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Bernard M, Donnelly CG, Miller A, Diel de Amorim M. Diagnosis and management of placentitis with severe funisitis in a multiparous Warmblood mare. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105075. [PMID: 38697371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Placentitis is an important cause of reproductive losses in the equine industry. Many cases of clinical placentitis are not diagnosed until late in the course of the disease, and for this reason there is variability in the timing of intervention, diagnostic measurements, and treatment protocols. An 8-year-old multiparous Dutch Warmblood mare that was recently exposed to EHV-1 in the herd of origin presented for routine foaling management. Placentitis was diagnosed upon intake, and medical treatment was initiated. The mare delivered a term foal, and diagnostics for infectious etiology were unrewarding. While there were obvious clinical signs supporting a diagnosis of placentitis, histopathologic examination did not reveal active inflammatory lesions in the chorioallantois; however, severe funisitis was present. This report reviews early diagnosis and management of placentitis, demonstrates an array of classic and subtle pathologic lesions seen on microscopic examination, and discusses pathophysiology of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - C G Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - A Miller
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - M Diel de Amorim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Morales-Vázquez MM, Meza-Serrano E, Lara-Pereyra I, Acuña-González RJ, Alonso-Morales R, Hayen-Valles S, Boeta AM, Zarco L, Lozano-Cuenca J, López-Canales JS, Flores-Herrera H. Equine Placentitis in Mares Induces the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine eIL-1β and the Active Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Vet Sci 2023; 10:532. [PMID: 37756054 PMCID: PMC10536981 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine placentitis is characterized by infection and inflammation of the placenta. Different biomarkers associated with this inflammatory response have been evaluated in experimentally induced equine placentitis, but not in pregnant mares with spontaneous placentitis. The aim of the current study was to determine the concentration of eIL-1β and the activity of proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 in the serum of healthy mares and mares with placentitis on days 240 and 320 of gestation to explore whether these biomarkers are associated with equine maternal placentitis and/or with the birth of an infected or inviable foals. Serum samples were collected from sixteen pregnant English Thoroughbred mares, retrospectively classified as follows: (1) healthy mares with full-term gestation; and (2) mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis. The health of each foal was examined at birth, and it was decided to classify the cases into four groups: (1) healthy mares delivering a healthy foals (HM-HF, n = 6); (2) mares with USP delivering a healthy foal (USP-HF, n = 3); (3) mares with USP delivering a live septic foal (USP-LSeF, n = 4); and (4) mares with USP delivering a dead foal (USP-DF, n = 3). eIL-1β was quantified by ELISA, and proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity by gelatin zymography electrophoresis. In healthy mares, the serum concentrations of eIL-1β underwent a significant 16.5-fold increase from day 240 to day 320 of gestation. Although similar results were found in the mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis that delivered a healthy foal, those delivering a live septic or nonviable foal exhibited much higher concentrations of eIL-1β. proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity was not associated with maternal placentitis, foal infection, or death. Hence, the presence of placentitis severe enough to affect the health of the foal can be confirmed or discarded by determining the eIL-1β concentration in mares that have shown ultrasonographic signs of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Margarita Morales-Vázquez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Europa Meza-Serrano
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Irlando Lara-Pereyra
- Departamento de Ginecología, Hospital General de Zona 252, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlacomulco 28984, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Josué Acuña-González
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
| | - Rogelio Alonso-Morales
- Genética, Laboratorio de Biotecnologías, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Hayen-Valles
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ana Myriam Boeta
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Luis Zarco
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Ovina, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tres Marías, Ciudad de México 62515, Mexico;
| | - Jair Lozano-Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (J.L.-C.); (J.S.L.-C.)
| | - Jorge Skiold López-Canales
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (J.L.-C.); (J.S.L.-C.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Héctor Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
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3
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Beckers KF, Gomes VCL, Crissman KR, Liu CC, Schulz CJ, Childers GW, Sones JL. Metagenetic Analysis of the Pregnant Microbiome in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1999. [PMID: 37370509 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Placentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse. Additionally, it can result in weak and/or growth restricted offspring. While the etiology of ascending placentitis is well described in mares, less is known regarding the pathogenesis of other types, such as nocardioform placentitis. This study aims to identify the microbial communities in different body sites of the pregnant mare in early gestation to establish a core microbiome that may be perturbed in pathologic pregnancies such as placentitis. We hypothesize that the equine placenta harbors a distinct resident microbiome in early pregnancy when characterized by metagenetics and that there will be a disparity in bacterial communities from the oral, vaginal, and fecal microbiome. Samples were collected from the oral cavity, vagina, anus, and the allantoic portion of the allantochorion ("placenta") from five pregnant mares between 96 and 120 days of gestation. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified for Illumina MiSeq sequencing to examine core bacterial communities present in the different body sites. Microbial community composition of the pregnant ponies by body site was significantly different (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). The placenta was significantly different from the feces, oral cavity, and vagina. Alpha diversity measuring the Shannon diversity matrix was significant, with the body sites being a compounding variable, meaning there was a difference in richness and evenness in the different microbial communities. Feces had the greatest alpha diversity, while the oral cavity and placenta similarly had the least. In conclusion, metagenetics did reveal distinct community differences in the oral, fecal, vaginal, and placenta cavities of the horse. The equine placenta does show similarities in its microbial communities to the oral cavity. Further research needs to be completed to investigate how bacteria may be translocated to the placenta from these other body sites and how they contribute to the development of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalie F Beckers
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviane C L Gomes
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kassandra R Crissman
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Christopher J Schulz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - Gary W Childers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - Jenny L Sones
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Ruby RE, Janes JG. Infectious Causes of Equine Placentitis and Abortion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:73-88. [PMID: 36737287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of infectious agents including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms can cause equine abortion and placentitis. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the common pattern distribution of different infectious agents will assist the practitioner in evaluating the fetus and/or placenta, collecting appropriate samples for further testing, and in some cases, forming a presumptive diagnosis. In all cases, it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis with molecular, serologic, or microbiological testing. If a causative agent can be identified, then appropriate biosecurity and vaccination measures can be instituted on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Janes
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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5
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Fedorka CE, Troedsson MH. The immune response to equine ascending placentitis: A narrative review. Theriogenology 2023; 203:11-20. [PMID: 36966581 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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6
