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Noel A, Zhang J, Shen H, Saxena A, Groeltz-Thrush J, Li G, Rahe MC. Bovine Rhinitis B Virus Variant as the Putative Cause of Bronchitis in Goat Kids. Viruses 2024; 16:1023. [PMID: 39066186 PMCID: PMC11281505 DOI: 10.3390/v16071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A diagnostic investigation into an outbreak of fatal respiratory disease among young goats in Iowa, USA revealed bronchitis lesions of unknown etiology and secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia. Hypothesis-free metagenomics identified a previously unreported picornavirus (USA/IA26017/2023), and further phylogenetic analysis classified USA/IA26017/2023 as an aphthovirus related to bovine rhinitis B virus. Viral nucleic acid was localized to lesions of bronchitis using in situ hybridization. This marks the first report of a picornavirus putatively causing respiratory disease in goats and highlights the potential for cross-species transmission of aphthoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Noel
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Huigang Shen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Jennifer Groeltz-Thrush
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Ganwu Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Michael C. Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.N.)
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Semmate N, Bamouh Z, Elkarhat Z, Elmejdoub S, Saleh M, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. The Development and Evaluation of a New Inactivated Vaccine against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1118. [PMID: 38930500 PMCID: PMC11206004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) are pathogens that affect large and small ruminants. Indeed, Mcc affects both sheep and goats, causing contagious agalactia (CA). Mccp affects only goats, causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). CA and CCPP are mainly controlled using inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines. However, producing the vaccine with the Mccp strain is complex, fastidious, and costly due to the slow growth of the bacterium. In this study, we present new oil-adjuvanted and inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines for sheep and goats against CA and CCPP. The vaccines were evaluated for safety and efficacy using experimental infection. A serological response was observed one week after of the first vaccination of sheep and goats with Mcc and goats with Mccp. The vaccinated animals were subsequently challenged with the virulent Mcc MOR20 strain. The Mcc vaccine was demonstrated to provide robust protection when the animals were challenged with Mcc MOR20. Cross-protection against the Mcc MOR20 challenge was also obtained with the Mccp vaccine. This finding revealed, for the first time, the safety and efficacy of an inactivated Mcc vaccine against contagious agalactia and cross-protection between Mcc and Mccp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zouhair Elkarhat
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
- Institute of Thematic Research Specialized in Medical, Food and Environmental Biotechnology of Benslimane, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Casablanca 20670, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Elmejdoub
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Mazen Saleh
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON P3E 5Z6, Canada;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
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Pavone S, Crotti S, D'Avino N, Gobbi P, Scoccia E, Pesca C, Gobbi M, Cambiotti V, Lepri E, Cruciani D. The role of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory mycoplasmosis of sheep and goats in Italy: Correlation of molecular data with histopathological features. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104983. [PMID: 37639802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections are commonly found in the respiratory system of small ruminants; the species most commonly detected are Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini, associated with the so-called "atypical non-progressive pneumonia". The pathogenic role of M. ovipneumoniae in pneumonia has been demonstrated in sheep but still needs to be verified in goats; on the other hand, the role of M. arginini in sheep is not well understood, while in goats seems to be of low pathogenic value. The present study aims to investigate the aetiology of pneumonia in sheep and goats that died from respiratory disease using anatomopathological, histopathological, and molecular investigations and to clarify the role of respiratory mycoplasmas by the association of molecular data with histopathological features. First, to better understand which histological changes are actually suggestive of atypical pneumonia in sheep and goats, the study identified the histological lesions significantly associated with Mycoplasma spp. infection. Then, the histological score of lesions considered suggestive of atypical pneumonia was used to estimate the pathogenicity of each mycoplasma detected. The results showed that M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini (alone or in mixed infections) are pathogenic both in sheep, as well as in goats with similar histology and severity of lesions. Moreover, young animals were statistically more susceptible to M.ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection than adults. Animals appeared more at risk to the development of M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Paola Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pesca
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1, Via XIV Settembre 79, Parco S. Margherita, Perugia 06121, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | | | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
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Lugonzo G, Gitao G, Bebora L, Lutta HO. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Coinfections in Goats in Kwale County, Kenya. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:5513916. [PMID: 37485298 PMCID: PMC10361832 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5513916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Goats are among the most important small ruminants affected by Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) diseases, two of the most significant constraints worldwide to the production of small ruminant species. Herein, the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and the latex agglutination test (LAT) were used to determine the coinfections of PPR and CCPP in goats in Kwale County on Kenya's South Coast. A total of 368 serum samples were collected from goats of various ages and sexes exhibiting respiratory distress in the four subcounties of Kwale County (Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni) and screened for PPR and CCPP antibodies. Of the 368 goats sampled, 259 (70.4%) were females and 109 (29.6%) were males, and 126 (34.2%), 71 (19.3%), 108 (29.3%), and 63 (17.1%) samples were collected from Kinango, Matuga, Lunga Lunga, and Msambweni, respectively. The overall PPR seropositivity rate was 48.6% (179/368); rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 70.6%, 29.6%, 49.3%, and 36.5%, respectively. The overall CCPP seropositivity rate was 45.4% (167/368), while rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 51.6%, 49.1%, 36.6%, and 36.5%, respectively. Notably, the seropositivity of PPR was higher in male (53.3%) than in female (46.72%) goats, though not statistically significant. In addition, the CCPP seropositivity rates were not significantly different between male (44.0%) and female (45.9%) goats. Regarding age, the PPR seropositivity rates were 45.9%, 55.8%, and 52.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. For CCPP, the seropositivity rates were 48.3%, 40.4%, and 42.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. The coinfection rate of PPR and CCPP was 22.3% (82/368). Despite the high coinfection, univariate analysis revealed no relationship between PPR and CCPP infections. However, given the high PPR and CCPP infection rates, as a result of separate or coinfection, there is a need to upscale or intensify vaccination in the county.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lugonzo
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Gitao
- University of Nairobi, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly Bebora
- University of Nairobi, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrison Osundwa Lutta
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
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Carrillo-Ávila JA, Aguilar-Quesada R, Ligero G, Panadero-Fajardo S, Santos-Pírez MV, Catalina P. Identification of cell culture contamination by an unusual species of Mycoplasma related to the M. mycoides cluster. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:135-141. [PMID: 36969572 PMCID: PMC10030751 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination is a significant problem in cell culture replication and maintenance. From more than 200 known species, a limited number of Mycoplasma species have been detected in cell cultures, representing new species or variants that can escape detection systems. A qPCR commercial kit was used for Mycoplasma detection in cell cultures. Furthermore, an amplified Mycoplasma species was sequenced and summited for sequence assembly, clustering, and evolutionary analysis study. Our work has identified a new and unusual variant or species of Mycoplasma that possesses a high degree of homology with species related with M. mycoides cluster. This variant is usually associated with cattle but has been detected contaminating a cell culture. Mycoplasma testing (even for unusual species) in cell cultures is essential to ensure the validity and reproducibility of research that uses cell cultures and to ensure the quality of cell line deposits in biobanks. For this reason, it is necessary to perform continuous checks for the absence of Mycoplasma in cell cultures and engage in the continuous adaptation of relevant detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Aguilar-Quesada
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - G Ligero
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - S Panadero-Fajardo
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - M V Santos-Pírez
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - P Catalina
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: A Most Variable Pathogen. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121477. [PMID: 36558811 PMCID: PMC9781387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, a well-established respiratory pathogen of sheep and goats, has gained increased importance recently because of its detection in wild ruminants including members of the Cervidae family. Despite its frequent isolation from apparently healthy animals, it is responsible for outbreaks of severe respiratory disease which are often linked to infections with multiple heterologous strains. Furthermore, M. ovipneumoniae is characterized by an unusually wide host range, a high degree of phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic heterogeneity, and variable and limited growth in mycoplasma media. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathogenicity, including the production of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species production, and toxins. It shows wide metabolic activity in vitro, being able to utilize substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, and isopropanol; these patterns can be used to differentiate strains. Treatment of infections in the field is complicated by large variations in the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobials, with many showing high minimum inhibitory concentrations. The lack of commercially available vaccines is probably due to the high cost of developing vaccines for diseases in small ruminants not presently seen as high priority. Multiple strains found in affected sheep and goats may also hamper the development of effective vaccines. This review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in research on M. ovipneumoniae, including its epidemiology in sheep and goats, pathology and clinical presentation, infection in wild ruminants, virulence factors, metabolism, comparative genomics, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, evolutionary mechanisms, isolation and culture, detection and identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, variations in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, vaccines, and control.
