abomasum, fundic lesions are also found. Despite past research into the etiology of abomasal damage and the many risk factors that have been proposed, consensus on the causal factors of abomasal damage in veal calves has not yet been reached. The aim of this review was to integrate and analyze available information on the etiology of, and possible risk factors for, abomasal damage in veal calves. We describe various proposed pathways through which risk factors may contribute to damage formation and conclude that the etiology of abomasal damage is most likely multifactorial, with diet being a main contributor. Pyloric lesions, the most common type of damage in veal calves, are likely the result of large and infrequent milk and solid feed meals, whereas fundic lesions may be caused by stress, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. Providing calves with multiple smaller milk and solid feed meals (or ad libitum provision) may decrease abomasal damage. In future research, ulcers, erosions, and scars as well as fundic and pyloric lesions should be recorded separately, because etiologies of these may differ. Further research is required to understand the exact pathway(s) by which milk replacer causes abomasal damage in veal calves; that is, whether low abomasal pH, overloading, or composition are important. Further research is also required to elucidate whether rapid intake of milk replacer and solid feed, which is influenced by restricted amounts fed, inter-calf competition, and calf breed, increases abomasal damage. Research is also needed into the effect of medication and nutrient deficiencies other than iron. The types of experimental designs that can be used for future research could be enhanced if a means to assess abomasal damage antemortem is developed. We conclude that it is unlikely that abomasal or ruminal hairballs, iron deficiency, water provision, and various infections and diseases are significant contributors to abomasal damage in veal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bus
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - L E Webb
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Simpson
- Livestock Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| | - Robert J Callan
- Livestock Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
| | - David C Van Metre
- Livestock Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
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Hund A, Wittek T. Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 34:35-54. [PMID: 29276097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers are frequent incidental findings in necropsies of domestic ruminants and South American Camelids (SAC) or in slaughter animals and are a frequent cause of death in the most affected group of cattle, veal calves. Their true prevalence and significance is unknown owing to limitations in diagnosing the condition in live animals. This article discusses types of ulcers, possible causes of ulceration, and the clinical consequences, symptoms, and differential diagnoses, as well as further diagnostics in cattle, small ruminants and SAC. The limited treatment options and possibilities for prevention are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hund
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Hund A, Wittek T. [Abomasal ulcers in cattle]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:121-128. [PMID: 28352924 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers lead to several problems. They cause pain resulting in a decrease in productivity and even the possible loss of the animal. Because they are frequently difficult to diagnose, information on their prevalence is variable. Additionally, therapeutic options are limited. Abomasal ulcers are graded as type 1 through 4, type 1 being a superficial defect and type 2 an ulcer where a large blood vessel has been eroded, leading to substantial blood loss. Types 3 and 4 are perforated abomasal ulcers leading to local and diffuse peritonitis, respectively. Causes of abomasal ulcers are multifactorial, for example, mistakes in feeding that lead to gastrointestinal disturbances or other diseases that induce stress. Ulcers can also result from side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In principal, the pathophysiological cause is the disturbance of the balance between protective and aggressive mechanisms at the abomasal mucosa due to stress. Clinical symptoms vary and are mostly non-specific. Fecal occult blood tests, hematology and blood chemistry as well as ultrasonographic examination and abdominocentesis can help to establish the diagnosis. Ulcers can be treated symptomatically, surgically and medically. To prevent abomasal ulcers, animals should be kept healthy by providing adequate nutrition and housing as well as early and effective medical care. Stressful management practices, including transport and commingling, should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hund
- Dr. Alexandra Hund, Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Österreich, E-Mail:
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7
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Burgstaller J, Wittek T, Smith GW. Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:17-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hund A, Dzieciol M, Schmitz-Esser S, Wittek T. Characterization of mucosa-associated bacterial communities in abomasal ulcers by pyrosequencing. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:132-41. [PMID: 25770891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers are important pathological alterations of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle and are exceptionally hard to diagnose in vivo. The microbiome of the abomasum in cattle with or without ulcers has hardly been studied to date, and if so, the studies used culture-dependent methods. In the present study, the bacterial communities associated with abomasal ulcers of slaughter cows, bulls, and calves in Austria were described using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Sequences were clustered into 10,459 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), affiliating to 28 phyla with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes dominating (96.4% of all reads). The most abundant genera belonged to Helicobacter, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, and novel Mycoplasma-like phylotypes. Significant differences between the microbial communities of healthy and ulcerated calves compared to cows and bulls could be observed. However, only few statistically significant differences in the abundances of certain OTUs between healthy and ulcerated abomasal mucosa were found. Additionally, near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences of the most abundant phylotypes were obtained by cloning and Sanger sequencing (n=88). In conclusion, our results allow the first deep insights into the composition of abomasal mucosal bacterial communities in cattle and describe a hitherto unknown high diversity and species richness of abomasal bacteria in cattle. Our results suggest that bacteria may have only limited involvement in the etiology of abomasal ulcers. However, future research will be needed to verify the contribution of bacteria to abomasal ulcer formation as presence or absence of bacteria does not necessarily correlate with etiology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hund