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Lorenzi AS, Bonatelli ML, Chia MA, Peressim L, Quecine MC. Opposite Sides of Pantoea agglomerans and Its Associated Commercial Outlook. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102072. [PMID: 36296348 PMCID: PMC9610544 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifaceted microorganisms such as the bacterium Pantoea colonize a wide range of habitats and can exhibit both beneficial and harmful behaviors, which provide new insights into microbial ecology. In the agricultural context, several strains of Pantoea spp. can promote plant growth through direct or indirect mechanisms. Members of this genus contribute to plant growth mainly by increasing the supply of nitrogen, solubilizing ammonia and inorganic phosphate, and producing phytohormones (e.g., auxins). Several other studies have shown the potential of strains of Pantoea spp. to induce systemic resistance and protection against pests and pathogenic microorganisms in cultivated plants. Strains of the species Pantoea agglomerans deserve attention as a pest and phytopathogen control agent. Several of them also possess a biotechnological potential for therapeutic purposes (e.g., immunomodulators) and are implicated in human infections. Thus, the differentiation between the harmful and beneficial strains of P. agglomerans is mandatory to apply this bacterium safely as a biofertilizer or biocontroller. This review specifically evaluates the potential of the strain-associated features of P. agglomerans for bioprospecting and agricultural applications through its biological versatility as well as clarifying its potential animal and human health risks from a genomic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Bonatelli
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Leonardo Peressim
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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7
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Begg AP, Carrick J, Chicken C, Blishen A, Todhunter K, Eamens K, Jenkins C. Fetoplacental pathology of equine abortion, premature birth, and neonatal loss due to Chlamydia psittaci. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:983-996. [PMID: 36062911 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the fetoplacental pathology of Chlamydia psittaci-associated abortion, premature birth, and neonatal loss in 46 of 442 equine abortion investigations between 2015 and 2019. Seven abortions, 26 premature births, and 13 neonatal deaths with positive C. psittaci polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated. In 83% of cases (38/46), C. psittaci infection was considered as the primary cause of loss based on quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmation, pathological findings, and exclusion of other causes, and was supported by Chlamydia spp immunolabeling in fetoplacental lesions. Lymphohistiocytic placentitis with vasculitis (36/38) affected the amnion, umbilical cord, and chorioallantois at the umbilical vessel insertion and/or cervical pole. Lymphohistiocytic chorionitis in the subvillous stroma extended to the allantois mostly without villous destruction. Lymphohistiocytic amnionitis and funisitis occurred at the amniotic cord attachment. Lymphohistiocytic hepatitis was observed in 19/38 cases and pneumonia was identified in 26 cases. Chlamydia spp immunolabeled in placenta, lung, liver, or splenic tissue in the cases that were tested (14/38). C. psittaci infection was not the cause of loss in 2 cases with other diseases and of uncertain significance in 6 cases with no conclusive cause of loss. immunohistochemistry (IHC) was negative for 6 of these cases (6/8). The highest Chlamydia load was detected in pooled placental tissues by qPCR. qPCR and IHC had 83% congruence at a qPCR cut-off of 1 gene copy. IHC limits of detection corresponded to infections with 2 × 102 gene copies identified by qPCR. This study confirms the etiological role of C. psittaci as a cause of naturally occurring equine reproductive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting, Scone, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anna Blishen
- Scone Equine Hospital Laboratory, Scone, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kieran Eamens
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
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Holyoak GR, Premathilake HU, Lyman CC, Sones JL, Gunn A, Wieneke X, DeSilva U. The healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical location. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14790. [PMID: 36042332 PMCID: PMC9427864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to understand the composition and existence of the resident uterine microbiome in healthy mares and to establish the presence of a core microbiome for the healthy equine uterus. We analyzed the microbiomes of 35 healthy mares that are long-time residents of three farms in Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Australia as well as that of 19 mares purchased from scattered owners in the Southern Mid-Western states of the United States. Over 6 million paired-end reads of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained resulting in 19,542 unique Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). ASVs were assigned to 17 known phyla and 213 known genera. Most abundant genera across all animals were Pseudomonas (27%) followed by Lonsdalea (8%), Lactobacillus (7.5%), Escherichia/Shigella (4.5%), and Prevotella (3%). Oklahoma and Louisiana samples were dominated by Pseudomonas (75%). Lonsdalea (28%) was the most abundant genus in the Australian samples but was not found in any other region. Microbial diversity, richness, and evenness of the equine uterine microbiome is largely dependent on the geographical location of the animal. However, we observed a core uterine microbiome consisting of Lactobacillus, Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Blautia, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Peptoanaerobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Holyoak
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - H. U. Premathilake
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - C. C. Lyman
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - J. L. Sones
- grid.64337.350000 0001 0662 7451School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - A. Gunn
- grid.1037.50000 0004 0368 0777School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW Australia
| | - X. Wieneke
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Present Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Genomics, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children′s Hospital, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - U. DeSilva
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
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9
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Nocardioform placentitis in a sample population of mares foaling in southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in 2020. Theriogenology 2022; 192:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Page AE, Partridge E, Erol E, Scoggin KE, Fedorka CE, Ruby RE, Ball BA, Horohov DW, Adam E. Development and Use of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Determine Temporal Exposure Patterns to Putative Agents of Nocardioform Placentitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103826. [PMID: 34843887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cases of nocardioform placentitis are characterized by focal, mucoid placentitis resulting in late-term abortion, premature birth, or small, full-term foals, occur sporadically, and are most commonly associated with Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis spp. infection. The goal of this project was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying antibodies against Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis spp. and utilize the ELISA to determine when exposure occurs. Serum samples collected during the 2020 foaling season from Crossiella equi (n = 8) and Amycolatopsis spp. (n = 32) infected mares, as well as nonaffected mares (n = 51 mares), were used to develop and optimize bacteria-specific ELISAs. Following development of the ELISAs, banked serum samples from a single, central Kentucky Thoroughbred farm collected during 2012 to 2013 (n = 104 mares) and 2013-14 (n = 82 mares) were analyzed. Differences in various groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Crossiella equi-infected mares had significantly higher ELISA unit (EU) values on the Crossiella equi ELISA near parturition when compared to the other two groups (P < .001). Using the Amycolatopsis spp. ELISA, EU values were not significantly different between Amycolatopsis spp. infected and non-affected mares, suggesting this ELISA is not specific for Amycolatopsis spp. During 2013 to 2014, there were significant increases in EU values between June and late September for the Crossiella equi ELISA, suggesting exposure in the summer and early fall months. Data from the Crossiella equi ELISA may help provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of nocardioform placentitis, guide the development of a successful experimental challenge model, and allow for further refinement of these ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Page
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY.