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Robinson E, Schulein C, Jacobson BT, Jones K, Sago J, Huber V, Jutila M, Bimczok D, Rynda-Apple A. Pathophysiology of Influenza D Virus Infection in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs with or without Prior Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Exposure. Viruses 2022; 14:1422. [PMID: 35891403 PMCID: PMC9321583 DOI: 10.3390/v14071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial pneumonias occur frequently in cattle, swine, and sheep, resulting in major economic losses. Individual pathogens comprising these complex infections may be mild on their own but can instead exhibit synergism or increase host susceptibility. Two examples of such pathogens, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) and influenza D viruses (IDVs), naturally infect domestic sheep. In sheep, the role of M. ovipneumoniae in chronic nonprogressive pneumonia is well-established, but the pathogenesis of IDV infection has not previously been studied. We utilized a specific-pathogen-free sheep flock to study the clinical response to IDV infection in naïve vs. M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs. Lambs were inoculated intranasally with M. ovipneumoniae or mock infection, followed after four weeks by infection with IDV. Pathogen shedding was tracked, and immunological responses were evaluated by measuring acute phase response and IDV-neutralizing antibody titers. While lamb health statuses remained subclinical, M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs had significantly elevated body temperatures during IDV infection compared to M. ovipneumoniae-naïve, IDV-infected lambs. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between prior M. ovipneumoniae burden, early-infection IDV shedding, and IDV-neutralizing antibody response. Our findings suggest that IDV infection may not induce clinical symptoms in domestic sheep, but previous M. ovipneumoniae exposure may promote mild IDV-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Clyde Schulein
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - B. Tegner Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Kerri Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Jonathon Sago
- Montana State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1911 West Lincoln Street, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA;
| | - Victor Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA; (E.R.); (C.S.); (B.T.J.); (K.J.); (M.J.); (D.B.)
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Semmate N, Zouagui Z, Elkarhat Z, Bamouh Z, Fellahi S, Tligui N, Boumart Z, Fihri OF, El Harrak M. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricpolum from goats in Morocco. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) is an important etiological agent of contagious agalactia (CA). CA affects small ruminants and is characterized by inducing mastitis, arthritis, kerato-conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Mcc from Moroccan goats with contagious agalactia. A total of 300 Alpine goats were monitored. Serology analysis, molecular identification, and isolation of Mcc were realized from suspected goats. An experimental study was conducted for isolated Mcc to determine their pathogenicity. Thus, clinical observation showed that respiratory symptoms were predominant in young animals, and other symptoms, such as mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis and lameness, were more frequently detected in adult goats. Of the 80 tested blood samples, 28 sera were seropositive for Mcc antibodies. Mcc was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in milk, lung tissue and synovial liquid samples. The isolation of Mcc was successful through bacterial culture from lung tissue. LppA gene sequence of this strain revealed 98.1% similarity with the reference strain (ATCC 27343), with 11 missense variants. Experimental infection resulted in severe and generalized CA disease in sheep and goats, confirming the high pathogenicity of the Moroccan Mcc isolate.
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Tharwat M. Alterations in acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and thoracic fluid in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Vet World 2021; 14:1874-1878. [PMID: 34475711 PMCID: PMC8404105 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1874-1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious and fatal disease affecting goats and some wild ruminants. It is a cause of major economic losses in the goat industry in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and fluid collected from the thoracic cavity in goats with CCPP. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five goats suffering from weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharges due to CCPP were studied. Twenty-five healthy goats were used as controls. Diseased animals were enrolled in this study based on a positive serological latex agglutination test (LAT) that confirmed the detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. The control goats were enrolled based on a negative result of the LAT. Results: Compared with a mean value of 7.38±0.04 in controls, the pH in the diseased group was 7.41±0.05. The blood pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), pressure of oxygen (PO2), base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), and saturation of oxygen (SO2) were lower in goats with CCPP than in controls. However, the anion gap (AnGap) was higher in the diseased goats than in the healthy ones. Compared with the levels in blood samples, the thoracic fluid PCO2, PO2, BE, and SO2 were higher while pH, HCO3, TCO2, and AnGap were lower. Compared with the findings in healthy goats, hematological alterations included significant increases in white blood cells and neutrophils, and a significant decrease in the red blood cell count. In the thoracic fluid, neutrophilic leukocytosis was a remarkable finding. The serum concentrations of globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased significantly compared with those in controls. In contrast, serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, and magnesium, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly compared with those of healthy animals. The activities of ALP, AST, GGT, and creatine kinase and the concentration of phosphorus were higher in thoracic fluid than the serum values in the diseased group. Conclusion: When compared with the healthy controls, goats with CCPP have metabolic acidosis. Compared with the levels in healthy goats, the blood PCO2, PO2, BE, HCO3, TCO2, and SO2 are low in goats with CCPP; however, the AnGap is higher in diseased goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tharwat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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Kumar R, Register K, Christopher-Hennings J, Moroni P, Gioia G, Garcia-Fernandez N, Nelson J, Jelinski MD, Lysnyansky I, Bayles D, Alt D, Scaria J. Population Genomic Analysis of Mycoplasma bovis Elucidates Geographical Variations and Genes associated with Host-Types. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101561. [PMID: 33050495 PMCID: PMC7650767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than twenty species belonging to the class Mollecutes, Mycoplasma bovis is the most common cause of bovine mycoplasmosis in North America and Europe. Bovine mycoplasmosis causes significant economic loss in the cattle industry. The number of M. bovis positive herds recently has increased in North America and Europe. Since antibiotic treatment is ineffective and no efficient vaccine is available, M. bovis induced mycoplasmosis is primarily controlled by herd management measures such as the restriction of moving infected animals out of the herds and culling of infected or shedders of M. bovis. To better understand the population structure and genomic factors that may contribute to its transmission, we sequenced 147 M. bovis strains isolated from four different countries viz. USA (n = 121), Canada (n = 22), Israel (n = 3) and Lithuania (n = 1). All except two of the isolates (KRB1 and KRB8) were isolated from two host types i.e., bovine (n = 75) and bison (n = 70). We performed a large-scale comparative analysis of M. bovis genomes by integrating 103 publicly available genomes and our dataset (250 total genomes). Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogeny using M.agalactiae as an outgroup revealed that M. bovis population structure is composed of five different clades. USA isolates showed a high degree of genomic divergence in comparison to the Australian isolates. Based on host of origin, all the isolates in clade IV was of bovine origin, whereas majority of the isolates in clades III and V was of bison origin. Our comparative genome analysis also revealed that M. bovis has an open pangenome with a large breadth of unexplored diversity of genes. The function based analysis of autogenous vaccine candidates (n = 10) included in this study revealed that their functional diversity does not span the genomic diversity observed in all five clades identified in this study. Our study also found that M. bovis genome harbors a large number of IS elements and their number increases significantly (p = 7.8 × 10−6) as the genome size increases. Collectively, the genome data and the whole genome-based population analysis in this study may help to develop better understanding of M. bovis induced mycoplasmosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar 824234, India
| | - Karen Register
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.M.); (G.G.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell’Università, Università degli Studi di Milano, 6, 26900 Lodi LO, Italy
| | - Gloria Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Nuria Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Murray D. Jelinski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel;
| | - Darrell Bayles
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.B.); (D.A.)