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Dzieciol
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Berends H, van Reenen C, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Gerrits W. Effects of early rumen development and solid feed composition on growth performance and abomasal health in veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3190-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Van Immerseel F, Pardon B, Maes S, Heyndrickx M, Timbermont L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez P. Isolation of a clonal population of Clostridium perfringens type A from a Belgian Blue calf with abomasal ulceration. J Comp Pathol 2011; 143:289-93. [PMID: 20430403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A case of abomasal ulceration in a 3-month-old Belgian Blue calf is described. Microscopical examination revealed the ulcers to be demarcated by a band of neutrophilic inflammation that separated underlying healthy tissue from the superficial fibrinous necrotic material in which bacteria were present. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from multiple ulcers and from the intestinal contents of the animal and pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that the isolates comprised a genetically clonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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11
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Marshall TS. Abomasal Ulceration and Tympany of Calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:209-20, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Surgical disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle occur occasionally, and veterinarians are challenged to determine an accurate diagnosis and treatment for these conditions. Although surgical diseases most commonly occur in the forestomachs (dislocated abomasum, reticuloperitonitis) and the colons (cecal dilatation), this article focuses on lesions in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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13
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Panciera RJ, Boileau MJ, Step DL. Tympany, acidosis, and mural emphysema of the stomach in calves: report of cases and experimental induction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:392-5. [PMID: 17609349 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Necropsy of 4 neonatal calves with a peracute syndrome of abdominal distention, diarrhea, dehydration, shock, and death revealed abomasal tympany, marked edema, hemorrhage, and emphysema of ruminal and abomasal walls and histopathologic lesions characteristic of forestomach acidosis. The presence of acid damage and the production of substantial quantities of gas strongly suggested that the pathogenesis of the syndrome involved exuberant fermentation of intragastric substrate. This supposition led to attempts to experimentally induce the syndrome by dosing neonatal calves with an alimentary tract flora, followed by milk replacer supplemented with excessive fermentable carbohydrate (D-glucose and cornstarch). Two of the 5 calves thus treated developed a syndrome very similar to that observed in naturally affected calves. Literature suggests involvement of several Clostridial species, Sarcina spp., and possibly other microbes or a combination thereof to be involved in very similar syndromes. Therefore it is suggested that this complex of lesions and clinical signs is not dependent on a single etiologic agent. Rather, it is proposed that the natural occurrence of disease requires a quantity of highly fermentable substrate (starch, glucose, lactose, etc.) and a bacterial flora that is capable of rapidly fermenting that particular substrate with a resultant production of gas and acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Panciera
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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14
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA J 2006; 4:366. [PMID: 32313579 PMCID: PMC7163428 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although underrepresented compared with infectious diseases, calves' surgical abdomen diseases and abdominal surgery are a part of daily veterinary practice. Clinical presentations may differ from adult cattle and change rapidly. The decision whether to perform abdominal surgery or refer the animal has to take into consideration the condition and its prognosis for the calf. This article discusses clinical presentation of calves and focuses on specific situations with a detailed description of the surgical techniques, atresia coli, and umbilical remnants infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200, Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 6K9, Canada.
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Glenn Songer J, Miskimins DW. Clostridial abomasitis in calves: case report and review of the literature. Anaerobe 2005; 11:290-4. [PMID: 16701586 PMCID: PMC7111123 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections by Clostridium perfringens type A are perhaps the most common causes of clostridial hemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal ruminants. Affected calves exhibit tympany, hemorrhagic abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration. Gram-positive bacilli are often found on affected mucosa and in submucosa. Aspects of etiology beyond the infecting organism are little understood, but probably include dietary issues, perhaps relating to overfeeding, feeding of barely thawed or contaminated colostrum, or conditions which effect decreased gut motility. Fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in a cloned gaur calf is illustrative of the syndrome. The calf developed pasty yellow and bloody diarrhea, and the abdomen became distended and painful. In spite of intensive therapy, the calf died ∼48 h after birth. At necropsy, the distended abomasum contained clotted milk and bloody fluid, and the abomasal and omasal walls were thickened and hemorrhagic. The proximal duodenum was hemorrhagic and emphysematous, and microscopic examination revealed Gram-positive rods in association with acute, necrotizing, hemorrhagic mucosal inflammation. Isolates of C. perfringens from this calf were PCR positive for cpb2, the gene encoding beta2 toxin. This finding is of unknown significance; only 14.3% (8/56) of isolates from other calves with the syndrome have been cpb2 positive, and only 50% of cpb2 positive bovine isolates express CPB2. The most prominent needs to further our understanding of this problem are consistent experimental reproduction of the disease, elucidation of virulence attributes, and development and application of prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glenn Songer