| | - Emma Partridge
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | - Erdal Erol
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | - Carleigh E Fedorka
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | - Rebecca E Ruby
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Barry A Ball
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | - David W Horohov
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | - Emma Adam
- University of Kentucky Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY
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11
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Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:713. [PMID: 34600470 PMCID: PMC8487468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abortion in horses leads to economic and welfare losses to the equine industry. Most cases of equine abortions are sporadic, and the cause is often unknown. This study aimed to detect potential abortigenic pathogens in equine abortion cases in Australia using metagenomic deep sequencing methods. RESULTS After sequencing and analysis, a total of 68 and 86 phyla were detected in the material originating from 49 equine abortion samples and 8 samples from normal deliveries, respectively. Most phyla were present in both groups, with the exception of Chlamydiae that were only present in abortion samples. Around 2886 genera were present in the abortion samples and samples from normal deliveries at a cut off value of 0.001% of relative abundance. Significant differences in species diversity between aborted and normal tissues was observed. Several potential abortigenic pathogens were identified at a high level of relative abundance in a number of the abortion cases, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Chlamydia psittaci. CONCLUSIONS This work revealed the presence of several potentially abortigenic pathogens in aborted specimens. No novel potential abortigenic agents were detected. The ability to screen samples for multiple pathogens that may not have been specifically targeted broadens the frontiers of diagnostic potential. The future use of metagenomic approaches for diagnostic purposes is likely to be facilitated by further improvements in deep sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akter
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Charles M El-Hage
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joan Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting, Scone, New South Wales, 2337, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Sprayberry KA, Lu KG. Managing Reproduction Emergencies in the Field: Part 1: Injuries in Stallions; Injury of the External Portion of the Reproductive Tract and Gestational Conditions in the Mare. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:339-366. [PMID: 34243877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Selected emergency conditions of male and female reproductive tracts in horses are described, including injuries affecting the external genitalia of male horses and emergent conditions arising during gestation in mares. Conditions affecting male horses are discussed in the context of breeding stallions, but kicks or other mechanisms of trauma in the groin can also affect geldings. Priapism, paraphimosis, trauma to the scrotum and testicles, and penile injury are discussed. In mares, traumatic vestibular injury, placentitis, hydropsic conditions, prepubic tendon and abdominal wall compromise, and uterine torsion are included. Clinical recognition of the problem, diagnostic procedures, and treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Sprayberry
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Kristina G Lu
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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13
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El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Kennedy L, Scoggin KE, Dini P, Fedorka CE, Kalbfleisch TS, Esteller-Vico A, Horohov DW, Erol E, Carter CN, Smith JL, Ball BA. Transcriptomic analysis of equine chorioallantois reveals immune networks and molecular mechanisms involved in nocardioform placentitis. Vet Res 2021; 52:103. [PMID: 34238364 PMCID: PMC8268225 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardioform placentitis (NP) continues to result in episodic outbreaks of abortion and preterm birth in mares and remains a poorly understood disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the transcriptome of the chorioallantois (CA) of mares with NP. The CA were collected from mares with confirmed NP based upon histopathology, microbiological culture and PCR for Amycolatopsis spp. Samples were collected from the margin of the NP lesion (NPL, n = 4) and grossly normal region (NPN, n = 4). Additionally, CA samples were collected from normal postpartum mares (Control; CRL, n = 4). Transcriptome analysis identified 2892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NPL vs. CRL and 2450 DEGs in NPL vs. NPN. Functional genomics analysis elucidated that inflammatory signaling, toll-like receptor signaling, inflammasome activation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis pathways are involved in NP. The increased leukocytic infiltration in NPL was associated with the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP8) and apoptosis-related genes, such as caspases (CASP3 and CASP7), which could explain placental separation associated with NP. Also, NP was associated with downregulation of several placenta-regulatory genes (ABCG2, GCM1, EPAS1, and NR3C1), angiogenesis-related genes (VEGFA, FLT1, KDR, and ANGPT2), and glucose transporter coding genes (GLUT1, GLUT10, and GLUT12), as well as upregulation of hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A and EGLN3), which could elucidate placental insufficiency accompanying NP. In conclusion, our findings revealed for the first time, the key regulators and mechanisms underlying placental inflammation, separation, and insufficiency during NP, which might lead to the development of efficacious therapies or diagnostic aids by targeting the key molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Laura Kennedy
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Carleigh E Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | | | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Craig N Carter
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jackie L Smith
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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14
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Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, Ruby RE, Erol E, Ball BA. Clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of nocardioform placentitis in the mare. Theriogenology 2021; 171:155-161. [PMID: 34058508 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Placentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse and contributes to roughly 19% of all abortions in the United States. A type of placental infection, nocardioform placentitis (NP) is associated with gram-positive branching actinomycetes localized within the ventral body of the feto-maternal interface to create a lymphoplasmacytic mucoid lesion. While the etiology of this disease is poorly described, this placental infection continues to cause episodic abortions in addition to weak and/or growth retarded neonates. The goal of the present study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of pregnancies associated with a nocardioform-affected placenta and make inferences into the epidemiology of this elusive disease. To do so, 264 mares were enrolled in the study, with 145 as having suspected disease (n = 145; NP) either based on pregnancy-related complications or postpartum placental evaluation, while an additional 119 were enrolled as healthy pregnancies (n = 119; CON). Following diagnosis as either NP or CON based on gross and histopathology at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, information was gathered on the mares and neonates for comparisons between diseased and healthy pregnancies. Clinically, a significant portion of diseased mares had clinical indications of NP, including premature mammary gland development, thickening of the placenta noted on transrectal ultrasonography, and separation between the chorioallantois and endometrium noted on abdominal ultrasonography, while vulvar discharge was not commonly noted. Additionally, NP was correlated with increased mare age, decreased gestational length, and decreased neonatal weight, although neonatal IgG and WBC were comparable to CON. Incidence of NP was not correlated with last breeding date, pre- and post-breeding therapeutics, parity, prophylactic medications, or housing. Additionally, NP did not affect postpartum fertility. While NP was associated with a poor neonatal outcome (abortion and/or growth retarded neonate), this did not appear to be influenced by the bacteria isolated (Amycolatopsis spp. vs. Crossiella equi), and mares diagnosed with NP do not appear to be infectious to other pregnant mares nor have repetitive years of the disease. Interestingly, lesion size was positively correlated with last breeding date, as mares bred later in the breeding season correlating with a larger placental lesion. In conclusion, while the etiology of NP continues to elude researchers, the epidemiology of this disease has gained clarity, providing inferences into the management of suspect mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - E Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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15
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Boakari YL, Esteller-Vico A, Loux S, El-Sheikh Ali H, Fernandes CB, Dini P, Scoggin KE, Cray C, Ball BA. Serum amyloid A, Serum Amyloid A1 and Haptoglobin in pregnant mares and their fetuses after experimental induction of placentitis. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 229:106766. [PMID: 34015726 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) and Haptoglobin (Hp) are acute phase proteins, produced during inflammation, such as placentitis. In horses, SAA and SAA1 are protein coding genes. Objectives were to analyze SAA and Hp concentrations and relative abundance of SAA, SAA1 and Hp mRNA transcript in maternal and fetal tissues after experimental induction of placentitis or mares of a control group. Serum Amyloid A family proteins were in marked abundance in the stroma of the endometrium and chorioallantois associated with inflammatory cells. Maternal plasma SAA concentrations were greater (P = 0.01) in mares with experimentally induced placentitis compared to those of the control group. Maternal Hp from the groups were not different, but fetal Hp concentrations of mares with experimentally induced placentitis were greater (P = 0.02). Maternal plasma SAA and Hp concentrations were greater than fetal plasma concentrations in mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of SAA mRNA transcript was greater in the maternal, fetal liver and chorioallantois of mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05) compared to those in the control group. Interestingly, relative abundance of SAA1 mRNA transcript was greater in the chorioallantois of mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05). The SAA and Hp concentrations, therefore, were greater in mares with induced placentitis. Furthermore, relative abundance of SAA1 mRNA transcript is specifically greater in the chorioallantois of mares with placentitis, which warrants further studies to elucidate the immunological response of SAA1 in the chorioallantois of mares with placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linhares Boakari
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - A Esteller-Vico
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - S Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA
| | - H El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura, Egypt
| | - C Barbosa Fernandes
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA
| | - C Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - B A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA.