| | - David Alt
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.B.); (D.A.)
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (R.K.); (J.C.-H.); (N.G.-F.); (J.N.)
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wang J, Li R, Sun X, Liu L, Hao X, Wang J, Yuan W. Development and validation of the isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:172. [PMID: 32487081 PMCID: PMC7268655 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasmal pneumonia is an important infectious disease that threatens sheep and goat production worldwide, and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is one of major etiological agent causing mycoplasmal pneumonia. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique, and RPA-based diagnostic assays have been described for the detection of different types of pathogens. Results The RPA assays using real-time fluorescence detection (real-time RPA) and lateral flow strip detection (LFS RPA) were developed to detect M. ovipneumoniae targeting a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene. Real-time RPA was performed in a portable florescence scanner at 39 °C for 20 min. LFS RPA was performed in a portable metal bath incubator at 39 °C for 15 min, and the amplicons were visualized with the naked eyes within 5 min on the lateral flow strip. Both assays were highly specific for M. ovipneumoniae, as there were no cross-reactions with other microorganisms tested, especially the pathogens involved in respiratory complex and other mycoplasmas frequently identified in ruminants. The limit of detection of LFS RPA assay was 1.0 × 101 copies per reaction using a recombinant plasmid containing target gene as template, which is 10 times lower than the limit of detection of the real-time RPA and real-time PCR assays. The RPA assays were further validated on 111 clinical sheep nasal swab and fresh lung samples, and M. ovipneumoniae DNA was detected in 29 samples in the real-time RPA, 31 samples in the LFS RPA and 32 samples in the real-time PCR assay. Compared to real-time PCR, the real-time RPA and LFS RPA showed diagnostic specificity of 100 and 98.73%, diagnostic sensitivity of 90.63 and 93.75%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.932 and 0.934, respectively. Conclusions The developed real-time RPA and LFS RPA assays provide the attractive and promising tools for rapid, convenient and reliable detection of M. ovipneumoniae in sheep, especially in resource-limited settings. However, the effectiveness of the developed RPA assays in the detection of M. ovipneumoniae in goats needs to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Xuepiao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China. .,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Johnson GC, Fales WH, Shoemake BM, Adkins PR, Middleton JR, Williams F, Zinn M, Mitchell WJ, Calcutt MJ. An outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri arthritis in young goats: a case study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:453-457. [PMID: 30852958 PMCID: PMC6838722 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719835243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis is a well-known cause of morbidity and mortality in small ruminants. Previously recognized outbreaks have involved arthritis, and pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. Modern bacteriology procedures rely less on isolation techniques that require special media for mollicutes given that these species are notoriously difficult to isolate, and rely more on PCR tests. We report an outbreak of arthritis, pleuropneumonia, and mild meningitis affecting dairy goat kids, spanning a period of 3 y, which had unusual epidemiologic characteristics related to husbandry practices. Lesions were characterized by polyarthritis of the appendicular joints, with copious joint fluid and extension of arthritic exudate beyond the joint itself. The cause remained unknown until serendipitous isolation of a mycoplasma on blood agar. Mycoplasmosis was not detected from synovial samples by a general mycoplasma PCR, despite multiple attempts. Isolated colonies were also negative by this general PCR assay. The isolate was identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri, using universal 16S primers and amplicon sequencing. Testing of additional isolates from other diseased goats in the herd confirmed that this was the cause of illness. A failure to recognize the distinct nature of organisms of the M. mycoides group of mycoplasmas meant that a PCR test that cannot detect this group of organisms was utilized at first, and the etiology of the illness was overlooked for a period of time. Veterinary pathologists and microbiologists must be aware of the limitations of some PCR assays when confronted with joint disease and pleuropneumonia in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle C. Johnson
- Gayle C. Johnson, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, PO Box 6023, Columbia, MO 65205.