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Abstract
Surgical disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle occur occasionally, and veterinarians are challenged to determine an accurate diagnosis and treatment for these conditions. Although surgical diseases most commonly occur in the forestomachs (dislocated abomasum, reticuloperitonitis) and the colons (cecal dilation), this article focuses n lesions in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Constable PD, Ahmed AF, Misk NA. Effect of Suckling Cow's Milk or Milk Replacer on Abomasal Luminal pH in Dairy Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ahmed AF, Constable PD, Misk NA. Effect of feeding frequency and route of administration on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves fed milk replacer. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:1502-8. [PMID: 12146482 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding frequency and route of administration on abomasal luminal pH in suckling calves. Six male dairy calves with cannulae in the abomasal body were administered the following six treatments in a randomized crossover design: 24 h fasting, suckling of a high-quality milk replacer (all-milk protein; 12% of body weight [BW]/d) at 12-h (2x), 8-h (3x), 6-h (4x), and 3-h (8x) intervals, and ruminal intubation of milk replacer (12% of body weight/day) at a 12-h (2x) interval. Abomasal luminal pH was measured every second for 24 h with miniature glass pH electrodes. Least squares mean 24-h fasting abomasal luminal pH was 1.73, whereas mean 24-h pH after suckling and intubation of milk replacer every 12 h were higher at 3.44 and 3.17, respectively. Increasing the frequency of milk replacer suckling to 3x, 4x, and 8x increased mean 24-h abomasal luminal pH; however, there was no difference in mean 24-h pH between 3x (3.69), 4x (3.64), and 8x (3.67) suckling. The percentage of the 24-h recording period that abomasal luminal pH was > 3.0 was 0, 49, 53, 61, 61, and 71% for fasting, 2x intubation of milk replacer, and 2x, 3x, 4x, and 8x suckling of milk replacer, respectively. Increasing the frequency of milk replacer suckling may be efficacious in the prophylaxis of abomasal ulceration in milk-fed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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Abstract
An abomasal syndrome affecting mainly three- to four-week-old lambs was studied by using a case-control design involving 88 cases and 85 controls. The principal clinical signs were tympany and colic. The cases were divided into three groups according to the main gross pathological findings in 82 of them. The 28 lambs in group 1 had abomasal tympany, the 29 lambs in group 2 had severe damage to the abomasal mucosa, and the 25 lambs in group 3 consisted mainly of lambs with various other diseases in combination with abomasal changes. The lambs in group 1 had a significantly (P<0.05) lower mean (se) abomasal pH (2.7 [0.19]) than those in group 2 (4.1 [0.32]), group 3 (3.7 [0.39]) or the controls (3.3 [0.13]). The ruminal pH values ranged from 3.5 to 7.4 but there were no significant differences between the groups. Lambs with ulcers had a significantly (P<0.05) higher frequency of trichophytobezoars, than the cases without ulcers or the controls. The tympanic lambs in group 1 had a significantly higher mean packed cell volume, and higher mean red and white blood cell counts, and a significantly lower mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration than the healthy control lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vatn
- Department of Sheep and Goat Research, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Sandnes
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Agerholm JS, Jensen NE, Dantzer V, Jensen HE, Aarestrup FM. Experimental infection of pregnant cows with Bacillus licheniformis bacteria. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:191-201. [PMID: 10332827 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-3-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the abortifacient potential and fetoplacental tropism of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, eight cows in the sixth to eighth month of gestation were inoculated intravenously either once (n = 4) or on four successive days (n = 4) with B. licheniformis at doses ranging from 10(9) to 10(12) colony-forming units. Cows were euthanatized and necropsied prior to abortion (n = 2), at the time of abortion (n = 2), or at calving (n = 4). Live-born calves (n = 5) were euthanatized immediately after delivery and necropsied. B. licheniformis was reisolated from placentomes/endometrium in six of eight (75%) cows and from one fetus aborted 43 days after inoculation. Lesions associated with B. licheniformis were restricted to the pregnant uterus, with the exception of one cow, which developed pneumonia. Necrosis in the fetal compartment of the placenta were present in three of four (75%) cows of both inoculation groups. Lesions were mainly restricted to fetal membranes and especially to the fetal side of the placentomes. Necrosis and diffuse neutrophil infiltrations of both villi and intervillous areas occurred in the fetal part of the placenta, and the placentomal interface was distended by bacteria, neutrophils, erythrocytes, and debris. Within trophoblasts, bacteria were located both free in the cytoplasm and in cytoplasmatic vesicles. Inflammation was present in three of eight (38%) calves. Placental and fetal lesions were similar to those found in cases of spontaneous abortions associated with B. licheniformis. The abortifacient potential of B. licheniformis and the tropism for the bovine placenta is demonstrated here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Agerholm
- Department of Pathology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Steffen DJ, Carlson MP, Casper HH. Copper toxicosis in suckling beef calves associated with improper administration of copper oxide boluses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:443-6. [PMID: 9376443 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D J Steffen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0907, USA
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23
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Jelinski M, Ribble C, Campbell J, Janzen E. Descriptive epidemiology of fatal abomasal ulcers in Canadian beef calves. Prev Vet Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(95)00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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