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16
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Borba LDA, Nogueira CEW, Bruhn FRP, da Silva GC, Feijó LS, Canisso IF, Curcio BDR. Peripheral blood markers of sepsis in foals born from mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Vet Rec 2021; 187:29. [PMID: 33638540 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal death during the first-week postfoaling. Despite recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in the newborn foal, the non-specific clinical signs and subtle nature of this disease may result in delayed diagnosis until severe progression of the disease; thus, early detection of sepsis remains critical for a favourable outcome. This study aimed to identify early blood markers as predictive of sepsis on foals. METHODS Thirty-five foals were allocated into three groups: healthy control foals (n=7) and foals born from mares with placentitis: septic foals (n=9) and non-septic foals (n=19). Blood samples were obtained immediately after foaling and at 12, 24 and 48 hours. All samples were assessed for glucose, lactate, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total solids, fibrinogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. RESULTS At foaling, glucose and GGT concentrations were lower in septic foals (P<0.001). Of interest, SAA, AFP, creatinine and total cholesterol were higher in septic foals at parturition (P<0.05). At 12 hours, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in septic foals. When evaluated at 24 and 48 hours, higher concentrations of SAA and AFP were found in placentitis foals than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Total cholesterol and lactate appear to be suitable markers for sepsis during the first 24 hours postpartum. Septic foals displayed altered energy metabolisms as determined by increased triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, hypoglycaemia at birth and reduced activity of the GGT and increased lactate and urea concentrations. Sepsis was associated with high concentrations of SAA and AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Araujo Borba
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Castro da Silva
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena Soares Feijó
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruna da Rosa Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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17
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Causes of equine perinatal mortality. Vet J 2021; 273:105675. [PMID: 34148598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period is critical in equine medicine for maintaining healthy mares, and ensuring the delivery of healthy neonatal foals. The field of perinatal mortality in horses is continuously evolving, with several advances being recently made in causes of perinatal fetal and foal loss. This review details the main causes of perinatal loss in horses, through late pregnancy, parturition and the neonatal period. Recent advances in identification of infectious organisms and indicators of survival in neonatal foals will be discussed. Continued advances in reproductive and neonatal medicine will aid improved survival of foals through fewer pregnancy losses, and improved management of high-risk pregnancies and critically ill neonatal foals.
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18
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Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Walker OF, McCormick ME, Scoggin KE, Kennedy LA, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT. Alterations of Circulating Biomarkers During Late Term Pregnancy Complications in the Horse Part I: Cytokines. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103425. [PMID: 33781421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine abortions are attributed to both infectious and noninfectious causes. Clinical extrapolations are often made from the experimental model for ascending placentitis towards other causes of fetal compromise, including various markers of inflammation, including the cytokines IL-2, 5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF. It is unknown if these cytokine changes are noted under field conditions, or if they increase preceding other pregnancy related complications. To assess this, Thoroughbred mares (n = 702) had weekly blood obtained beginning in December 2013 and continuing until parturition. Fetal membranes were submitted to the UKVDL for complete gross and pathologic assessment and classified as either ascending placentitis (n = 6), focal mucoid placentitis (n = 6), idiopathic abortion (n = 6) or control (n = 20). Weekly serum samples were analyzed via immunoassay for concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF. For both focal mucoid placentitis and ascending placentitis, an increase (P < .05) in the concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF was noted preceding parturition in comparison to controls. Cytokine profiles preceding idiopathic abortion did not differ from controls. In conclusion, serum cytokines may be considered potential biomarkers for the prediction of placental infection, while no changes in cytokine profiles were noted when noninfectious causes of abortion occurred. Additionally, this is the first study to report an increase in cytokines during the disease process of focal mucoid placentitis, the etiology of which includes Nocardioform placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fedorka
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - B A Ball
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY.
| | - O F Walker
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, TN
| | - M E McCormick
- Rhode Island College, College of Nursing. Providence, RI; Rhode Island Department of Health. Providence, RI
| | - K E Scoggin
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - L A Kennedy
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - E L Squires
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - M H T Troedsson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
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19
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Macpherson ML, Giguère S, Pozor MA, Burden CA, Berghaus LJ, Berghaus RD, Varner JC, Hayna JT, Benson SM, Randell SA, Lyle SK, Kelleman AA, Hart KA, Mallicote MF, Horohov DW. Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of firocoxib administered to mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13396. [PMID: 33569862 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Minimal evidence exists supporting therapeutic selections for equine placentitis. The goal of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of firocoxib when administered to mares with placentitis. METHODS Mares (gestation D270-300) were assigned to: INFECT (n = 6; placentitis, no treatment), FIRO (n = 6; placentitis, firocoxib, 0.1 mg/kg, PO, daily), and NORM (n = 6; no infection/treatment). Allantoic fluid (8 hours, 24 hours, birth) and amniotic fluid (birth) were collected from mares after infection. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, PGF2α , and PGE2 in fluids were measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -1, 3, and 9 in fetal membranes/fetuses was quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Allantoic TNF-α concentrations were lowest in FIRO at 8 hours and 24 hours post-infection; IL-6 concentrations were lower in FIRO than NORM at 8 hours, lower in FIRO than INFECT at 24 hours post-inoculation, and lower in NORM than FIRO or INFECT at birth. Marginal mean allantoic IL-β and IL-10 concentrations were lower in FIRO and NORM than INFECT. Amniotic fluid cytokines were lowest in NORM with all measurements in that group being below the limit of detection. Allantoic PGF2α concentrations were lower in FIRO and INFECT than NORM at 8 hours post-inoculation, and lower in FIRO than INFECT or NORM at 24 hours post-inoculation. Allantoic PGE2 concentrations were lower in FIRO than INFECT. Amniotic PGF2α and PGE2 concentrations were lower in NORM than INFECT. In fetal membranes, group differences with respect to IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP1 were dependent on tissue type. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest a suppressive effect of firocoxib administration on cytokine and prostaglandin production in mares with placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo L Macpherson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Malgorzata A Pozor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chelsie A Burden
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Londa J Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Varner
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin T Hayna
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susanne M Benson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah A Randell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sara K Lyle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Audrey A Kelleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Martha F Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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20
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Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Dini P, Troedsson MHT, Ball BA. Interleukin-6 pathobiology in equine placental infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13363. [PMID: 33098605 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Ascending placentitis is the leading cause of abortion in the horse. Interleukin (IL)-6 is considered predictive of placental infection in other species, but little is understood regarding its role in the pathophysiology of ascending placentitis. METHOD OF STUDY Sub-acute ascending placentitis was induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S zooepidemicus, and various fluids/serum/tissues collected 8 days later. Concentrations of IL-6 were detected within fetal fluids and serum in inoculated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) mares. RNASeq was performed on the placenta (endometrium and chorioallantois) to assess transcripts relating to IL-6 pathways. IHC was performed for immunolocalization of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in the placenta. RESULTS IL-6 concentrations increased in allantoic fluid following inoculation, with a trend toward an increase in amniotic fluid. Maternal serum IL-6 was increased in inoculated animals, while no changes were noted in fetal serum. mRNA expression of IL-6-related transcripts within the chorioallantois indicates that IL-6 is activating the classical JAK/STAT pathway, thereby acting as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-survival. The IL-6R was expressed within the chorioallantois, indicating a paracrine signaling pathway of maternal IL-6 to fetal IL-6R. CONCLUSION IL-6 plays a crucial role in the placental response to induction of sub-acute equine ascending placentitis, and this could be noted in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid, and maternal serum. Additionally, IL-6 is acting as anti-inflammatory in this disease, potentially altering disease progression, impeding abortion signals, and assisting with the production of a viable neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Theriogenology, University of Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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21