| | - William H. Fales
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Brian M. Shoemake
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Pamela R. Adkins
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - John R. Middleton
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Fred Williams
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mike Zinn
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - W. Jeff Mitchell
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Michael J. Calcutt
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell, Calcutt), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Shoemake, Adkins, Middleton), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Johnson, Fales, Williams, Zinn, Mitchell), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Iqbal Yatoo M, Raffiq Parray O, Tauseef Bashir S, Ahmed Bhat R, Gopalakrishnan A, Karthik K, Dhama K, Vir Singh S. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019; 39:1-25. [PMID: 30929577 PMCID: PMC6830973 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a serious disease of goats, occasionally sheep and wild ruminants, caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). The disease is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia, very high morbidity (∼100%), and mortality (80–100%). CCPP affects goats in more than 40 countries of the world thereby posing a serious threat to goat farming around the globe. The characteristic clinical signs of CCPP are severe respiratory distress associated with sero-mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, pyrexia, pleurodynia, and general malaise. In later stages, severe lobar fibrinous pleuropneumonia, profuse fluid accumulation in pleural cavity, severe congestion of lungs and adhesion formation is observed. Mycoplasmal antigen interactions with host immune system and its role in CCPP pathogenesis are not clearly understood. CCPP is not a zoonotic disease. Diagnosis has overcome cumbersome and lengthy conventional tests involving culture, isolation, and identification by advanced serological (LAT, cELISA) or gene-based amplification of DNA (PCR, RFLP, and hybridization) and sequencing. The latex agglutination test (LAT) is rapid, simple, and better test for field and real-time diagnosis applicable to whole blood or serum and is more sensitive than the CFT and easier than the cELISA. Moreover, the studies on antibiotic sensitivity and exploration of novel antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides) can help in better therapeutic management besides preventing menace of antibiotic resistance. Re-visiting conventional prophylactic measures focussing on developing novel strain-based or recombinant vaccines using specific antigens (capsular or cellular) should be the most important strategy for controlling the disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- a Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , Shuhama , Srinagar , India
| | - Oveas Raffiq Parray
- a Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , Shuhama , Srinagar , India
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- b Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Bhat
- a Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , Shuhama , Srinagar , India
| | - Arumugam Gopalakrishnan
- c Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine , Madras Veterinary College Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- d Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- e Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , Bareilly , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- f Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , India
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Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Mycoplasma Microorganisms, Designing Effective and Novel Drugs / Therapeutic Targets: Current Knowledge and Futuristic Prospects. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Lindström L, Tauni FA, Vargmar K. Bronchopneumonia in Swedish lambs: a study of pathological changes and bacteriological agents. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:54. [PMID: 30223865 PMCID: PMC6142326 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most common post-mortem inspection finding of sheep and lambs in Sweden, following routine slaughter is pneumonia and its prevalence is increasing. To our knowledge, the aetiology of pneumonia in lambs is not well-known for Swedish conditions. Chronic bronchopneumonia, also known as “atypical” or chronic non-progressive pneumonia, is a common disease worldwide, affecting lambs up to 12 months old. It is therefore of interest to elucidate if this disease complex is also a common cause of pneumonia among Swedish lambs. Chronic bronchopneumonia has a characteristic macroscopic and histopathologic appearance, and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is the microbial agent most frequently found. Although this bacterium is important for the pathogenesis, multiple agents are presumed to be involved. The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic and histopathologic lung lesions in routinely slaughtered lambs with pneumonia, and to determine the bacterial agents involved. Results A total of 41 lungs with gross lesions consistent with pneumonia were examined. Of these, 35 lungs displayed the typical gross appearance of chronic bronchopneumonia, with several or all of the characteristic histological features. M. ovipneumoniae was detected in 83% of the 35 lungs and Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated in 71%. Pneumonia associated with M. ovipneumoniae could be correlated to specific gross lesions consistent with the gross description of chronic bronchopneumonia in lambs. Conclusion In this study, chronic bronchopneumonia was the most common lung disease in routinely slaughtered Swedish lambs. This diagnosis was based on the characteristic macroscopic and histopathologic pulmonary findings and the frequent presence of the bacterium M. ovipneumoniae. The macroscopic appearance of chronic bronchopneumonia could therefore be used during routine investigation of the lamb carcasses at slaughter, to determine the most likely cause of pneumonia.
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16
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Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Ultrasonographic findings in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:263. [PMID: 28830505 PMCID: PMC5568355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In goats, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a cause of major economic losses in Africa, Asia and in the Middle East. There is no information emphasising the importance of diagnostic ultrasound in goats with CCPP caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). This study was designed to describe the ultrasonographic findings in goats with CCPP caused by Mccp and to correlate ultrasonographic with post-mortem findings. To this end, 55 goats with CCPP were examined. Twenty-five healthy adult goats were used as a control group. RESULTS Major clinical findings included harried, painful respiration, dyspnoea and mouth breathing. On ultrasonography, a liver-like echotexture was imaged in 13 goats. Upon post-mortem examination, all 13 goats exhibited unilateral pulmonary consolidation. Seven goats had a unilateral hypoechoic pleural effusion. At necropsy, the related lung was consolidated and the pleural fluid appeared turbid and greenish. Pleural abscessiation detected in five goats was confirmed post-mortem. Twenty-eight goats had a bright, fibrinous matrix extending over the chest wall containing numerous anechoic fluid pockets with medial displacement and compression of lung tissue. Echogenic tags imaged floating in the fluid were found upon post-mortem examination to be fibrin. In two goats, a consolidated right parenchyma was imaged together with hypoechoic pericardial effusions with echogenic tags covering the epicardium. At necropsy, the right lung was consolidated in three goats and fibrin threads were found covering the epicardium and pericardium. CONCLUSIONS In goats with CCPP, the extension and the severity of the pulmonary changes could not be verified with clinical certainty in most cases, whereas this was possible most of the time with sonography, thus making the prognosis easier. Ultrasonographic examination of the pleurae and the lungs helped in the detection of various lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tharwat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahd Al-Sobayil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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El-Deeb W, Almujalli AA, Eljalii I, Elmoslemany A, Fayez M. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia: The first isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2017; 168:74-79. [PMID: 28111131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classical contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is one of the most fatal contagious disease of goats listed by World Organization for Animal Health that leads to major economic losses. It is caused by infection with Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae. In order to isolate the causative agents of CCPP for the first time in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, fifteen flocks from Eastern region (Al Ahsa, Dammam and Hafr Albaten) and ten flocks from Riyadh and Al-Kharj regions were selected for this study. A total of 700 samples (400 nasal swabs, 300 pleural fluid samples and lung samples (from necropsied animals)) were collected from goats showing typical signs of CCPP. The clinical signs of diseased cases revealed serous to mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, frothy salivation, and fever (40-42°C). Necropsied animals showed fibrinous pleuropneumonia and increased pleural fluid. Of 400 nasal swabs, 190 pleural fluid, and 110 lung samples, 26 (6.5%), 31 (16.3%) and 19 (17.3%) Mycoplasma isolates were recovered, respectively. Biochemically, all isolates were sensitive to digitonin and fermented glucose. Sixty seven of Mycoplasma isolates were belonged to Mycoplasma mycoides cluster based on detection of 16S rRNA. Polymerase chain reaction screening of Mycoplasma isolates using specific primer for M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae confirmed 55 isolates to be M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael El-Deeb
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Disease, and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Abdul Aziz Almujalli
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam Eljalii
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elmoslemany
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Fayez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Al-Ahsa Central Lab, Saudi Arabia; Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Investigation on mycoplasma populations in pneumonic dairy lamb lungs using a DNA microarray assay. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maksimović Z, De la Fe C, Amores J, Gómez-Martín Á, Rifatbegović M. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic profiles among caprine and ovine Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae strains. Vet Rec 2016; 180:180. [PMID: 27895290 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movp) is considered to be one of the most important mycoplasmas causing respiratory disease in small ruminants. Most epidemiologic and characterisation studies have been conducted on strains collected from sheep. Information on the presence and characteristics of Movp in healthy and pneumonic goats is limited. Phenotypic or genotypic differences between sheep and goat isolates have never been studied. The objective of our study was to characterise and compare the similarities and differences between caprine and ovine Movp strains isolated from affected and asymptomatic animals in order to elucidate phenotypic and genotypic variability. Four different techniques were used on a set of 23 Movp isolates. These included SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, random amplified polymorphic DNA and the heat shock protein 70 gene sequence-based method. A high degree of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity among Movp strains was demonstrated in this study. Our results demonstrated differences between goat and sheep strains, revealing not only a link between strains and host ruminant species, but by geographical origin as well. However, the finding of immunodominant antigens of molecular masses 36, 38, 40 and 70 kDa (±3 kDa) in Movp isolates from sheep and goats foretells their potential use in the development of serological diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Maksimović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - C De la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - J Amores
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Á Gómez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - M Rifatbegović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Cassirer EF, Manlove KR, Plowright RK, Besser TE. Evidence for strain-specific immunity to pneumonia in bighorn sheep. J Wildl Manage 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kezia R. Manlove
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Thomas E. Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
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Heller M, Schwarz R, Noe G, Jores J, Fischer A, Schubert E, Sachse K. First human case of severe septicaemia associated with Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum infection. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Noe
- Evangelische Kliniken, Waldstrasse 73, 53177 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Fischer
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evelyn Schubert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Genome Sequence Analysis of Mycoplasma sp. HU2014, Isolated from Tissue Culture. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/5/e01086-15. [PMID: 26383655 PMCID: PMC4574384 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01086-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The draft genome sequence of a novel Mycoplasma strain, designated Mycoplasma sp. HU2014, has been determined. The genome comprises 1,084,927 nucleotides and was obtained from a mycoplasma-infected culture of chicken DT40 cells. Phylogenetic analysis places this taxon in a group comprising the closely related species Mycoplasma yeatsii and Mycoplasma cottewii.