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Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Wynn MAA, McCormick ME, Scoggin KE, Esteller-Vico A, Curry TE, Kennedy LA, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT. Alterations of Circulating Biomarkers During Late Term Pregnancy Complications in the Horse Part II: Steroid Hormones and Alpha-Fetoprotein. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103395. [PMID: 33781417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preterm labor and/or abortion causes considerable economic impact on the equine industry. Unfortunately, few experimental models exist for the induction of various pregnancy-related complications, and therefore extrapolations are made from the experimental model for ascending placentits, although inferences may be minimal. Certain steroid hormones (progestogens, estrogens) and fetal proteins (alpha-fetoprotein; AFP) might improve the diagnostics for abnormal pregnancy, but the utility of these markers in the field is unknown. To assess this, thoroughbred mares (n = 702) were bled weekly beginning in December 2013 until parturition/abortion. Following parturition, fetal membranes were assessed histopathologically and classified as either ascending placentitis (n = 6), focal mucoid placentitis (n = 6), idiopathic abortion (n = 6) or no disease (n = 20). Weekly serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17β, and AFP. Samples were analyzed retrospectively from the week of parturition/abortion in addition to the preceding four weeks. For both ascending and focal mucoid placentitis, a significant increase in progesterone and AFP was noted, alongside a significant decrease in estradiol-17β and the ratio of estradiol-17β to progesterone in comparison to controls. In contrast, idiopathic abortions experienced a decrease in progesterone concentrations alongside an increase in AFP, and this was only noted in the week preceding parturition/abortion. In conclusion, spontaneous placental infection in the horse altered both endocrine and feto-secretory markers in maternal circulation, while minimal changes were noted preceding noninfectious idiopathic abortion. Additionally, this is the first study to report an alteration in steroid hormones and AFP during the disease process of focal mucoid placentitis, the etiology of which includes Nocardioform placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - Michelle A A Wynn
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Meghan E McCormick
- Rhode Island College, College of Nursing, Providence, RI; Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Thomas E Curry
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Laura A Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Edward L Squires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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22
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Alamaary M, Ali A. Abortion and uterine prolapse in a Thoroughbred mare with twin pregnancy: Clinical and laboratory findings and treatment approach. J Equine Sci 2020; 31:95-99. [PMID: 33376446 PMCID: PMC7750639 DOI: 10.1294/jes.31.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This report presents a case of uterine prolapse in a Thoroughbred mare. The uterine
prolapse occurred after abortion of twins in the eighth month of gestation. The prolapsed
uterus was bleeding and congested but not damaged. The placenta was still attached to the
endometrium. Blood samples were collected for hematology and for estimation of calcium,
progesterone and estrogen. The cervix and clitoris were swabbed for bacteriology. The mare
showed a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. The concentrations of estrogen and
progesterone seemed normal compared with mares that foaled. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was
isolated. The prolapsed uterus was washed with warm normal saline, and the retained
placenta was carefully removed. An antibiotic cream was spread on the prolapsed uterus
before replacing it. Two-thirds of the upper vulva was transiently sutured. Systemic
antibiotics and an anti-inflammatory were administrated for 5 days. After 24 hr, the
sutures were removed, and uterine lavage was performed using warmed normal saline for
three days. The mare received 20 IU of oxytocin twice a day for three days to aid uterine
clearance. A local antibiotic was inserted into the uterus. After treatment, the mare did
not show any health disorders. She entered estrus 9 days after abortion and again 10 days
later. In conclusion, twin pregnancy in a mare is considered a critical condition that
necessitates specific management during early and late pregnancy. Uterine prolapse is an
emergency that should be treated in a skilled manner to protect the mare and her future
fertility. Calcium deficiency might predispose mares to uterine prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alamaary
- Horse Clinic, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al Qassim51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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23
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El-Sheikh Ali H, Dini P, Scoggin K, Loux S, Fedorka C, Boakari Y, Norris J, Esteller-Vico A, Kalbfleisch T, Ball B. Transcriptomic analysis of equine placenta reveals key regulators and pathways involved in ascending placentitis†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:638-656. [PMID: 33345276 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ascending equine placentitis holds the potential for the development of new diagnostic tools and therapies to forestall placentitis-induced preterm labor. The current study characterized the equine placental transcriptome (chorioallantois [CA] and endometrium [EN]) during placentitis (placentitis group, n = 6) in comparison to gestationally-matched controls (control group, n = 6). Transcriptome analysis identified 2953 and 805 differentially expressed genes in CA and EN during placentitis, respectively. Upstream regulator analysis revealed the central role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in triggering the inflammatory signaling, and consequent immune-cell chemotaxis. Placentitis was associated with the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9) and apoptosis-related genes such as caspases (CASP3, CASP4, and CASP7) in CA. Also, placentitis was associated with downregulation of transcripts coding for proteins essential for placental steroidogenesis (SRD5A1 and AKR1C1), progestin signaling (PGRMC1 and PXR) angiogenesis (VEGFA, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3), and nutrient transport (GLUT12 and SLC1A4), as well as upregulation of hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A and EGLN3), which could explain placental insufficiency during placentitis. Placentitis was also associated with aberrant expression of several placenta-regulatory genes, such as PLAC8, PAPPA, LGALS1, ABCG2, GCM1, and TEPP, which could negatively affect placental functions. In conclusion, our findings revealed for the first time the key regulators and mechanisms underlying placental inflammation, separation, and insufficiency during equine placentitis, which might lead to the development of efficacious therapies or diagnostic aids by targeting the key molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Pouya Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shavahn Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carleigh Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yatta Boakari
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jamie Norris
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alejandro Esteller-Vico
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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24
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Canisso IF, Loux S, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH, Ball BA. Fetal-fluid proteome analyses in late-term healthy pregnant mares and in mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1486-1496. [PMID: 31092309 DOI: 10.1071/rd18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterisation of fetal fluids in healthy and disease states of pregnant mares can help to unravel the pathophysiology and to identify putative markers of disease. Thus, this study aimed to compare the protein composition of: (1) amniotic and allantoic fluids of healthy mares obtained immediately after euthanasia and (2) allantoic fluid harvested via centesis before and after experimental induction of placentitis via transcervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus in healthy mares. Fetal fluids were analysed with a high-throughput proteomic technique after in-gel digestion. Statistical comparisons were performed following normalisation of peptide spectral match. Global normalisation was performed to calculate relative expression. There were 112 unique proteins present in both allantoic and amniotic fluids. There were 13 and 29 proteins defined as amniotic- or allantoic-specific respectively that were present in at least two fluid samples. Another 26 proteins were present in both amniotic and allantoic fluids. Panther DB functional classification grouped fetal-fluid proteins as transfer carriers, signalling molecules, receptors, immunity, hydrolase, enzymes, membrane traffic, cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, calcium binding and extracellular matrix. Experimentally induced placentitis resulted in 10 proteins being upregulated and 10 downregulated in allantoic fluid. Newly identified proteins and changes in the fetal-fluid proteome provide clues about the physiology of pregnancy and pathogenesis of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Canisso
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA; and Present address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Shavahn Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Edward L Squires
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Mats H Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA; and Corresponding author.
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25
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Loux SC, Fernandes CB, Dini P, Wang K, Wu X, Baxter D, Scoggin KE, Troedsson MHT, Squires EL, Ball BA. Small RNA (sRNA) expression in the chorioallantois, endometrium and serum of mares following experimental induction of placentitis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1144-1156. [PMID: 30947806 DOI: 10.1071/rd18400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection and inflammation remain a major cause of preterm labour in women and mares, with little known about small RNA (sRNA) expression in tissue or circulation. To better characterise placental inflammation (placentitis), we examined sRNA expression in the endometrium, chorioallantois and serum of mares with and without placentitis. Disease was induced in 10 mares via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, either with moderate or high levels of inoculum; three uninoculated gestationally matched mares were used as controls. Matched chorioallantois and endometrium were sampled in two locations: Region 1, gross inflammation near cervical star with placental separation and Region 2, gross inflammation without placental separation. In Region 1, 26 sRNAs were altered in chorioallantois, while 20 were altered in endometrium. Within Region 2, changes were more subdued in both chorioallantois (10 sRNAs) and endometrium (two sRNAs). Within serum, we identified nine significantly altered sRNAs. In summary, we have characterised the expression of sRNA in the chorioallantois, the endometrium and the serum of mares with experimentally induced placentitis using next-generation sequencing, identifying significant changes within each tissue examined. These data should provide valuable information about the physiology of placental inflammation to clinicians and researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Claudia B Fernandes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Baxter
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Edward L Squires
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; and Corresponding author.
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26
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McCarthy MB, Townsend KS, Johnson PJ, LaCarrubba AM, Voelkl DL, Volkmann DH. Occurrence of a vaginal septum in a foal diagnosed with pyometra. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - K. S. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - P. J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - A. M. LaCarrubba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - D. L. Voelkl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - D. H. Volkmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
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27
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Canisso IF, Loux SC, Lima FS. Biomarkers for placental disease in mares. Theriogenology 2020; 150:302-307. [PMID: 32088026 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Placentitis is an important cause of abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal death in horses. The diagnosis of placentitis is based on occurrence of clinical signs (premature mammary gland development and vulvar discharge) and ultrasonography of the caudal placental pole. However, early and subtle cases can be missed. In the last few years, several studies have provided objective means of diagnosing placentitis in mares with single or serial measurements of blood markers. Among the markers evaluated the steroids produced by the fetoplacental unit have been shown to change in association with placentitis. Mares with chronic placentitis have an increase in peripheral progestogens; however, mares acutely infected will display a reduction in peripheral concentrations of progestogens. Estradiol-17β (free- and conjugated form) concentrations are drastically reduced in plasma of mares with placentitis. Acute-phase proteins, particularly serum amyloid A, are increased in plasma of mares suffering from placentitis, and this increase is due to endometrial and chorioallantoic secretions, and minimally from the fetus. Alpha-fetoprotein, a protein expressed in the fetoplacental unit, was shown to be increased in plasma of mares suffering from placentitis. A plephora of microRNA have been identified in plasma and tissues of mares undergoing experimentally induced placentitis, but have not been tested in spontaneous cases. Unique proteomic signatures were found in the fetal fluids of mares undergoing experimentally induced ascending placentitis, making the fetal fluids potentially useful to diagnose placentitis in mares. However, currently the lack of use of transabdominal fetal fluid sampling prevents wide use of the fetal fluids as diagnostic techniques. This manuscript aimed to discuss recent discoveries regarding biomarkers for placentitis in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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28
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Kelley DE, Hodo CL, Aceino A, Lawhon SD, Hinrichs K, Brinsko SP. Abortion due to
Bacillus safensis
in a mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Kelley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - C. L. Hodo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - A. Aceino
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - S. D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - K. Hinrichs
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - S. P. Brinsko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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29
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Multiorgan Disease and Death Associated With Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus in a 2-Month-Old Foal. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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The proteome of fetal fluids in mares with experimentally-induced placentitis. Placenta 2018; 64:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Minocycline Resistance in Streptococcus equi Subsp. zooepidemicus Isolated From Thoroughbred Racehorses With Respiratory Disease in Japan. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Neck S, Jurgens B, Peters L, Ankringa N. Exophiala phaeomuriformis
associated with abortion and placentitis in a mare. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Neck
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke Ankringa
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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33
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Wynn MA, Esteller-Vico A, Legacki EL, Conley AJ, Loux SC, Stanley SD, Curry TE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH, Ball BA. A comparison of progesterone assays for determination of peripheral pregnane concentrations in the late pregnant mare. Theriogenology 2018; 106:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Transrectal ultrasonography for measuring of combined utero-placental thickness in pregnant Mangalarga Marchador mares. Theriogenology 2017; 96:142-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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FitzGerald W, Crowe B, Brennan P, Cassidy JP, Leahy M, McElroy MC, Casey M, Waller A, Mitchell C. Acute fatal haemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus in greyhounds in Ireland with subsequent typing of the isolates. Vet Rec 2017; 181:119. [PMID: 28600445 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W FitzGerald
- Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - B Crowe
- Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - P Brennan
- Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J P Cassidy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Leahy
- Arra Veterinary Clinic, Tipperary, Co Tipperary, Ireland
| | - M C McElroy
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - M Casey
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - A Waller
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - C Mitchell
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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36