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Benavides J, González L, Dagleish M, Pérez V. Diagnostic pathology in microbial diseases of sheep or goats. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:15-26. [PMID: 26275854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem examination is a key step in the diagnostic process of infectious diseases in sheep and goats. Diagnostic pathology deals with identification and study of lesions, at the same time providing also significant clues regarding pathogenesis of the diseases. This article reviews the salient pathological findings associated with the most significant infectious diseases of sheep and goats present in countries where small ruminants are a relevant agricultural industry. Lesions are reviewed according to the different organ systems where they occur. Emphasis has been given in the description of the salient lesional patterns than can be identified in each organ and which can be of help in the differential diagnosis of the lesions caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or prions. Finally, a review of the usefulness of ancillary tests that may be used on various tissue samples for performing an aetiological diagnosis, is included; the application of various techniques, from immunohistochemistry to molecular biology-based tests, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - L González
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - M Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - V Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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Kalshingi HA, Bosman AM, Gouws J, van Vuuren M. Molecular characterisation of Mycoplasma species isolated from the genital tract of Dorper sheep in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:e1-e11. [PMID: 26244581 PMCID: PMC6138128 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and molecular analysis were conducted on 34 strains of Mycoplasma species isolated between 2003 and 2009 from the genital tract of clinically healthy Dorper sheep and sheep with ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis. Earlier publications identified the causative agent as Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides large colony (MmmLC) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The aims of the study were to characterise Mycoplasma species isolated from the genital tract of Dorper sheep with polymerase chain reaction assay, cloning and gene sequencing. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) results revealed six predominant Mycoplasma species: Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Arcanobacterium laidlawii, MmmLC, Mycoplasma sp. ovine/caprine serogroup II and M. canadense. Sequencing of the 34 isolates were analysed using phylogenetic methods, and 18 (50%) were identified as M. arginini with 99% - 100% similarity to M. arginini from England and Sweden. Six isolates showed 99% similarity to M. bovigenitalium strains from Turkey and Germany. Two isolates had 99% similarity to an M. sp. ovine/caprine sero group II from the United Kingdom. BLAST for two isolates revealed 99% similarity to Acholeplasma laidlawii from India, another two were 99% similar to MmmLC strain from Sweden, two showed 98% similarity to Mycoplasma sp. Usp 120 from Brazil, and two isolates have a 97% - 99% similarity to M. mm. Jcv1 strain from the United States of America. Finally, one isolate showed similarity of 99% to Mycoplasma canadense strain from Italy. The findings support the hypothesis that ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis of Dorper sheep in South Africa (SA) is a multifactorial disease with involvement of different Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habu A Kalshingi
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF. Comparative analysis of the Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum GM508D genome reveals subrogation of phase-variable contingency genes and a novel integrated genetic element. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv041. [PMID: 26040761 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capricolum is both a pathogen of small ruminants and a model recipient organism for gene transplantation and synthetic biology. With the availability of the complete genome of the type strain California kid (released in 2005), a draft genome of strain GM508D was determined to investigate genomic variation in this subspecies. Differences in mobile genetic element location and complement, catabolic pathway genes, contingency loci, surface antigen genes and type II restriction-modification systems highlight the plasticity and diversity within this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mark F Foecking
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Simultaneous Identification of Potential Pathogenicity Factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the Natural Ovine Host by Negative Selection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2751-61. [PMID: 25916984 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00403-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas possess complex pathogenicity determinants that are largely unknown at the molecular level. Mycoplasma agalactiae serves as a useful model to study the molecular basis of mycoplasma pathogenicity. The generation and in vivo screening of a transposon mutant library of M. agalactiae were employed to unravel its host colonization factors. Tn4001mod mutants were sequenced using a novel sequencing method, and functionally heterogeneous pools containing 15 to 19 selected mutants were screened simultaneously through two successive cycles of sheep intramammary infections. A PCR-based negative selection method was employed to identify mutants that failed to colonize the udders and draining lymph nodes in the animals. A total of 14 different mutants found to be absent from ≥ 95% of samples were identified and subsequently verified via a second round of stringent confirmatory screening where 100% absence was considered attenuation. Using this criterion, seven mutants with insertions in genes MAG1050, MAG2540, MAG3390, uhpT, eutD, adhT, and MAG4460 were not recovered from any of the infected animals. Among the attenuated mutants, many contain disruptions in hypothetical genes, implying their previously unknown role in M. agalactiae pathogenicity. These data indicate the putative role of functionally different genes, including hypothetical ones, in the pathogenesis of M. agalactiae. Defining the precise functions of the identified genes is anticipated to increase our understanding of M. agalactiae infections and to develop successful intervention strategies against it.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma yeatsii Strain GM274B (ATCC 43094). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00328-15. [PMID: 25908137 PMCID: PMC4408338 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00328-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma yeatsii is a goat mycoplasma species that, although an obligate parasite, accommodates this lifestyle as an inapparent commensalist. High-frequency transformation has also been reported for this species. The complete 895,051-bp genome sequence of strain GM274B has been determined, enabling an analysis of the features of this potential cloning host.
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Hegde S, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Disruption of the pdhB pyruvate dehydrogenase [corrected] gene affects colony morphology, in vitro growth and cell invasiveness of Mycoplasma agalactiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119706. [PMID: 25799063 PMCID: PMC4370745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of available substrates, the metabolic potential and the growth rates of bacteria can play significant roles in their pathogenicity. This study concentrates on Mycoplasma agalactiae, which causes significant economic losses through its contribution to contagious agalactia in small ruminants by as yet unknown mechanisms. This lack of knowledge is primarily due to its fastidious growth requirements and the scarcity of genetic tools available for its manipulation and analysis. Transposon mutagenesis of M. agalactiae type strain PG2 resulted in several disruptions throughout the genome. A mutant defective in growth in vitro was found to have a transposon insertion in the pdhB gene, which encodes a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This growth difference was quite significant during the actively dividing logarithmic phase but a gradual recovery was observed as the cells approached stationary phase. The mutant also exhibited a different and smaller colony morphology compared to the wild type strain PG2. For complementation, pdhAB was cloned downstream of a strong vpma promoter and upstream of a lacZ reporter gene in a newly constructed complementation vector. When transformed with this vector the pdhB mutant recovered its normal growth and colony morphology. Interestingly, the pdhB mutant also had significantly reduced invasiveness in HeLa cells, as revealed by double immunofluorescence staining. This deficiency was recovered in the complemented strain, which had invasiveness comparable to that of PG2. Taken together, these data indicate that pyruvate dehydrogenase might be an important player in infection with and colonization by M. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Marinaro M, Greco G, Tarsitano E, Ventrella G, Camero M, Corrente M, Rezza G, Buonavoglia D. Changes in peripheral blood leucocytes of sheep experimentally infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:257-64. [PMID: 25542289 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia is a serious disease of small ruminants affecting mainly mammary glands, joints and eyes. In sheep, the main aetiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) whose abilities to persist in the target organs are known. Since there is no information on the effect of acute and chronic Ma infection on circulating leucocytes, the present study was designed to monitor granulocytes, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, by flow cytometry, in female lactating sheep nasally infected with Ma. A profound depletion of leucocytes was observed from day 5 to day 34 post infection (p.i.). In particular, while the granulocytes returned to baseline levels by day 12 p.i., the monocytes remained significantly low until day 20 p.i. The infection caused a prolonged depletion of peripheral T lymphocytes (both CD4(+) and CD8(+)) while B lymphocytes remained unaltered throughout the study. Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected by real-time PCR in several anatomical sites (ear, nose and milk) from day 2-5 p.i. until the end of the study (i.e., day 50 p.i.) while a transient bacteraemia was observed from day 5 to day 12 p.i. The leucopenia observed following intranasal Ma infection is likely due to leucocyte infiltration within the target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Marinaro
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Elvira Tarsitano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
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Rodríguez F, Castro P. Differential cytokine expression in natural and experimental mastitis induced by Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goats. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 50:159-63. [PMID: 25400091 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, primarily produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, mobilize the immune system in response to infection, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and persistence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in the mammary gland is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of caprine mastitis caused by Ma. Cytokine expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods in the inflammatory lesions of 10 (5 naturally and 5 experimentally infected) goats with Ma-induced mastitis. Immunolabelling for IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α was observed in inflammatory cells within the lumen of acini and ducts and in the interstitial spaces and was usually associated with the presence of Ma antigen. The results suggest that cytokines play a role in the pathophysiological processes during Ma infection as differential expression of these cytokines was detected in relation to the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez
- Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Siewert C, Hess WR, Duduk B, Huettel B, Reinhardt R, Büttner C, Kube M. Complete genome determination and analysis of Acholeplasma oculi strain 19L, highlighting the loss of basic genetic features in the Acholeplasmataceae. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:931. [PMID: 25344468 PMCID: PMC4221730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acholeplasma oculi belongs to the Acholeplasmataceae family, comprising the genera Acholeplasma and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’. Acholeplasmas are ubiquitous saprophytic bacteria. Several isolates are derived from plants or animals, whereas phytoplasmas are characterised as intracellular parasitic pathogens of plant phloem and depend on insect vectors for their spread. The complete genome sequences for eight strains of this family have been resolved so far, all of which were determined depending on clone-based sequencing. Results The A. oculi strain 19L chromosome was sequenced using two independent approaches. The first approach comprised sequencing by synthesis (Illumina) in combination with Sanger sequencing, while single molecule real time sequencing (PacBio) was used in the second. The genome was determined to be 1,587,120 bp in size. Sequencing by synthesis resulted in six large genome fragments, while the single molecule real time sequencing approach yielded one circular chromosome sequence. High-quality sequences were obtained by both strategies differing in six positions, which are interpreted as reliable variations present in the culture population. Our genome analysis revealed 1,471 protein-coding genes and highlighted the absence of the F1FO-type Na+ ATPase system and GroEL/ES chaperone. Comparison of the four available Acholeplasma sequences revealed a core-genome encoding 703 proteins and a pan-genome of 2,867 proteins. Conclusions The application of two state-of-the-art sequencing technologies highlights the potential of single molecule real time sequencing for complete genome determination. Comparative genome analyses revealed that the process of losing particular basic genetic features during genome reduction occurs in both genera, as indicated for several phytoplasma strains and at least A. oculi. The loss of the F1FO-type Na+ ATPase system may separate Acholeplasmataceae from other Mollicutes, while the loss of those genes encoding the chaperone GroEL/ES is not a rare exception in this bacterial class. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-931) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Kube
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Thaer-Institute, Division Phytomedicine, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in goats in tropical China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1491-5. [PMID: 25099398 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the seroprevalence and genetic identification of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in goats were investigated in Hainan Province, tropical China between October 2012 and October 2013. A total of 1,210 serum samples collected from 16 herds in various administrative regions in tropical China were evaluated using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Antibodies to M. ovipneumoniae were tested in (31.7 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 29-34.3) 383 of 1,210 serum samples (IHA titer ≥1:16). The M. ovipneumoniae seroprevalence ranged from 26.8 % (95 % CI 20.8-32.9) to 39 % (95 % CI 30.8-47.2) among different regions in tropical China, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The seroprevalence of M. ovipneumoniae infection in goats was higher in winter (46.1 %, 95 % CI 39.6-52.5) and spring (33.8 %, 95 % CI 28.3-39.3) than in autumn (27.5 %, 95 % CI 22.6-32.3) and summer (24.7 %, 95 % CI 20.3-29.1), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In addition, DNA was extracted from nasal swab; lung samples and the 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced. Twenty-four of 329 (7.3 %) nasal swab samples and 73 of 280 (26.1 %) pneumonic lung tissues were found to contain M. ovipneumoniae, respectively. The results of the present survey indicate that M. ovipneumoniae infection is highly prevalent in goats in tropical China. This is the first report of the comprehensive survey of M. ovipneumoniae prevalence in goats in China.
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Kumar A, Rahal A, Chakraborty S, Verma AK, Dhama K. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:286752. [PMID: 25097796 PMCID: PMC4109668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A, Prasad M. Advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:508304. [PMID: 25028620 PMCID: PMC4082846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/508304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Yash Malik
- Division of Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LLRUVAS), Hisar 125004, India
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Akwuobu CA, Ayling RD, Chah KF, Oboegbulem SI. Studies into the prevalence of Mycoplasma species in small ruminants in Benue State, North-central Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1087-92. [PMID: 24828562 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The indicative prevalence of respiratory Mycoplasma species in small ruminants (SR) was determined in North-central Nigeria. Nasal swabs from 172 sheep and 336 goats from the Northeast, Northwest and South Senatorial Districts of Benue State were examined. Initial Mycoplasma isolation used Mycoplasma culture techniques followed by digitonin sensitivity testing. Species identification was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Overall, Mycoplasma organisms were isolated from 131 (25.8 %) of the 508 SR examined. Prevalence rates of 18.1 and 29.8 % were recorded for sheep and goats, respectively. A total of 135 isolates of Mycoplasma belonging to three different species were identified: Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (127), Mycoplasma arginini (7) and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (1). More than one Mycoplasma species were detected in four (3.1 %) of the 131 confirmed Mycoplasma positive cultures. Mycoplasma was isolated from 16.2 and 29.1 % of animals with and without respiratory signs, respectively. The high isolation rate of mycoplasmas in apparently healthy and clinically sick sheep and goats in this study indicates a carrier status in these SR which may constitute a serious problem in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu A Akwuobu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
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Environmental attributes to respiratory diseases of small ruminants. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:853627. [PMID: 24782941 PMCID: PMC3981018 DOI: 10.1155/2014/853627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are the major disease crisis in small ruminants. A number of pathogenic microorganisms have been implicated in the development of respiratory disease but the importance of environmental factors in the initiation and progress of disease can never be overemphasized. They irritate the respiratory tree producing stress in the microenvironment causing a decline in the immune status of the small ruminants and thereby assisting bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections to break down the tissue defense barriers. Environmental pollutants cause acute or chronic reactions as they deposit on the alveolar surface which are characterized by inflammation or fibrosis and the formation of transitory or persistent tissue manifestation. Some of the effects of exposures may be immediate, whereas others may not be evident for many decades. Although the disease development can be portrayed as three sets of two-way communications (pathogen-environment, host-environment, and host-pathogen), the interactions are highly variable. Moreover, the environmental scenario is never static; new compounds are introduced daily making a precise evaluation of the disease burden almost impossible. The present review presents a detailed overview of these interactions and the ultimate effect on the respiratory health of sheep and goat.