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Akhmedzhanov M, Nurgaziev R, Orozov J, Moser I, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Late-Term Abortion, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Foal Death in Kyrgyzstan: First Isolation of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Country. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Curcio BR, Canisso IF, Pazinato FM, Borba LA, Feijó LS, Muller V, Finger IS, Toribio RE, Nogueira CEW. Estradiol cypionate aided treatment for experimentally induced ascending placentitis in mares. Theriogenology 2017; 102:98-107. [PMID: 28755579 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of various therapeutic combinations of estradiol cypionate (ECP, a long-acting estrogen) and altrenogest (ALT, a long-acting progestin) in addition to basic treatment for placentitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) and flunixin meglumine (FM). Specific outcomes measured in this experiment were (i) time from induction of bacterial placentitis to delivery, and foal parameters (high-risk, survival, and birth weight); and (ii) serum steroid concentrations (progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17β-estradiol, and cortisol) in response to treatment. Pregnant mares (∼300 days gestation, n = 46) were randomly assigned into healthy mares (control group, CONT, n = 8) and mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis (n = 38). Placentitis was induced via intracervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Thereafter, placentitis induced mares were randomly assigned into: (1) basic treatment, TMS+FM (n = 8); (2) basic treatment with ALT supplementation, TMS+FM+ALT (n = 8); (3) basic treatment with ECP supplementation, TMS+FM+ECP (n = 6); (4) basic treatment with ALT and ECP supplementation TMS+FM+ALT+ECP (n = 6); and (5) no treatment (INOC, n = 10). Treatments were started 48 h after bacterial inoculation and carried out for ten consecutive days. Blood samples were collected daily, and mares were assessed for signs of placentitis until the mare delivered, or for ten consecutive days after onset of treatment. Steroids were analyzed via RIA. Continuous data were analyzed by ANOVA, and categorical data analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Foal survival at parturition and seven days post-delivery were similar across treated groups (66.7-100%), and to the CONT group. Similar to CONT group, mares in the TMS+FM+ECP group had no high-risk foals while mares in the other groups had higher incidences (50-75%) (p < 0.05). The inclusion of ECP in the treatments resulted in foals with body weight similar to CONT group (p > 0.05). There were no group effects or time by group interactions on concentrations of steroids assessed herein (p > 0.05). In conclusion, in addition to basic treatment TMS+FM, mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis benefited from ECP supplementation. Conversely, ALT did not appear to make a difference in outcomes. The immunoassays used for measurements of steroid concentrations did not appear useful to assess treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Curcio
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Fernanda M Pazinato
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Borba
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena S Feijó
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Muller
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ilusca S Finger
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carlos E W Nogueira
- Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicine Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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38
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Macpherson ML, Giguère S, Pozor MA, Runcan E, Vickroy TW, Benson SA, Troedsson MHT, Hatzel JN, Larson J, vanden Berg E, Kelleman AA, Sanchez LC, LeBlanc MM. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in equine pregnancy. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:656-662. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Macpherson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - M. A. Pozor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - E. Runcan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - T. W. Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - S. A. Benson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - M. H. T. Troedsson
- Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY USA
| | - J. N. Hatzel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - J. Larson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - E. vanden Berg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - A. A. Kelleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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Haetinger C, Curcio B, Lins L, Müler V, Feijó L, Pazinato F, Amaral L, Nogueira C. Proteinograma sérico de éguas com placentite ascendente e seus respectivos neonatos: dados preliminares. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo estabelecer o proteinograma sérico em éguas com placentite induzida e em seus respectivos neonatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue das éguas em oito momentos diferentes e dos potros em quatro momentos. Para obtenção da concentração das frações proteicas, utilizou-se eletroforese em gel de acrilaminada contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). No método utilizado, foram observadas 23 bandas proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 16KDa a 245KDa, sendo possível a identificação das seguintes frações: 175KDa, 102KDa, 83KDa, 63KDa, 50KDa, 41KDa, 39KDa e 28KDa. De todas as bandas proteicas encontradas, somente as de 39KDa e 41KDa apresentaram alteração na cinética nos momentos avaliados. De acordo com a solução marcadora, pode-se sugerir que essas proteínas seriam α1-glicoproteína ácida (39KDa) e haptoglobina (41KDa). A concentração de imunoglobulinas nos potros apresentou aumento significativo a partir das 12 horas de nascimento. Não está elucidado se estes níveis refletem a persistência do processo inflamatório placentário ou se são alterações fisiológicas do periparto. Não foram observadas alterações na cinética das proteínas nos potros nas primeiras 48 horas.
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Puschmann T, Verspohl J, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B. Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination of Equine Cadaver Skin Following Injections Using Different Needle Types and Skin Preparation Methods. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains isolated from horses are a genetically distinct population within the Streptococcus dysgalactiae taxon. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31736. [PMID: 27530432 PMCID: PMC4987641 DOI: 10.1038/srep31736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic role of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus dysgalactiae in the equine host is increasingly recognized. A collection of 108 Lancefield group C (n = 96) or L (n = 12) horse isolates recovered in the United States and in three European countries presented multilocus sequence typing (MLST) alleles, sequence types and emm types (only 56% of the isolates could be emm typed) that were, with few exceptions, distinct from those previously found in human Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Characterization of a subset of horse isolates by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that most equine isolates could also be differentiated from S. dysgalactiae strains from other animal species, supporting the existence of a horse specific genomovar. Draft genome information confirms the distinctiveness of the horse genomovar and indicates the presence of potentially horse-specific virulence factors. While this genomovar represents most of the isolates recovered from horses, a smaller MLST and MLSA defined sub-population seems to be able to cause infections in horses, other animals and humans, indicating that transmission between hosts of strains belonging to this group may occur.
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Carluccio A, Noto F, Parrillo S, Contri A, De Amicis I, Gloria A, Robbe D, Veronesi MC. Transrectal ultrasonographic evaluation of combined utero-placental thickness during the last half of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys. Theriogenology 2016; 86:2296-2301. [PMID: 27566849 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, the donkey population decreased dramatically so that many breeds are presently considered as endangered. In comparison to the horse, the donkey placenta still remains not completely studied. In the horse, one of the diagnostic tools useful to identify pregnant mares at risk of abortion or premature delivery, include the transrectal ultrasound examination of the uterus and its contents; and especially of the combined thickness of the uterus and of the placenta (CUPT). Since the CUPT was never investigated in donkeys, the present study was aimed to define the transrectal CUPT values during the last half of pregnancy in 20 Martina Franca jennies. Foalings times, foals characteristics and placental gross appearance, and measurements were also evaluated and values resulted always within normality. Differently to the mare, a continuous significant CUPT increase between the sixth to the 12 months of pregnancy, and a substantial increase from the ninth to the 12th month of pregnancy, was found. Although statistically not evaluable, the CUPT values recorded from three jennies with pregnancy loss did not show evidence of CUPT increases. In conclusion, normal CUPT values from the sixth to the 12th month of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys are provided, but further investigations are needed to define possible breed or body-size CUPT specific differences, as well as the CUPT values during pregnancy disturbances or placental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - F Noto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - S Parrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Contri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - I De Amicis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Elevated serum amyloid A levels in cases of aborted equine fetuses due to fetal and placental infections. Theriogenology 2016; 86:971-975. [PMID: 27125694 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of fetal serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in aborted fetuses can provide valuable information regarding the infectious and/or inflammatory process of abortion in horses. To investigate the relationship between fetal SAA levels and the infectious/inflammatory disease process in feto-placental tissues, a SAA ELISA was used to test heart serum samples of 89 equine fetuses that were necropsied and diagnosed in the following groups: a multiorgan disease process diagnosed with an identified microorganism (14 cases, group 1); only placentitis diagnosed with an identified microorganism (nine cases, group 2); only placentitis diagnosed with no microorganism identified (six cases, group 3); and no infectious or inflammatory disease process diagnosed (60 cases, group 4). Serum amyloid A concentrations in equine fetuses were elevated from 10.5 to ≥40 mg/L in 10 of 14 cases in group 1; and from less than 2.5 mg/L to greater than 40 mg/L in seven of nine cases in group 2. In group 3, SAA concentrations were found to be less than 2.5 mg/L in five of six cases. In group 4, SAA concentrations were less than 2.5 mg/L in 55 cases, whereas in five cases SAA concentrations were elevated. Statistical significant differences were found between the concentrations of SAA in fetal horse blood and the presence of infectious and/or inflammatory disease process in the feto-placental tissues when a causative microorganism was identified. These results suggest that testing SAA concentrations in fetal heart blood may aid in further understanding the causes of abortions in horses.
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Canisso IF, Ball BA, Esteller‐Vico A, Williams NM, Squires EL, Troedsson MH. Changes in maternal androgens and oestrogens in mares with experimentally‐induced ascending placentitis. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:244-249. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. F. Canisso
- Reproduction Laboratory Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - B. A. Ball
- Reproduction Laboratory Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - A. Esteller‐Vico
- Reproduction Laboratory Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - N. M. Williams
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA
| | - E. L. Squires
- Reproduction Laboratory Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - M. H. Troedsson
- Reproduction Laboratory Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington Kentucky USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pozor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville USA
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Walterson AM, Stavrinides J. Pantoea:insights into a highly versatile and diverse genus within the Enterobacteriaceae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:968-84. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Occurrence of bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in fetal compartments at parturition; relationships with foal and mare health in the peripartum period. Theriogenology 2015; 84:163-9. [PMID: 25850610 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of the health of the newborn foal and (1) number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in the amniotic fluid, (2) bacteria present in the amniotic fluid and the venous umbilical blood, and (3) bacteria present in the uterus of the newly foaled mare. A further aim was to investigate relationships between the bacteriologic findings in the amniotic fluid, umbilical blood, and uterus postpartum. Samples were taken from 50 Standardbred trotter foaling mares from a well-managed stud in Sweden. Parturition was spontaneous in all cases. Length of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum complications, health status of the foal, the time between foaling and the expulsion of the placenta, and the number of postfoaling mares becoming pregnant after insemination were recorded. Amniotic fluid was collected when the amniotic vesicle was clearly visible; it was analyzed for bacteriology and occurrence of PMNLs. Umbilical blood was analyzed for the presence of bacteria and the concentration of serum amyloid A. The uterus of the mare was swabbed for bacteriology 6 to 17 hours postpartum. A blood sample was taken from the foal before administering plasma. The foals were divided into two groups: group 1 required up to 2 hours to rise after birth (≤2 hours; 31 foals) and group 2 required more than two hours (>2 hours; 19 foals). The length of gestation varied between 332 and 356 days; there was no significant difference in gestation length between the two foal groups. Partus and postpartum complications occurred in a significantly higher proportion of mares giving birth to group 2 foals than group 1 foals (P = 0.02), although uterine culture postpartum and the subsequent pregnancy rate per season were not different between the groups. Compromised health status was significantly higher among foals belonging to group 2 than group 1 (P = 0.001). Most of the amniotic samples contained 5% or less PMNLs. Only three samples contained more than 30% PMNLs; group 2 foals had the highest percentage of PMNLs. Bacterial growth was found in both amniotic fluid (57%) and umbilical blood (35%) in mares irrespective of whether their foals were healthy or compromised. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent bacteria. There were no differences in bacterial occurrence in amniotic fluid or in umbilical blood between the two foal groups.
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Canisso IF, Ball BA, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Williams NM, Troedsson MH. Alpha-fetoprotein is present in the fetal fluids and is increased in plasma of mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Steward KF, Harrison T, Robinson C, Slater J, Maskell DJ, Harris SR, Holden MTG, Waller AS. PinR mediates the generation of reversible population diversity in Streptococcus zooepidemicus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1105-1112. [PMID: 25701732 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens must adapt to and survive in a wide range of complex ecosystems. Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen of horses and many other animals, including humans. The assembly of different surface architecture phenotypes from one genotype is likely to be crucial to the successful exploitation of such an opportunistic lifestyle. Construction of a series of mutants revealed that a serine recombinase, PinR, inverts 114 bp of the promoter of SZO_08560, which is bordered by GTAGACTTTA and TAAAGTCTAC inverted repeats. Inversion acts as a switch, controlling the transcription of this sortase-processed protein, which may enhance the attachment of S. zooepidemicus to equine trachea. The genome of a recently sequenced strain of S. zooepidemicus, 2329 (Sz2329), was found to contain a disruptive internal inversion of 7 kb of the FimIV pilus locus, which is bordered by TAGAAA and TTTCTA inverted repeats. This strain lacks pinR and this inversion may have become irreversible following the loss of this recombinase. Active inversion of FimIV was detected in three strains of S. zooepidemicus, 1770 (Sz1770), B260863 (SzB260863) and H050840501 (SzH050840501), all of which encoded pinR. A deletion mutant of Sz1770 that lacked pinR was no longer capable of inverting its internal region of FimIV. The data highlight redundancy in the PinR sequence recognition motif around a short TAGA consensus and suggest that PinR can reversibly influence the wider surface architecture of S. zooepidemicus, providing this organism with a bet-hedging solution to survival in fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl Robinson
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Josh Slater
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - Simon R Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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