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dos Santos SB, de Souza Neto OL, de Albuquerque PPF, da Rocha Mota A, de Cássia Peixoto Kim P, de Moraes EPBX, do Nascimento ER, do Mota RA. Detection of Ureaplasma spp. in semen samples from sheep in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:911-4. [PMID: 24516459 PMCID: PMC3910211 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to verify the presence of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas DNA in sheep semen samples from the State of Pernambuco. The PCR assay was conducted of according with standard protocols with generic primers. Mollicutes DNA was detected in 26.0% and Ureaplasma spp. in 12.0% of semen samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Batista dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - André da Rocha Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elmiro Rosendo do Nascimento
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine School, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Apareci do Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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38
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Alves BH, Silva JG, Mota AR, Campos AC, Júnior JW, Santos SB, Mota RA. Mycoplasma agalactiae in semen and milk of goat from Pernambuco state, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013001100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In goat and sheep flocks, mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses associated with polyarthritis, mastitis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The latter may involve repeat breeding, granular vulvovaginitis, infertility and abortions. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in semen and milk samples from naturally infected goat in the semiarid region from Pernambuco State, Northeast from Brazil. Thirty-nine semen samples and 81 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit and following the manufacturer's instructions. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed in accordance with protocols described in the literature. The results of the present study revealed the presence of Ma in the DNA of 17.9% (7/39) of the semen samples and 3.7% (3/81) of the milk samples. The results obtained in the present study confirm the elimination of the DNA of Ma in the semen and milk samples. The presence of this agent in goat flocks is considered very risky in terms of reproductive disorders and contagious agalactia outbreaks in the Northeast region of Brazil.
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Isolation and Characterization of Mycoplasma mycoides Subspecies capri from Milk of Natural Goat Mastitis Cases. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:593029. [PMID: 23762593 PMCID: PMC3673333 DOI: 10.1155/2013/593029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Association of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc) with natural goat mastitis has been studied earlier largely by detecting the Mmc DNA using molecular methods. However, report on detection of cultivable Mmc isolates from natural goat-mastitis milk is still very rare. In this study, Mmc was isolated from milk samples (n = 171) of goats with or without clinical signs of mastitis. Mmc isolates were further characterized by biochemical and species-specific PCR methods. Intra species strain variation was also studied by 16S amplified rDNA restriction analysis (16S ARDRA). The study recovered a total of 6 Mmc isolates (3.5%). Three types of intraspecies variants among the recovered Mmc isolates were found by 16S ARDRA. The study concluded that Mmc may be an etiological agent of mycoplasmal mastitis in Indian goat herds.
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Identification by culture, PCR, and immunohistochemistry of mycoplasmas and their molecular typing in sheep and lamb lungs with pneumonia in Eastern Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1525-31. [PMID: 23494576 PMCID: PMC3776281 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study used cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunoperoxidase to examine samples from 216 lungs from sheep and lambs with macroscopic pneumonia lesions for the presence of Mycoplasma species. DNA was extracted from lung tissue samples and broth cultures with the help of a DNA extraction kit and replicated using genus-specific and species-specific primers for mycoplasma. The lung samples were examined by the immunoperoxidase method using hyperimmune Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae serum. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) test was used for the molecular typing of M. ovipneumoniae isolates. Mycoplasma was isolated in the cultures of 80 (37.03 %) of a total of 216 lung samples. Genus-specific mycoplasma DNA was identified by PCR in 96 (44.44 %) samples in broth cultures and 36 (16.66 %) directly in the lung tissue. Of these 96 cases in which genus-specific identification was made, 57 (59.37 %) were positive for reaction with species-specific primers for M. ovipneumoniae and 31 (32.29 %) for Mycoplasma arginini. The DNA of neither of the latter two species could be identified in the remaining eight samples (8.33 %) where mycoplasma had been identified. As for the immunoperoxidase method, it identified M. ovipneumoniae in 61 of 216 lung samples (28 %). Positive staining was concentrated in the bronchial epithelium cell cytoplasm and cell surface. RAPD analysis resulted in 15 different profiles. Our results suggest that PCR methods could be successfully used in the diagnosis of mycoplasma infections as an alternative to culture method and identifying this agent at the species level.
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Baumgartner M, Gamper E, Innerebner C, Zimmermann M, Schilcher F, Tichy A, Winter P, Jechlinger W, Rosengarten R, Spergser J. Role of Vpma phase variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:307-22. [PMID: 22809092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Compared with other bacterial pathogens, the molecular mechanisms of mycoplasma pathogenicity are largely unknown. Several studies in the past have shown that pathogenic mycoplasmas are equipped with sophisticated genetic systems that allow them to undergo high-frequency surface antigenic variations. Although never clearly proven, these variable mycoplasma surface components are often implicated in host immune evasion and adaptation. Vpma surface lipoproteins of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae are encoded on a genomic pathogenicity island-like locus and are considered as one of the well-characterized model systems of mycoplasma surface antigenic variation. The present study assesses the role of these phase-variable Vpmas in the molecular pathogenesis of M. agalactiae by testing the wild-type strain PG2 in comparison with the xer1-disrupted Vpma 'phase-locked' mutants in sheep infection models. The data clearly illustrate that although Xer1 recombinase is not a virulence factor of M. agalactiae and Vpma phase variation is not necessary for establishing an infection, it might critically influence the survival and persistence of the pathogen under natural field conditions, mainly due to a better capacity for dissemination and evoking systemic responses. This is the first study where mycoplasma 'phase-locked' mutants are tested in vivo to elucidate the role of phase variation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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42
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Ostrowski S, Thiaucourt F, Amirbekov M, Mahmadshoev A, Manso-Silván L, Dupuy V, Vahobov D, Ziyoev O, Michel S. Fatal outbreak of Mycoplasma capricolum pneumonia in endangered markhors. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2338-41. [PMID: 22172532 PMCID: PMC3311196 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A pneumonia outbreak reduced the numbers of a wild population of endangered markhors (Capra falconeri) in Tajikistan in 2010. The infection was diagnosed by histologic examination and bacteriologic testing. Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum was the sole infectious agent detected. Cross-species transmission from domestic goats may have occurred.
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43
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Miller DS, Hoberg E, Weiser G, Aune K, Atkinson M, Kimberling C. A Review of Hypothesized Determinants Associated with Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) Die-Offs. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:796527. [PMID: 22567546 PMCID: PMC3329887 DOI: 10.1155/2012/796527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple determinants have been hypothesized to cause or favor disease outbreaks among free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations. This paper considered direct and indirect causes of mortality, as well as potential interactions among proposed environmental, host, and agent determinants of disease. A clear, invariant relationship between a single agent and field outbreaks has not yet been documented, in part due to methodological limitations and practical challenges associated with developing rigorous study designs. Therefore, although there is a need to develop predictive models for outbreaks and validated mitigation strategies, uncertainty remains as to whether outbreaks are due to endemic or recently introduced agents. Consequently, absence of established and universal explanations for outbreaks contributes to conflict among wildlife and livestock stakeholders over land use and management practices. This example illustrates the challenge of developing comprehensive models for understanding and managing wildlife diseases in complex biological and sociological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Hoberg
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, ARS, USDA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory BARC, East 1180 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Glen Weiser
- Caine Veterinary Teaching Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, 1020 East Homedale Road, Caldwell, ID 83607, USA
| | - Keith Aune
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023 Stadium Drive, Suite. 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Cleon Kimberling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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44
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Schumacher VL, Hinckley L, Liao X, Tulman E, Geary SJ, Smyth JA. Meningitis caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri in a goat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:565-9. [PMID: 21908292 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711403413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old, female goat from Connecticut was submitted for necropsy with a 5-day history of pyrexia and intermittent neurologic signs, including nystagmus, seizures, and circling. Postmortem examination revealed suppurative meningitis. Histologic examination of the brain revealed that the meninges were diffusely infiltrated by moderate numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibrin, with scattered foci of dense neutrophilic infiltrate. Culture of pus and brainstem yielded typical mycoplasma colonies. DNA sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed 99% sequence homology with Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides Large Colony biotype, which are genetically indistinguishable and likely to be combined as a single subspecies labeled M. mycoides subsp. capri. The present case is unusual in that not only are mycoplasma an uncommon cause of meningitis in animals, but additionally, in that all other reported cases of mycoplasma meningitis in goats, systemic lesions were also present. In the present case, meningitis was the only lesion, thus illustrating the need to consider mycoplasma as a differential diagnosis for meningitis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Schumacher
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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45
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Miller DS, Weiser GC, Aune K, Roeder B, Atkinson M, Anderson N, Roffe TJ, Keating KA, Chapman PL, Kimberling C, Rhyan J, Clarke PR. Shared Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Agents in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), and Goats (Capra hircus) in Montana. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:162520. [PMID: 22195293 PMCID: PMC3236376 DOI: 10.4061/2011/162520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of infectious agents from livestock reservoirs has been hypothesized to cause respiratory disease outbreaks in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and land management policies intended to limit this transmission have proven controversial. This cross-sectional study compares the infectious agents present in multiple populations of bighorn sheep near to and distant from their interface with domestic sheep (O. aries) and domestic goat (Capra hircus) and provides critical baseline information needed for interpretations of cross-species transmission risks. Bighorn sheep and livestock shared exposure to Pasteurellaceae, viral, and endoparasite agents. In contrast, although the impact is uncertain, Mycoplasma sp. was isolated from livestock but not bighorn sheep. These results may be the result of historic cross-species transmission of agents that has resulted in a mosaic of endemic and exotic agents. Future work using longitudinal and multiple population comparisons is needed to rigorously establish the risk of outbreaks from cross-species transmission of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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46
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Filioussis G, Giadinis ND, Petridou EJ, Karavanis E, Papageorgiou K, Karatzias H. Congenital polyarthritis in goat kids attributed to Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet Rec 2011; 169:364. [PMID: 21891784 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessalonika 54636, Greece
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47
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Rifatbegovic M, Maksimovic Z, Hulaj B. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae associated with severe respiratory disease in goats. Vet Rec 2011; 168:565. [PMID: 21610002 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rifatbegovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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48
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La Manna MP, Agnone A, Villari S, Puleio R, Vitale M, Nicholas R, Sireci G, Dieli F, Loria GR. Expansion of intracellular IFN-γ positive lymphocytes during Mycoplasma agalactiae infection in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e64-7. [PMID: 21354587 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method to assess the expansion of antigen-specific intracellular IFN-γ positive T cell subsets during the infection will be helpful for a better understanding of mycoplasmal infections physiopathology in the sheep. We analysed the percentage of antigen-specific lymphocytes positive for intracellular IFN-γ during the infection of sheep with Mycoplasma agalactiae by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected or uninfected animals with irradiated M. agalactiae. The expansion of antigen-specific IFN-γ positive lymphocytes in infected sheep was initially sustained by CD4(+) T cells at day 15 after infection, when antigen specific IgG start to be detectable, followed by CD8/IFN-γ double positive cells. γδ T-cells were not expanded at any time point analysed. IFNγ(+) T cells disappear 60 days after infection, suggesting that antigen specific IFNγ(+) T cells, mainly detected in the early phase of the disease, could be useful to understand the role of cell-mediated immunity during M. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P La Manna
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90131 Palermo, Italy
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49
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Buonavoglia D, Greco G, Corrente M, Greco MF, D’Abramo M, Latronico F, Fasanella A, Decaro N. Long-term immunogenicity and protection against Mycoplasma agalactiae induced by an oil adjuvant vaccine in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:16-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Tardy F, Maigre L, Poumarat F, Citti C. Identification and distribution of genetic markers in three closely related taxa of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster: refining the relative position and boundaries of the Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 taxon (Mycoplasma leachii). Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:3775-3787. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.030528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides phylogenetic cluster are all important ruminant pathogens that are genetically closely related but differ in terms of severity and prevalence of the associated diseases. They are distributed among six taxa, the description of which has recently been amended. In the present study, DNA fragments that diverge between the type strains of three taxa were enriched using suppression subtractive hybridization. Of the three taxa, two were representative of the well-established species M. mycoides and M. capricolum, while the third one, Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 (Mbg7), has only recently been proposed as a separate species, Mycoplasma leachii. Specific DNA fragments were further characterized by sequencing and used as markers to assess the genetic diversity within and between taxa. The data indicate that the selected markers are unequally distributed within their own taxon but also across taxa. The patterns observed suggest the occurrence of a genetic continuum of strains within the M. mycoides cluster that may compromise the boundaries between taxa and, in turn, diagnosis outcomes. For Mbg7, the overall nature and distribution of the markers indicate a rather homogeneous group that is distinct from the M. capricolum and M. mycoides species and might be considered as a genomic chimera between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tardy
- AFSSA-Lyon, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Laure Maigre
- AFSSA-Lyon, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | - Christine Citti
- UMR 1225 INRA, ENVT Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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